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IoT Market
Developments and
Regulations for
Autonomous Driving
Detecon International,
Rome, 26.09. 2018
Funded by the European Union
2
01 Definitions and Market Overview
02 Telco NRAs role in IoT Ecosystems
03Automotive Use Cases and enabling
Technologies
04 Regulatory Challenges
Table of Content
3
01Definitions and
Market Overview
4Funded by the European Union
There are three steps to achieve the goal of future autonomous driving.
Features
Role of
Driver
Liability
Automated DrivingSupported Driving Autonomous Driving
The car may hold the track, is
braking and speeding-up or
automatically executes parking
maneuvers.
The car is driving automatically in
specific cases defined by the
producer, e.g. stop-and-go traffic,
motorway traffic below max. speed)
The car is driving autonomously and
capable to master critical situations.
The autonomous mode may be
limited to certain fixed routes.
Driver is always responsible for
driving and has to keep attention to
traffic all the time. He may execute
permitted side tasks only (hands-
free telephony, music,…)
Driver is temporarily dismissed from
his driving tasks and may do side
tasks (e.g. reading, videos,…).
However he has to sit behind the
steering wheel and needs to be
capable to take over responsibility
upon request of the system.
Driver may give away driving task
completely to the system and
becomes a passenger. Car may also
drive without passengers. Switching
to manual driving may remain
possible, e.g. after leaving a
motorway.
Driver is always liable for accidents
or violations of traffic law.
Driver is liable only when he did not
take over responsibility upon request
of the system.
Driver/Passengers are not liable.
The operator has to supervise the
car to be able to react in case of
failures (punctures etc.)
Definitions for autonomous driving
1 32
5Funded by the European Union
Autonomous cars can drive without communication, but security and economic advantages are significantly enhanced with communication.
Autonomous Driving and Communications
Key Automotive requirements Car to X communication overview
City-Center
Zentrum
Rheinufer
100Road side
infrastructure(e.g. traffic lights, road
side unit)
5. INFRASTRUCTURE to BACKEND
Communications
Enhanced Security
Faster and Joint
Coordination of Maneuvers
1. CAR to BACKEND
Communications
Backend(e.g. fleet mgmt.,
remote services,
secure autocloud)
1. CAR to BACKEND
communications3. CAR to CAR
Communication
via Network Cell
2. CAR to CAR
Direct Communications
4. CAR to INFRASTRUCTURE
Communications
LOCAL SENSOR COVERAGE
Global and local mobile broadband area
coverage
Availability
High level of Reliability
Pro-active information
Fall-back solutions to alternative
communications
Global Standards, harmonized frequencies
Multilevel source of communication and
information
Regulatory Tasks
6Funded by the European Union
BY 2022 …
The Internet of Things is a network of physical objects connected to the internet, allowing them to send, receive and exchange data.
Source: Machina Research, 2017
18 BILLIONDevices will be connected
3 TRILLIONRevenue will be generated
1.4 BILLION TBData will be transported with IoT
Definition of Internet of Things (IoT)
7Funded by the European Union
Global SIM and HW-manufacturers
Delivery of IoT Services
Data sourcing Connectivity InteroperabilitySecurity /
Privacy
Data
Management
Computing
resourcesAnalytics
Gather / Generate data for the applications and services
Transport the data through various connectivity media through to aggregation
Manage connectivity, aggregate data streams
Manage security of application and users, manage privacy
Enable vertical and horizontal application development and operations
Create value from the data that the IoT provides
Store, protect and process data while guaranteeing its accuracy, accessibility, reliability and timeliness
Sensors, camera, user phones, cars, positioning device...
WiFi, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, ADSL, ...
Mediation devices and platforms
Firewalls, policies Cloud platform BI and Big Data tools and platforms
Enterprise bus, identity management
Local MNO/ MVNOs MNO, MVNO, CSP, OEM
CSP CSP, OTT players Platform providers, OTT players
Specialized ICT
Example
Role
Players
The IoT value chain is complex, and partnering is one important key for a successful delivery. Regulators and competition policy is challenged.
IoT Value Chain
Regulatory Tasks
8Funded by the European Union
For different use cases in the IoT different access technologies coexist.
Some are falling under jurisdiction of Telecom NRAs.
IoT and Telecommunications Access Technologies
RFIDNFC
DECT
IEEE802.15.46LoWPAN
Low
Ban
dwid
thLo
w P
ower
/C
ost
Hig
h B
andw
idth
/D
ecen
t Ene
rgy
Wide Area Local Area
QR
Wide Area / Cellular Local Concentrator
Wide Area Low Power Local Use (Low/No Power)
NB-IoT
Regulated
9Funded by the European Union
Connectivity services in an IoT partnering network is typically provided by MNOs or MVNOs, if wide area mobile connectivity is required.
Operating an IoT solution: Connectivity Services
SIM card type / form factor
Data-, SMS-, Voice-services
Data volume (pooling), # of SMS, Voice
minutes
Roaming capabilities (countries, areas)
Local breakouts
Connectivity / Service portal required?
Setup of platform account
APN setup (public, private)
VPN setup
IP addresses
SIM Connectivity Management Network Operation Service
Network operation center (NOC) for
mobile & fixed line services
National / International WAN
Helpdesk services (2nd/3rd level)
Service assurance / incident
management
SLA monitoring
National application / licensing process
SIM card activation / deactivation
Data limit supervision
IP session monitoring
Roaming monitoring
SIM card ordering & shipping
SIM contract / tariff maintenance
SLA monitoring
Helpdesk services (1st level)
National service licenses, restrictive spectrum regulation, restrictions of permanent roaming and permanent use of foreign identifiers, retail price regulation as well as restrictive rules for data hosting are major regulatory bottlenecks for the
development of IoT solutions.
10Funded by the European Union
The worldwide revenue generated from IoT is expected to increase by 67 percent by 2022. Connected cars are the 4th largest revenue contributor.
Growth in revenue from IoT, worldwide (in USD million) Growth in revenue from IoT, by vertical (in USD million)
3,500,000
0
1,000,000
2,500,000
500,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
2,119,391
3,025,049
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
2,726,245
1,816,343
2,426,539
+67%
1,500,000
500,000
3,000,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,500,000
0
211,852
20192018 2020 2021
633,088
204,086
454,796
2022
527,603
431,954
411,312
150,358
+14%
Connected Business
Connected Consumer Electronics
Connected Energy
Connected Health
Connected Home
Connected CitiesConnected Industry
Connected Car
Source: Machina Research, 2017
IoT Market Forecasts
11Funded by the European Union
Aus Rohdaten wird IntelligenzAnomalieerkennung unterstützt durch Künstliche Intelligenz (KI)
30%
Percentage ofdelayed shipments
worldwide
57 bn. €Value of stolen
shipmentsworldwide
850 bn. €Value of spoiledproducts due to
broken cold chain
€
21 Mrd. €
Losses due to cargotheft
Source: EPC Global 2014 Survey; CTA Policy Brief; Freightwatch Study; World Shipping Council;BSI’s 2015 Global Supply Chain Intelligence Report
1
1
IoT and Market Efficiency
IOT helps to solve the „Pain Points“ of global cargo & freight logistics
12
02 Telco NRAs role in
IoT Ecosystems
13Funded by the European Union
In a future Industry 4.0 environment NRAs increasingly have to co-operate with other Sector Regulators and should initiate ICT related general laws.
Future Regulatory Governance
Other Vertical Regulatory Authorities Telecom National Regulatory Authority “Horizontal” National Legislation
Data privacy and security
Cybersecurity
Consumer protection (B2C and B2B),
including e-commerce and audiovisual
media
Contract law (e.g. M2M contracts, digital
signature, liabilities of intermediaries)
Competition law
Taxation (double taxation, tax avoidance)
Intellectual Property Rights / Copyrights
Education and inclusion in ICT
….
ICT Ecosystems
InitiativesCo-operation
Telecom Sectorenables
14Funded by the European Union
The structure of an NRA should be adapted by creating a horizontal “Digital Transformation Unit” and vertically responsible “Sector Units”.
Future Regulatory Governance
Organizational Improvements to adapt to Digital Transformation
Ministry for Digital
Transformation
Other Ministries
Parliament, Councils
etc. with the right to
introduce draft laws
Finance Sector
Regulator
Energy Sector
Regulator
...
ICT Sector
Expert Units
Digital
Transformation
Unit
Telecom
Regulatory
Authority
Other TRA
Units
ICT related Laws
Other Sector
Regulators
15Funded by the European Union
Within the ecosystem major Telco regulation challenges are spectrum resources and identifiers, permanent roaming and carrier selection.
Telco NRAs role in autonomous driving ecosystem
Example: Traffic Sectors Example: BNetzA (German NRA) Example: Government
Best practice sector regulation in Germany
(2017) Traffic Infrastructure
Regulation:
Several roads opened for testing
autonomous driving, in particular
motorways in Bavaria and a city route in
Berlin. Further to come in other Federal
States
(2017) Automotive Sector: >52% of world
wide patents about autonomous driving
handed in by German Industry
Best practice Telco regulation in Germany
Spectrum: (2015) 270MHz of spectrum
in the 700, 900, 1500 and 1800MHz
bands have been re-farmed / auctioned.
Identifiers: (2016) permanent
extraterritorial use of national numbers for
M2M use allowed.
Roaming: (2017) EC decision to abolish
international roaming fees within EU
Carrier Selection eSIMS: no decision
Best practice legal development Germany
2017: Ethical Commission releasing a
report with 20 recommendations on
guidelines for autonomous driving
including rules, if an accident cannot be
avoided.
2017: Minister for Traffic and Transport
introduced a change of the general
traffic law including possibility for
automated / autonomous driving
Many liability issues still unsolved, in
particular for artificial intelligence software
producers.
16
03 Automotive Use
Cases and
enabling
Technologies
17Funded by the European Union
Autonomous driving of private cars opens new possibilities for drivers to use commuting time for business or entertainment purposes.
Automotive Use Cases
Use Case Description
Cars are handling traffic situations autonomous
without any intervention of a human driver.
Vehicles can be shared (taxis) or used as private
cars. Drivers are usually passengers, but may
take over upon request.
Technical requirements/specs
Ultra-reliable and Low latency
Enhanced sensor sharing, predictive QoS
18Funded by the European Union
High-Density Platooning can save significant costs in transport and road construction.
Automotive Use Cases
Use Case Description
Electronically liked blocks of trucks or cars follow
each other on the road in very short distance.
This safes fuel (wind shadow) for the
consecutive vehicles in the platoon, may save
no. of drivers and can expand road capacity,
thus saving road construction CAPEX.
Vehicles in the platoon communicate with each
other to control the distance.
The distances between the vehicles are
minimized, limited by the reaction speed of the
autonomous and communications systems.
Technical requirements/specs
Ultra-reliable and Low latency
Enhanced sensor sharing, predictive QoS
19Funded by the European Union
Connectivity LookUp for vehicle summoning is a prerequisite forautomatic valet parking, using parking space more efficient.
Automotive Use Cases
Use Case Description
This Use Case is assisting the Automated
Parking without driver, using parking space more
effieciently.
In order to park the vehicle remotely it needs to
be summoned (automatic parking system)
Connectivity LookUp serves as pre check
whether the intented area of parking is within the
coverage
Technical requirements/specs
Parking infrastructure connected to the network
Vehicle connected to the network and precise
positioning system
Mobile Network Operator able to “talk” with
parking infrastructure
20Funded by the European Union
Smart parking is an existing NB-IoT application which is a first stepfor future autonomous parking.
Automotive Use Cases
Use Case Description
Drivers save time and reduce their stress level
Better traffic flows and use of free parking space
in cities
More detailed information for park surveillance
authorities, therefore more efficient prosecution
of parking violations
Technical requirements/specs
Parking infrastructure connected to the network
Mobile Network Operator and App service
provider able to “talk” with parking infrastructure
P
21Funded by the European Union
Dynamic Intersection controlled by car-to-X systems can improvethe traffic throughput of road intersections significantly.
Automotive Use Cases
Use Case Description
Efficient and dynamic traffic flow control and
handling to improve capacity of intersections.
The idea is introduction of the central
intersection scheduler which assign vehicles in
three dimensional based order based on
position (X,Y) and time
Technical requirements/specs
Central Intersection Scheduler connected to the
network, low latency infrastructure
Vehicles connected to the scheduler and/or
network and precise positioning system
Legacy vehicles assigned with multiple blocks
by the scheduler
2453
1
22
Data hubs may be a new business for Telcos to become a “data aggregator” cross industry eco-systems. Where are the regulatory limits?
22
Automotive Use Cases
Funded by the European Union
23
There is a pilot project between Volkswagen and the Energy company TENNET to use car sensor data for efficient energy distribution steering.
Example: Big Data collected by Automotive Industry
Energy Industry: Example TENNET
TENNET is operating a high-voltage network and a super grid in
the Netherlands and Germany. Regenerative energy is very
volatile and depends on wind, sunshine, snow, rain, dust, fog
etc.
Manual interventions of TENNET to keep voltage levels constant
causes costs of double digit million Euros. Local weather
forecasts could reduce these costs significantly, but fixed
weather stations are too inaccurate.
Sensor data from many cars about rain, daylight, temperature
etc. may improve automatic forecasts and reduce costs.
Automotive Industry: Example Volkswagen
Since more than 10 years most modern cars are equipped with
SIM cards to transmit communication, telemetry and
entertainment data.
Since March 2018 every car built in the EU has to be able to
transmit an automatic emergency eCall via 2G, 3G or 4G for
emergency purposes. Minimum data to be transmitted are
location, time, no. of passengers and type of fuel.
Automotive producers are collecting many more data for
maintenance and product development purposes.
24Funded by the European Union
Providing an accurate positioning based on 2 cm
accuracy
Required for:
• Platooning
• Automated parking
• Autonomous driving by remote
5G, LPWAN help GPS or
GLONASS to get very precise
positioning
Enabling Telecom Technologies
Precise positioning is a new technological enabler for a set of applications required for several autonomous driving use cases.
Precise positioning What is this service for?
Network RTK Server Collects satellite
observations from Ref.
Stns. Sends RTK corrections
to the vehicle
Vehicle
Ref. Stn.
Ref. Stn.
Ref. Stn.
Ref. Stn.
Precise
Positioning
25Funded by the European Union
Network slicing allows to establish a multitude of networks, in a single physical network, a prerequisite for specific automotive QoS bundles.
Enabling Telecom Technologies
Slicing Principles
Networks are realized as SW layer
on top of a common infrastructure
Functionality will adapt Qos
combinations to specific use cases
(latency, data rate, mobility speed,
connectivity, reliability, security,…)
Resources can be dedicated
or shared (radio, servers…)
Per slice dedicated network
management
New business models required
(e.g. integration into customer
environment or customer provided
functionality)
Network Slicing
Mission-Critical
Communication
V2X
Communication
Logistic,
factory, …
Communication,
Internet
5G Core Network
5G Network
Network
Slicing
26Funded by the European Union
Enabling Telecom Technologies
Predictive Quality of Service will be required as a new feature in mobile networks that are required for many autonomous driving use cases.
Autonomous driving application and network form open (initially) or closed (later) loop to balance safety and efficiency adjusted to the
connectivity situation. E.g. for a platoon of trucks the network informs whether established QoS values (latency, data throughput,
reliability) can be maintained or propose other available QoS values. The application may adapt its mode of operation based on proposed
values, e.g. the distance between trucks in the platoon.
QoS in next cell
Predictive
QoS
27Funded by the European Union
P-QoS allows an application to actively react on changes in the connection quality. This relates to automotive use cases which are
safety relevant or mission critical and have to rely on information received over a radio channel. AQoSA provides the advanced closed
loop between application (IoT backend) and the network. The concept requires two new interfaces: application and network interfaces.
Enabling Telecom Technologies
Agile Quality-of-Service Adaptation (AQoSA) is an important enabler for advanced Connected-Vehicle Applications.
Monitors QoS
Adapts network parameterization
or configuration based on
conditions and requirements
Update the IoT device/UE on
current and predicted QoS
Informs the network about initial
and updated requirements
Provides initial requirements
Adjust the application settings
to recent and predicted QoS
Agile
Adaptation
Application
Adapted QoS
Requirements
NetworkPredicted
QoS
28Funded by the European Union
Edge Computing cuts out a small piece of the cloud (cloudlet) and places it into the Node B. Latency is reduced as required for autonomous driving.
In Edge Computing the
data processing is
performed at the edge of the
network, therefore moving closer
to the user device:
The objective is to enable low-
latency sensitive applications
and services by providing an
environment to execute tasks
in close proximity to the user
Integration of Edge data centers
providing computing and
storage under full control of the
operator
A USP for operators having
a huge advantage against
OTT Players
Access Access Node Data center Backbone InternetUser devices
Edge Data
Center
Delay + X ms
Peering Point
2-100 ms
Backbone
2-8 ms
IP transmission
1-20 ms
Access
10-30 ms
Edge compute
Fully managed latency by operator
Enabling Telecom Technologies
Virtual Reality
Smartphones
Driveless Cars
5G
LTETower
MSAN
Low
Latency
29Funded by the European Union
Edge Computing
Latency in an application context:How much latency is typically relevant to humans?
Latency for humans
Typical unprepared reaction times (RTT) are up to 700ms, normally ranging from 150 – 300 ms (depending on age, health, stress, training, etc.).
In well-controlled environments humans can achieve very low latencies:*
150 msacceptable voice
delay (individual)
80 – 100 msaudio-muscular
reaction
30 – 50 mshaptic delay detection
8 – 10 msaudio event trigger
13 msimage recognition
* Sources if not further linked: https://techneconomyblog.com/2017/01/22/5g-economics-the-tactile-internet-chapter-2/
30
04 Regulatory
Challenges
31
IoT providers are part of a value chain with permanent roaming and provide virtually no voice service.
Traditional Mobile Operator
Typically few SIM per customer
Manual, individual customer contact
Voice and data communications;
medium requirements for availability
High bandwidth requirements and volume
of data through mobile Internet
High domestic share, rather low
int’l roaming requirements
IoT Provider
Many SIM per customer
Automated, with no customer
contact on per SIM basis
Data communication (IP/SMS) - barely voice;
Significant use cases require high availability
M2M use cases typically have low volume
and bandwidth requirements per unit basis
Use cases with high int’l roaming volume;
permanent roaming for max. availability at
low prices
Typically E2E service offering by OperatorOperator is part of a fragmented IoT value
chain; NRA cannot regulate E2E delivery
Prepaid deals and short contract duration
cause high turnover and high SAC
Long contract duration (typ. 3-5 years) and
high service provider switching costs
Number of
SIMs
Customer
Interface
Bearer &
Availability
Bandwidth
/Volume
Roaming
Churn
Value chain
complexity
Regulatory Challenges
A typical B2B
customer of Telco
has completely
different
requirements than
an IoT customer in
B2B segment.
Funded by the European Union
32
IoT providers enter the market with very low prices in expectation of high SIM volume and future rising traffic.
Regulatory Challenges
Typical MVNO narrowband IoT offering: Low price, low data volume Regulatory Issues
2G/3G NB IoT solutions e.g. for parking lots
or automotive telemetry data are typically
used permanently in foreign countries.
Permanent use of foreign identifiers and
permanent roaming is often not yet allowed by
regulators.
MVNOs may not know, where their customers
use the SIMs. Individual licensing is
impossible.
While in usual mobile markets international
roaming is a bilateral monopoly problem with
expensive pricing, in IoT markets pricing
might not cover costs caused in the roaming
host network.
Collected national data may be hosted in
foreign data hubs which some security
authorities do not allow.
Funded by the European Union
33
2G switch-off has enormous impact on the IoT industry and would lead to expensive equipment replacement.
Regulatory challenges - Spectrum
Spectrum management has to take care of the specific IoT needs
Operators switching off their 2G networks might cause enormous replacement costs for the NB IoT industry
However, lifetime of e.g. smart metering solutions is approximately 30 years or longer
212 301 437 625858
1.1221.411
1.7172.050
2.3732.696
2020201520142013 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023
+1.169,3%
Equipment lifetime
Consumer Electronics (~ 10 Years Lifetime)
Consumer Electronics are operational for approx. 10 years
Smart Metering (~ 30 Years Lifetime)
Smart Metering and other M2M monitoring services are operational for approx. 30 years
Total Cellular M2M Connections (mio.) and future Spectrum Scarcity
2G Switch Off
Cellular M2M connections are relying on spectrum which is used in the 2G, 3G, 4G and future 5G networks. 2G and sub 1GHz spectrum will be required for full area coverage needs.
5G spectrum will start with 3.4-3.6GHz, not suited for area coverage. Sub 1GHz spectrum blocked by 4G for years.
M2M spectrum use may cause congestions in mobile spectrum with reduced quality or increasing costs for all.
Funded by the European Union
34
With IoT and M2M every device, every sensor, literally everything needs to be addressed in a network.
Regulatory challenges - Identifiers
Using the MNC** of an operator leads to a monopoly situation
With traditional SIM cards using an MNC no switching is possible
Lifetime of M2M equipment is approx. 30 years
Dedicated MNC and/or international MCC*** as solution
eSIM might be a game changer to switch between providers easily over the air
Applications may be bound to one
mobile operator for the whole
lifetime
Migration of IPv4 to IPv6 and introduction of all-IP networks solves the numbering issue
The introduction of NGN and ENUM is effectively solving the numbering issue
Migration of IPv4 to IPv6 will solver the scarcity problem for a long timeAll-IP networks as the next logical
step
Numbers are national resources and not foreseen for (permanent) international
use
The availability of MSIN* numbers is restricted to max 10 digits, this results in
numbers to be a potentially scared resource
Regulators need to allow permanent international use for many IoT use cases
Numbers are national resources
and overall availability is limited
*) MSIN = Mobile Subscription Identification Number
**) MNC = Mobile Network Code (Part of the IMSI)
***) MCC = Mobile Country Code Funded by the European Union
35
Regulatory challenges – Provider Competition
eSIMs in all “Things” bear the risk, that a change of providers is only possible by exchanging the “Thing”. This would be a barrier to entry.
Number portability
eSIMs could facilitate efficiencies in
terms of roaming, termination and
general competition in mobile
markets
Such efficiencies can only be realized
if users can easily switch profiles,
without changing their number
Common standards and independent
profile management
Should SIM-lock be permitted in IoT
applications or should eSIM provider
profiles be variable?
A common standard (e.g. OTA
provision) might have to be
established and implemented in the
market. Currently Apple and GSMA
Unbiased, independent and agile
user-profile management is needed
to foster competition in mobile IoT
markets
One number – different contracts
with several providers/operators
Optimized service consumption for
end-users could be realized with
parallel usage of multiple operator
profiles
Unfavorable outcome for operators
and thus unlikely, not designated by
GSMA
End-user
ONE
NUMBER
Operator
Profile 3
Operator
Profile 2
Operator
Profile 1
eSIM
Funded by the European Union
36
Roaming costs, permanent roaming and big-data hosting are a threat to autonomous driving only solvable on an international level.
Regulatory challenges - Roaming
Connected Car services as an example for the need of roaming agreements
Roaming in
Austria
Roaming in
Italy
Roaming in
France
Roaming represents a cost factor for autonomous driving
services that should not be neglected
Connected cars depend on international roaming
A connected car, traveling from one country to the other
would require roaming in every country (narrow- and
broadband)
Exported cars with eSIMs operated by a producer country
Telco will permanently roam in the import country.
International solutions are needed
EU and BEREC as an enabler
Bilateral roaming agreements and MVNO licensing are a
first step as interim answer only.
Permanent roaming and dedicated M2M roaming tariffs are
a necessary way forward
Funded by the European Union
Permanent
Roaming in
Egypt
Car export
with eSIM
37
Your contact!
Dr. Arnulf HeuermannDetecon International GmbHManaging Partner
Sternengasse 14-1650676 Cologne (Germany)Phone+49 221 9161 1550Mobile: +49 171 2254217
e-Mail: Arnulf.Heuermann@detecon.com
Funded by the Europan Union
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