island evolution morphology. pringleophaga marioni, marion island paractora dreuxi, marion island...
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Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
MorphologyGigantism and nanismGigantism and nanismLoss of dispersal abilities
Pringleophaga marioni, Marion Island
Paractora dreuxi, Marion Island
Lepidoptera: Tineidae
Diptera: Helcomyzidae
Galapaganus, Galapagos Islands Sequiera et al. 2000
Naupactus xanthographus
Naupactus verecundus
Naupactus dissimulator
Galapaganus howdenae
Galapaganus galapagoensis
Galapaganus caroli
Galapaganus vandykei
Galapaganus collaris
Galapaganus conwayensis
Galapaganus ashlocki
mainland/island
winged/apterous
7.2 Mya Sequiera et al. 2000
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80
Arc
Sin
e-t
ransf
orm
ed %
flig
htl
ess
(main
land a
reas)
ArcSine-transformed % flightless(oceanic islands)
80
Roff 1990
Coleoptera
Orthoptera
Diptera
Hemiptera
Psocoptera
Thysanoptera
Neuroptera
Sphenisciformes 18/18 1
Struthioniformes 15/15 1
Gruiformes 17/122 17
nr of speciesflightless/total
nr oftransitions
Porzana monasa (+1828), Kosrae IslandPorzana sandwichiensis (+?1884), Hawaii Islands
Porzana palmeri (+1920, 1948), Laysan IslandPorzana atra, Henderson Island
Amauornis akoofAmauornis favirostrisPorzana monasaPorzana tabuensisPorzana atra
Porzana sandwichensisAmauornis bicolorAmauornis olivieriPorzana palmeriPorzana pusillaPorzana parvaPorzana fuscaPorzana paykulliiPorzana carolinaPorzana flumineaPorzana porzana Anurolimnas fasciatusPoliolimnas flaviventer
Slikas et al. 2002
125 000 y
Kagu, Rhynochetos jubatus, New Caledonia
Rodriguez solitaire, Pezophaps solitaria, RodriguezDodo, Raphus cucullatus, Mauritius
Kakapo, Strigops habroptilus, New Zealand
Anas chlorotis, New Zealand
Anas aucklandia, Auckland Islands
Anas nesiotis, Campbell Islands
Flightless cormorant, Phalacrocorax harrisi, GalapagosCormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
mandibles
1cm
Apteribis, Hawaii Islands (+)
Oahu Molokai
Lanai Maui
Hawaii
Kauai
Anas wyviliana
Thambetochen xanion
Chelychelynechen quassus
Ptaiochen pau
Thambetochen chauliodous
Sorensen et al. 1999 moa-nalo (+), Hawaiian Islands
Ostriches Struthionidae 1 1 1 AfricaRheas Rheidae 2 2 South AmericaCassowaries Casuariidae 4 4 Australia, New GuineaKiwis Apterygidae 3 3 New ZealandEmus Dromaiidae 1 1 AustraliaMoas Dinornithidae 13 13 New Zealand
Dromornithidae 8 8 AustraliaElephant birds Aepyornithidae 9 9 Madagascar
Dodos Raphidae 2 2 2 Mascarene Islands
Rails Rallidae 17 17 122 Various islandsKagus Rhynochetidae 1 1 1 New Caledonia
Parrots Psittacidae 1 1 358 New Zealand
Ibises Plataleidae 3? ? ? Hawaii
Penguins Spheniscidae 18 1 18 Southern hemisphere
Cormorants Phalacrocoracidae 1 1 37 Galapagos Islands
Grebes Podicipedidae 3 3 21 South America
Murres Alcidae 1 1 23 Atlantic Ocean
Ducks Anatidae 4 2 148 Various coastlines
number of flightless speciesnumber of evolutionary transitions
total number of species
Loss of dispersal abilities
"There is a very curious point in the astounding proportion of Coleoptera that are apterous; & I think I have grasped the reason, viz that powers offlight wd be injurious to insects inhabiting a confined locality & expose them to be blown to the sea"
Darwin, 1855
ecological release(lack of predators)
random driftnot countered
by selection
natural selectionfor energy re-allocation
1.0
0
0 1 2 3
Log
win
gle
ng
th (
cm)
Log body mass (g)
2.0
4
No flightless species
Contains flightless species
Phasantidae
Gavidae
Bird families
McCall et al. 1998
Broom stick, Bidens pilosa, Tropics Bog Beggarticks, Bidens conjuncta, Hawaii Islands
pappus
achene
Lactuca muralis, Vancouver Island Cody & Overton 1996
2000
1-4 5-7 10+Volu
me p
ap
pu
s /
Volu
me a
chen
es
Age (years)
8-9mainland
1500
1000
500
0
Lactuca muralis, Vancouver Island Cody & Overton 1996
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
MorphologyGigantism and nanismGigantism and nanismLoss of dispersal abilitiesLoss of dispersal abilitiesDevelopment of woodiness
Cabbage tree, Dendroseris litoralis, Juan Fernandez Islands
Sow Thistle, Sonchus fruticosus, Madeira
Narrowleaf plantain, Plantago lanceolata, Eurasia Plantago princeps, Hawaii
Development of woodiness
Competition hypothesisgrowing taller is advantageous
Longevity hypothesiswoodiness allows extended lifespans,
increases chance of sexual reproductionClimate hypothesis
islands have milder andmoister climates
Island evolutionEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary forces on islandsEvolutionary trends on islands
MorphologyGigantism and nanismGigantism and nanismLoss of dispersal abilitiesLoss of dispersal abilitiesDevelopment of woodinessDevelopment of woodinessTendency towards melanism
tendency towards melanism
thermal advantage
lower predation pressure
Viper, Vipera berus, Swedish islands in the Baltic Sea
50
Mela
nis
m f
req
uen
cy (
%)
inland
40
30
10
0
60
70
20
coastal insular
Viper, Vipera berus, Swedish islands in the Baltic Sea Forsman 1995
An
nu
al su
rviv
al ra
te
0.7
0.9
0.5
1986-8787-8888-8989-9090-91
Year
melanistic males
zigzag males
Viper, Vipera berus, Swedish islands in the Baltic Sea Forsman 1995
Japanese four-lined ratsnake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, Yakushima Island Tanaka 2007
devia
tion
fro
mp
refe
rred
ran
ge (
°C)
8
12
0
Jul Sep Oct Nov
Month
melanisticstriped
4
16
Japanese four-lined ratsnake, Elaphe quadrivirgata, Yakushima Island Tanaka 2007
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