investigatory project 2010
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RESEARCH PLAN
a. Materials and Methods
The materials used were vinegar (4.5% acidity) as the amylopectin-breaker,
pure liquid propan-1,2,3-triol (commonly known as glycerol or glycerine) as the
plasticizer, breadfruit flesh as source of the starch, food coloring as color enhancer,
distilled water, beakers as containers, graduated cylinder in measuring the accurate
amount of liquid, grater to reduce the size of breadfruit, sinamay cloth as strainer,
blending machine, triple-beam balance in measuring weights of samples, stopwatch
in measuring the length of time intervals, stirring rods, spatula, iron stand, wire
gauge, iron ring, alcohol lamp and a mini-oven toaster as drier.
The research methodology included two parts, namely: (1) the extraction of
breadfruit starch, and (2) the making of the bioplastic out of breadfruit starch.
1. Extracting the Breadfruit Starch
The method used in extracting the breadfruit was a simple similar process
used in industries to extract starch. The same single method was utilized for all
replications without alteration. Freshly fallen breadfruits that were mature enough
(not ripe) were chosen for the purpose. Ripe breadfruits were found to hold less
starch than unripe mature ones (Udio, et.al, 2003) and breadfruits that were freshly
harvested or not yet stored for 9days have more carbohydrate (starch) substance
by 70.2% than 59.4% content after the ninth day of storage (Amusa, et.al, 2002).
The breadfruit was then washed and peeled. Defected fleshes of the fruit
were separated and discarded. A sufficient amount of the chosen flesh was grated
and measured to reach 100g on a triple-beam balance as required for each
replication. The measured flesh was then subjected to careful blending with 100-mL
water in a blending machine just enough to barely reduce a little the size of its
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pieces. The mixture was then strained using a sinamay cloth. Another 100-mL of
water was added to the solid particles and was strained twice more. The filtrate was
drained using a beaker and was left to settle completely for a maximum of three (3)
hours. The water was decanted from the beaker leaving behind the white starch
that settled in the bottom. The starch was washed by adding 100-mL distilled water,
gently stirred and left to settle again for thirty (30) minutes. The water was
decanted leaving the starch behind. The wet starch was poured on a transparent
spot plate and left to completely dry under the sun. The time allotted for the
complete drying process was dependent on the availability of sunlight. Completely
drying the starch was necessary for the accuracy in measuring the mass needed in
making the plastic.
2. Making the Plastic
Twenty-five (25) mL of distilled water was poured into a 250-mL beaker. Two
(2) grams of breadfruit starch were added to the water and labeled as T1. Five (5)
mL of vinegar (4.5% acidity) was added to break down the branched amylopectin
into a straight chain which was necessary to enable the starch to form a plastic film.
About 2mL of propan-1,2,3-triol was also added to the treatment. The propan-1,2,3-
triol (glycerol) would make the plastic become more softer and more flexible.
Without or insufficient amount of it would make the plastic harder and stiffer but
more brittle (www.instructables.com). The mixture was heated using an alcohol
lamp and was constantly stirred. A pinch of food coloring was added into the
treatment to enhance the color of the plastic. When the mixture started to thicken
up, it was stirred even more. The mixture was carefully kept on boiling gently for
10-15 minutes until a clear and sticky substance was achieved in the sample. The
mixture was then poured onto each sheet of aluminum foil and was pushed around
to have even coverings. The mixture was dried in an oven set to 60° C (140° F) for
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1-2 hours. After the plastic was dried, it was left to cool and was then removed from
the foil. The same procedure and measures were followed with T2 using commercial
pure corn starch instead of breadfruit starch as the control.
b. General Procedure/Treatment
There were fifteen (15) replications and two treatments for each replication,
where:
T1 – Breadfruit Starch-Based Plastic
T2 – Corn Starch-Based Plastic
Immediately, the plastic products from the two treatments were subjected to
a pull-and-measure method test using a ruler to test their tensile strength. The
plastic was held hanging beside a ruler that measured its length. The plastic was
then pulled and dragged through the millimeter calibrations of the ruler until a sign
of breakage was observed. The initial length was subtracted from the final length
both in millimeters and recorded as the measure of the tensile strength. This
method is improvised due the unavailability of a Universal Testing Machine. The
next test was on the comparison of the texture and hardness between the
breadfruit plastic and the one made out of corn starch. Ten (10) panelists were
randomly selected from Sta. Paz National High School and were allowed to rate the
plastic as to their texture and hardness based on their senses, using the scale of 1 –
5, where 1 as excellently smooth or excellently soft and 5 as very rough or very
hard (please see Appendix C on page viii). The last test conducted was the
biodegradability test wherein the samples were soaked in water for about 3 days
and were observed for signs of decomposition and disintegration. Biodegradability
test was based on the counting of the number of pieces that disintegrated from the
main body of the plastic.
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INTRODUCTION
a. Background of the Study
One of the major problems that societies around the world are facing in this
modern era is the seemingly perpetual problem concerning on environmental
conditions. Along with the progress and all of the positive breakthroughs appear the
equally conspicuous and lingering effects to the environment that oblige us to
ponder and to reconsider. Pollution deranges the balance in nature and put the
entire biosphere in great peril. The latest environmental crisis with this concern is
the disturbing increasing rate of global warming that is being predicted by scientists
to inflict terrifying catastrophes in the future that are beyond human expectations if
the problem remains unsolved. One of the causes of this vast trouble is the
invention that man since his discovery of it has ever been using and grateful about
– plastic.
Most of the stuffs that we find beneficial in our mundane life, ranging from
simple utensils and garments to the most complex electronic devices and from
handy lenses to massive automobile bodies, are entirely or partly made up of
plastic. As more and more plastic materials are utilized, more plastic waste is
produced. Most plastics in industries and home are petroleum-based. Due to the
reason that petroleum plastics do not readily decompose, this waste contributes
considerably to environmental pollution. Since plastics are indispensable to our
modern way of life, scientists thought of some alternatives that would answer the
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issue on the degradability of plastics. In the 1970’s, they introduced biodegradable
plastics that break down through the actions of microorganisms. Scientists also
created photodegradable plastics that break down through long exposure to
sunlight (World Book, 1992). Latest innovation to minimize, if not to eliminate, the
problem is the making of biodegradable bioplastics. According to the study
conducted by the European Bioplastics and the European Polysaccharide Network of
Excellence (EPNOE) as cited by de Guzman (2009), an estimated substitution
potential of up to 90% of the total consumption of plastics by bio-based polymers
are technically possible.
Bioplastics are chiefly obtained out of organic plant material. Some plant
starches are now known to form plastics. One of the well-known sources of
bioplastics is corn starch. Corn is converted to plastics over a series of reaction
steps which start with its starch. The end-product is a high-quality plastic called
polyactic acid, or PLA (eHow.com). Starch-based PLA is used in packaging and other
related purposes and decomposes in time, thus, not adding to the world’s plastic-
related pollution.
Since the demand for biodegradable starch-based bioplastics is accelerating,
the search for more potential plants that can become a source of this type of plastic
is also heightened. Among the plants that are known to contain significant amount
of starch is breadfruit. As cited from the study conducted by Udio, et.al (2003) on
the chemical analysis of the breadfruit, the edible pulp of the fruit has a high
content of starch along with the core and the peel that also contain certain amounts
(http://www.medwelljournals.com). Parkison (1984) as cited by Amusa, et.al (2002)
also claimed that due to the high amount of carbohydrates and starch contained in
breadfruits, it can easily replace such carbohydrate-rich fruits like banana, though
its hydrolysable carbohydrates are thought to be higher
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(http://www.academicjournals.org). The Philippines as a tropical country is one of
the growers of this tree (Wikipedia.com). All over the country, breadfruit either
grows in the wild, domestic backyards or in plantations. Due to the massive size of
the fruit, it sometimes fall from the tree even when not ripe or over-mature because
of strong wind, weak attachment, plant disease, infestation and by other incidents
and left forsaken on the ground to rot and be wasted.
The aim to help the problem on pollution brought by the use of petroleum-
based plastics by producing another starch-based bioplastic from breadfruit that is
significantly biodegradable and is comparable with the proven corn-starch-based
plastic, and to provide an alternative utilization of fallen breadfruit that is destined
to be wasted by testing its feasibility as a component of bioplastics moved the
researchers to conduct this study.
b. Statement of the Problem
1. General Objective
This study was conducted in order to establish the feasibility of starch
extracted from breadfruit as a component of bioplastics.
2. Specific Objectives
This study was aimed to:
2.1. produce a biodegradable bioplastic out of breadfruit starch, and;
2.2. compare the bioplastic made out of breadfruit starch with the
bioplastic
produced by corn starch in terms of:
i. tensile strength
ii. biodegradability
iii. texture
iv. hardness
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c. Significance of the Study
The result of this study is hoped to provide information regarding on the
possibility of breadfruit starch bioplastics and to pave another way for the massive
production of plastics that are more environment-friendly which would help aid the
worsening problem on pollution caused by nonbiodegradable plastics.
The beneficiaries of this study are the growers of breadfruit trees as this is
also hoped to provide them an idea on how to make use of their fallen and rejected
breadfruits. Likewise, this study will also be beneficial for environmentalists and
bioplastic manufacturers as this will offer them an idea about another possible
source of biodegradable bioplastic that will be helpful in their advocacy against
plastic-pollution.
d. Scope and Limitations
The study was conducted from January to August 2010 at Pasanon, San
Francisco, Southern Leyte, the barangay where Sta. Paz National High School is
located. The reasons for the choice of the experimental site were as follows: (1) it is
practically the nearest place where the researchers could conduct the study; (2) it is
the nearest source of materials and equipments that were used in the research and;
(3) the place could guarantee peace, order and convenience for the smooth flow of
the study.
This study focused on the production of a bioplastic out of breadfruit starch
using a conventional method employed in producing other bioplastics like corn and
potato plastics, testing only the product’s tensile strength using an improvised
simple pull-and-measure method with the aid of a ruler, the biodegradability in
water which was good for a 3-day observation only and the comparisons in texture
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and hardness which were done by survey; all in comparison with corn bioplastic as
the control treatment.
This study would be broader and more distinct if it included the test in ability
to carry water and weight, tensile and bending strength of the plastic using the
Universal Testing Machine, chemical-analysis comparison and molding the plastics.
However, to achieve all these means more money, time, efforts and sophisticated
machinery which the researchers could not afford.
e. Review of Related Literature
Plastics come from the by-products of the processing of crude oil for which
the fossils formed by the anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms are the
raw materials. These are non-renewable sources that will ultimately run out of
supply. The manufacture of plastics uses large amounts of energy and resources
and generates toxic emissions and pollutants that contribute to global warming. The
very durability of plastics causes environmentalists to be concerned about its safe
disposal. Some plastics can take between 500 and 1,000 years to break down
completely. Plastics are non-biodegradable – that is, it does not undergo bacterial
decomposition. Discarded thin-plastic carry-bags cause unsightly clogged drains,
create litter, hurt marine life, and choke animals that eat them. Strewn across
fields, they block plant growth and prevent rainwater absorption by soil (Shankari,
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2010). According to the U.S. EPA, 70% more global warming gases are emitted by
making bags from plastic bags (http://www.globalwarmingdayofaction.org/).
According to the Greenpeace organization
(2006) (http://www.greenpeace.org), following the arrival of the Greenpeace ship
M.Y. Esperanza in Manila as part of the group's global expedition to defend the
oceans, Philippines is one the countries that is having a problem on plastic pollution.
The ship’s crew and volunteers from Greenpeace and the Eco-Waste Coalition
collected approximately four cubic meters of plastic trash from Manila Bay onboard
inflatable boats, as part of a waste survey and documentation to monitor the extent
of plastic pollution in Manila’s famous coastline. Manila Bay is considered one of the
most polluted bays in Asia, and plastics comprise most of the floating litter on its
surface. New technology and product now can solve this
dilemma with bioplastic. Bioplastic is a form of plastic derived from renewable
biomass sources, such as vegetable oil, corn starch, pea starch, or microbiota,
rather than fossil-fuel plastics which are derived from nonrenewable resources like
petroleum. Most, but not all, bioplastics are designed to biodegrade. However,
starch-based bioplastics are often biodegradable (www.wikipedia.com).
A new study from Ceresana Research (2009) analyzes the
market for biodegradable polymers. Results showed that the expectations for
bioplastics are high: a better image for plastics, independence from petroleum
products, solutions for waste problems, contribution to environmental protection, as
well as new source of income for the agricultural sector . Another related market
case study entitled “Bioplastics Market Worldwide 2007 – 2025” projected that
bioplastics has the potential to reduce the petroleum consumption for plastic by 15
to 20 percent in 2025. Moreover, the study predicted that bioplastics fast market
growth of more than 8-10% per year will increase its market share up to 25-30% by
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2020 (www.hkc22.com). According to Towner (2008), the demand for
corn bioplastic or PLA (polylactic acid) is increasing rapidly. Corn (Zea mays) is rich
in starch and has been used as a material for plastic-making. He researched and
compiled a list of the pros and cons of the corn bioplastic. According to his list,
among the favorable ideas concerning on corn-based plastic are that corn starch is
a renewable resource, the plastic is biodegradable, does not emit toxic fumes when
incinerated, does not leech chemicals into food or soil and inexpensive. Among the
negative ideas about corn plastic that Towner presented are that the plastic is not
recyclable, hard to compost in large scales and typically diverting corn from the
world’s food supply. Yet, Towner concluded that the drawbacks of using corn
bioplastic cannot surpass the advantages in using it. It is a must then the quest for
more potential resources for bioplastics should be made more extensive.
Breadfruit is Artocarpus altilis which belongs to the family of mulberries
(Morus) and figs (Ficus or baletes). In the green stage, the fruit is hard and the
interior is white, starchy and somewhat fibrous. When fully ripe, the fruit is
somewhat soft, the interior is cream colored or yellow and pasty, also sweetly
fragrant. The seeds are irregularly oval, rounded at one end, pointed at the other,
about 3/4 in (2 cm) long, dull-brown with darker stripes. In the center of seedless
fruits there is a cylindrical or oblong core, in some types covered with hairs bearing
flat, brown, abortive seeds about 1/8 in (3 mm) long. The fruit is borne singly or in
clusters of 2 or 3 at the branch tips. The fruit stalk (pedicel) varies from 1 to 5 in
(2.5-12.5 cm) long (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadfruit). Breadfruit is a staple food in
many tropical regions. In the Philippines, breadfruit is eaten once cooked or further
processed into a variety of other foods. Its composition is roughly 25%
carbohydrates (known to be rich in starch) and 70% water. As a starchy fruit,
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breadfruit could be a potential resource for bioplastic just like corn, pea, potato and
cassava starches which are the recently studied material for the said purpose. A
study performed by Akanbi, T.O., Nazamid, S. and Adebowale, A.A. (2009) of the
Faculty of Food Science and Technology of University Putra Malaysia in coordination
with the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria entitled
“Functional and Pasting Properties of a Tropical Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Starch
isolated a starch from matured breadfruit and analyzed its moisture, crude protein,
fat, amylase, amylopectin and ash contents along with the average particle size,
pH, bulk density and dispersibility of the breadfruit starch. The research concluded
that breadfruit starch has an array of functional, pasting and proximate properties
that can facilitate its use in so many areas where the properties of other starches
are acceptable (http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the conduct of the experiments, data were obtained showing the
results.
One hundred (100) grams of grated breadfruit flesh were utilized in every
replication. The average starch amount yielded in every 100g breadfruit flesh for
the 15 replications was about more or less 7 grams (0.07%) which is lesser than the
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percentage yield of 14.26% according to the study conducted on the analysis of
breadfruit properties by Akanbi, et.al (2009) using Nigerian breadfruit (Artocarpus
altilis). Howeve,r Rahman et.al (1999) as cited by Akanbi et.al (2009) reasoned that
variations in the starch content of breadfruit may depend on the maturity stage,
variety and different climatic and agronomic conditions. Our Philippine breadfruit
may have relatively lesser starch content than Nigerian grown breadfruits.
A new bioplastic was produced by using the breadfruit starch which was
significantly different in texture but no significant difference in terms of hardness
with corn-based plastic produced in the same experiment. Breadfruit plastic was
also proved to be very biodegradable. However, the new plastic was found to be
lesser in tensile strength compared with the corn plastic.
Table 1 shows the comparison between the tensile strength of the breadfruit
plastic and the corn plastic using the method described.
Table 1
Comparison of Biodegradable Bioplastic Made of Breadfruit Starch and Made of Corn Starch in Terms of Tensile Strength (in millimeters)
Treatment Mean Standard
Deviation
t-testp-value
Level of Significanc
e
Interpretati
on
Breadfruit Starch-Based Plastic
6.7 1.9
0.00 0.05 SignificantCorn Starch-Based Plastic
15.9 2.0
Note: If p-value level of significance, then the test is significant.
Based on the data presented in the table, the standard deviation and the
mean tensile strength measured in millimeters of the corn starch-based plastic were
relatively higher compared with that of breadfruit starch-based plastic. Likewise,
using t-test as the statistical tool, the p-value of 0.00 was less than the given level
of significance of 0.05 which rendered the test results for both treatments to be
significantly different from each other in terms of tensile strength. The plastic made
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out of corn starch is greater in tensile strength compared to breadfruit plastic. This
means that the bioplastic made out of breadfruit starch is less flexible and would
break more easily than the corn plastic. This result could be attributed to some
known factors. Rincon et.al (2004), as cited by Akanbi et.al (2009), found that the
amylose content of breadfruit starch is low. Starch is made up of two polymers,
namely amylose which is straight chained and amylopectin which is branched.
Straight-chained polymers like the amylose is needed in the formation of the plastic
film while the branched amylopectin which inhibits the formation of the film had to
be broken down by the action of an acid as done in the procedure using vinegar
(acetic acid) (www.instructables.com). A lesser amylose content could mean a
lesser chance with the propan-1,2,3-triol to bind with that polymer to form a more
flexible film. The result could be a plastic with lesser tensile strength. Fabunmi et.al
(2007) wrote that most starch-based composites exhibit poor material properties
such as tensile strength, yield strength, and stiffness and elongation at break
(http://www.asabe.org). Corn as a proven source of PLA (polyactic acid) plastic may
have more amylose content than breadfruit. Other reasons could be the presence of
some suspected impurities present in the breadfruit starches that were extracted
for the experiment that could have lessened the action of propan-1,2,3-triol in
making the product more flexible and high in tensile strength.
On the other hand, Table 2 revealed the comparison between the
biodegradability of breadfruit plastic and corn plastic in water for 3 days.
Table 2
Comparison of Biodegradable Bioplastic Made of Breadfruit Starch and Made of Corn Starch in Terms of Biodegradability as Measured by the
Number of Disintegrated Pieces Day Treatme
nt
Mean Standard
Deviatio
t-testp-value
Level of Significan
ce
Interpretati
13
n on
Day 1 T1 2.7 1.1
0.02 0.05 SignificantT2 1.7 0.9
Day 2 T1 7.2 2.3
0.00 0.05 SignificantT2 3.5 0.9
Day 3 T1 22.4 4.3
0.00 0.05 SignificantT2 5.7 1.5
Legend: T1 - Breadfruit Starch-Based PlasticT2 - Corn Starch-Based Plastic
Note: If p-value level of significance, then the test is significant.
As observed in Table 2, the mean and standard deviation of the number of
disintegrated pieces were reflected. For three days, the mean number of
disintegrated pieces for breadfruit starch-based plastic was substantially higher
than the corn starch-based plastic. Moreover, it can be seen that the t-test p-values
of 0.02, 0.00 and 0.00 were less than the 0.05 level of significance which means
that the test is significant. This means that the two treatments significantly differ in
terms of the number of disintegrated pieces for three days. This implies that the
breadfruit starch-based plastic is more biodegradable than the corn starch-based
plastic.
The higher biodegradability of the breadfruit plastic could be pointed out
from its high hydration rate caused by its high swelling power. The breadfruit starch
has a high swelling power and this has been reported to be due to its lower degree
of intermolecular association (Tien et.al, 1991 as cited by Akanbi et.al, 2009).
Similarly, the findings of Wootton et.al (2004) stated that the swelling power of
breadfruit has been related to the associative binding within the starch granules
and apparently, the strength and character of the micellar network is related to the
amylose content of the starch, low amylose content, produces high swelling power.
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As a result of swelling, there is an increment in the solubility of the starch and the
rate of being hydrolyzed is increased. Hydrolysis is a type of chemical reaction in
which a molecule of water reacts with another molecule, thus splitting it. This could
explain why breadfruit plastic was very biodegradable in water.
Table 3 shows the comparison of the two treatments in terms of texture.
Table 3
Comparison of Biodegradable Bioplastic Made of Breadfruit Starch and Made of Corn Starch in Terms of Texture
Treatme
nt
Frequency Kolmogorov-Smirnovp-value
Level of Significan
ce
Interpretati
onVery
Satisfactorily Smooth
Satisfactorily Smooth
T1 3 7
0.02 0.05 Significant T2 10 0
Legend: T1 - Breadfruit Starch-Based PlasticT2 - Corn Starch-Based Plastic
Note: If p-value level of significance, then the test is significant.
Table 3 shows the most frequent criteria that occurred during the survey for
the comparison of the two bioplastics for texture. Breadfruit plastic (T1) was judged
generally as satisfactorily smooth with a frequency computation of 7 than corn
plastic (T2) with a 0 frequency computation. On the other hand, corn plastic was
evaluated as very satisfactorily smooth by most panelists with a frequency
computation of a complete 10 than breadfruit plastic which has only 3. Using
Kolmogorov-Smirnov as the statistical tool, the p-value of 0.02 was less than the
level of significance interpreting the test results between the two treatments as
significantly different from each other. This means that corn starch-based plastic is
significantly smoother than the breadfruit starch-based plastic. The lessened action
of propan-1,2,3-triol to the amylose-low breadfruit starch could have caused a
relatively lesser smoothness of the breadfruit plastic.
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Table 4
Comparison of Biodegradable Bioplastic Made of Breadfruit Starch and Made of Corn Starch in Terms of Hardness
Treatme
nt
Frequency Kolmogorov-Smirnovp-value
Level of Significan
ce
Interpretati
onVery
Satisfactorily Soft
Satisfactorily Soft
T1 8 2
0.99 0.05 Not
Significant
T2 10 0
Legend: T1 - Breadfruit Starch-Based PlasticT2 - Corn Starch-Based Plastic
Note: If p-value > level of significance, then the test is not significant.
As stated in the table, breadfruit plastic was generally regarded as very
satisfactorily soft with a frequency computation of 8 out of 10, while corn plastic
again was regarded as very satisfactorily soft by a frequency calculation of perfect
10. However, the statistical p-value of 0.99 by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is higher
than the 0.05 level of significance which tells us that there is no significant
difference between the softness of the breadfruit plastic and of the corn plastic. This
lead to the account that breadfruit plastic is very satisfactorily soft similar to the
plastic made out of commercial corn starch. The similar softness of both plastics
could be attributed to the characteristics of most purely starch-based bioplastics to
be soft. Moreover, both used propan-1,2,3-triol or glycerol that usually makes the
plastic soft and flexible (www.instructables.com).
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CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based on the results presented:
1. Biodegradable bioplastic can be produced by using breadfruit starch.
2. The breadfruit starch-based plastic is significantly more biodegradable in
water than the corn starch-based plastic.
3. Breadfruit plastic has a significantly lower tensile strength than the plastic
made from commercial pure corn starch.
4. The breadfruit plastic is significantly less smooth than the corn plastic.
5. There is no significant difference between the softness of bioplastic made out
of breadfruit starch and bioplastic made out of commercial corn starch.
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RECOMMENDATION
Based on the conclusions drawn, the following recommendations are hereby
offered:
1. Starch produced by fallen breadfruit is recommended as a possible and
efficient component in making biodegradable bioplastics.
2. Further study and more reliable tests for the enhancement the quality of the
breadfruit plastic in comparison with other bioplastics and petroleum-based
plastics is suggested to establish more the reliability and credibility of
breadfruit starch as a component of biodegradable bioplastics.
3. Scientific inquiries towards improving the properties of this promising
breadfruit starch-based bioplastic through starch modification, processing
conditions and the addition of chemical reinforcements to realize a new
marketable renewable and biodegradable substitute for the conventional
petroleum-based plastics are highly proposed.
4. An extended supplementary study on, “Effectivity of the Combined
Breadfruit, Cassava and Corn Starches as Components of Bioplastic”, is
recommended.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
General Reference
The World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 15), World Book Inc., pages 558-565,
C.1992
Periodicals
The Feasibility of Polystyrene-coated Paper as a Substitute for Packaging, Bato Balani: For Science and Technology III (Vol.14 No. 3) 1994-1995, p. 16-18
Electronic Resources
Akanbi, T.O. et.al, Functional and Pasting Properties of a Tropical Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Starch, International Food Research Journal, Vol. 16, pages 151-157, Nigeria, 2009 Retrieved from: http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my
Amusa, N.A., Kehinde, I.A. and Ashaye, O.A., Bio-deterioration of Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) in Storage and Its Effect on the Nutrient Composition , Nigeria, 2002
Retrieved from: http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB/manuscripts/
Diputra, Rangga C., Bioplastic Role in Reducing Environmental Pollution, 2010,
Retrieved from: http://global-warm-ing.co.ccl/bioplastic/
Fabunmi, Olayide O. et.al, Developing Biodegradable Plastics from Starch, 2007
Retrieved from: http://www.asabe.org
Shankari, Uma. Environmental Cocerns: Pros and Cons of Plastics, 2010Retrieved from: http://socyberty.com/issues/
Udio, Akpobome J. et.al, Chemical Analysis of Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis forst) from South-Western Nigeria, Journal of Food Technology, Vol. 1, Issue No. 2, 2003, pg. no. 29-35
Retrieved from: http://www.medwelljournals.com/abstract/
Towner, James, What are the Benefits of Corn-Based Plastic?, 2008
19
Retrieved from: http://azsustainability.com
About Plastic Pollution, Retrieved from: http://members.rediff.com/jogsn/BP4.htm
Bioplastics, Retrieved from: http://wikipedia.com/bioplastics
Bioplastics Market Worldwide 2007-2025, Retrieved from: http://www.hkc22.com/
Breadfruit, Retrieved from: http://wkipedia.com/breadfruit
Green Report: Bioplastic Industry Emerges, 2010, Retrieved from: http://socyberty.com/issues/
How to Make Corn-Based Plastic, Retrieved from: www.eHow.com
Make Potato Plastic, Retrieved from: http://www.instructables.com/id/Starch_Plastic
Waste Survey Exposes Extent of Plastic Pollution in Manila Bay, August 16,2006 Retrieved from: http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to extend her heartfelt thanks and profound
gratitude to the following persons who in a way or another had helped made this
research a successful one.
To Mr. Denijun Alvar, my Science Investigatory Project Adviser, for the
supervision, guidance and assistance he had extended to the research, and for the
valuable suggestions and critiques in improving the author’s works.
To Mrs. Teresita Ortiz, as a Science Investigatory Project Auxiliary Adviser, for
assistance and supervision given whenever the adviser is not around.
To Mr. Salvador Artigo Jr. for the allotment of part of school’s fund for the
financial assistance of the research, and for the encouragements in finishing the
work.
To Mrs. Carmelita Maturan, for her kindness in providing me a mini-oven
toaster that was very valuable in the conduct of the study.
To Mrs. Vita Dagami, for her thoughtfulness in lending me her digital camera
for the documentation of the experiments.
To the panelists, good people who willfully contributed breadfruit for the
experiment and to those who are not named yet had given me support and aided
me in my research needs.
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Above all, I thank the Divine Providence for offering all of us His undying
generosity, wisdom and guidance.
Thank you so much!
THE RESEARCHER
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