inventory of freshwater fauna in the agusan marsh, philippines with notes on introduced species and...
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Inventory of Freshwater Fauna in the Agusan Marsh, Philippines with Notes
on Introduced Species and their Impacts on Biodiversity
MARIANNE HUBILLA-TRAVIS1*, FERENC KIS2, JURGENNE PRIMAVERA3
1Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanology, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, 5023 Miag-ao, Iloilo
2Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office, Government Center, 8500 Patin-ay, Agusan del Sur
3Southeast Asian Fisheries and Development Center – Aquaculture Department, 5021 Tigbauan, Iloilo
INTRODUCTION
Agusan Marsh – a protected marshland located in Agusan del Sur, northeastern Mindanao, in the southern Philippines.
1. protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) in 1994
2. Wildlife Sanctuary by Presidential Proclamation 913 in 1996
3. Wetland of International Importance by the Ramsar Convention in 1999
WETLAND ROLES1. serve as sponge that
reduce flood flows2. help retain and absorb
sediments and nutrients
3. maintain the continued existence of various floral and faunal species
Earlier studies that documented the fish species of the Agusan Marsh
Herre, 1953
Talde et al., 2004
Davies, 1991
Oloroso, 2000
Table 1 List of fish species cited by Herre, 1953.Family Species English name Local name
Carcharhinidae Glyphis gangeticus Ganges shark Pating
Pristidae Pristis microdon Large-tooth sawfish Tagan
Lutjanidae Lutjanus fuscescens Freshwater snapper Gingaw
Clupeidae Anodontostoma chacunda Chacunda gizzard shad Kabasi
Cyprinidae Puntius montanoi Simulao carp Habong, lidong
Cyprinidae Puntius binotatus Spotted barb Gabot, paitanGobiidae Stenogobius ophthalmoporus Goby Oku
Ephippidae Platax orbicularis Orbicular batfish Dahon gabi
Mugilidae Valamugil cunnesius Long-arm mullet BanakMuraenidae Strophidon sathete Slender giant moray Kasili nga
ubodEleotridae Butis amboinensis Olive flathead gudgeon Pidjanga
Chandidae Ambassis buruensis Buru glass perchlet IbisChandidae A. gymnocephalus Bald glass perchlet Ibis
Chandidae A. interrupta Long-spine glass perchlet Ibis
Chandidae A. urotaenia Banded-tail glass perchlet Ibis
Glyphis gangeticus
Platax orbicularis
Pristis microdon
Anodontostoma chacunda
Table 2 List of fish species cited by Davies, 1991.Family Species English name Local name
Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Puyo
Channidae Channa striata Snakehead murrel, mudfish Halu-an
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia Tilapia
Clariidae Clarias batrachus Walking catfish Agok-ok
Clariidae Clarias gariepinus North African hito Taiwan
Clariidae Clarias macrocephalus Broad-head catfish Hito, pantat
Clariidae Clarias gilli (C. nieuhofi) Peat forest catfish Balik
Cyprinidae Puntius montanoi/binotatus Simulao carp/spotted barb Lidong/paitan
Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Common carp Karpa
Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris Tank goby Pidjanga
Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides Indo-Pacific tarpon Sibad
Mugilidae Mugil sp. Mullet Banak
Osphronemidae Osphronemus gouramy Giant gourami Gurami
Osphronemidae Trichogaster pectoralis Snake-skin gourami Gurami
Osphronemidae T. trichopterus Three-spot gourami Gurami
Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy Impis
Glossogobius giuris
Oreochromis niloticus
Poecilia reticulata
Osphronemus gouramy
Clarias garipienus
Cyprinus carpio
Table 3 List of fish species cited by Oloroso, 2000.Family Species English name Local name
Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Puyo
Channidae Channa striata Snakehead murrel, mudfish Halu-an
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia Tilapia
Clariidae Clarias batrachus Walking catfish Agok-ok
Clariidae C. gariepinus North African hito Taiwan
Clariidae C. macrocephalus Broad-head catfish Hito, pantat
Clariidae C. gilli (C. nieuhofi) Peat forest catfish Balik
Cyprinidae Puntius sp. Simulao carp, spotted barb Lidong/paitan
Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Common carp Karpa
Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides Indo-Pacific tarpon Sibad
Mugilidae Mugil sp. Mullet Banak
Osphronemidae Osphronemus gouramy Giant gourami Gurami
Osphronemidae Trichogaster pectoralis Snake-skin gourami Gurami
Table 4 List of fish species cited by Talde et al., 2004.Family Species English name Local name
Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Puyo
Channidae Channa striata Snakehead murrel, mudfish
Halu-an
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia Tilapia
Clariidae Clarias batrachus Walking catfish Agok-ok
Clariidae C. gariepinus North African hito Taiwan
Clariidae C. macrocephalus Broad-head catfish Hito, pantat
Cyprinidae Puntius binotatus Spotted barb Paitan
Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Common carp Karpa
Eleotridae Ophiocara porocephala Sprangled sleeper Ilabo
Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris Tank goby Pidjanga
Osphronemidae Osphronemus gouramy Giant gourami Gurami
Osphronemidae Trichogaster pectoralis Snake-skin gourami Gurami
Osphronemidae T. trichopterus Three-spot gourami Gurami
Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy Impis
What is biological invasion?
Biological invasion is the spread of a non- native species from its native place to other parts of the world that is usually caused by human vectors.
* Displace native species * Diminish diversity * Disrupt ecosystems * Cause significant economic impacts
EFFECTS OF INVASIVE SPECIES
OBJECTIVES1. Conduct an inventory of the aquatic fauna
of the Agusan Marsh;2. Determine the habitat & distribution of
aquatic fauna in the Marsh;3. Identify the ecological status of species
and environmental threats; and4. Discuss the impacts of introduced
species on biodiversity, and the possible management schemes that could be applied for them.
.
FRESHWATER FAUNAL GROUPS
1. Fishes2. Molluscs (bivalves, gastropods)3. Crustaceans (Crabs, shrimps)4. Aquatic reptiles (Aquatic lizards,
crocodiles, turtles)
METHODOLOGYStudy sites
1. Peat forest(New Visayas, San Francisco)
2. Herbaceous swamp(Lake Talacogon, Talacogon)
3. Floodplain lake(Lake Mihaba, Bunawan)
4. Oxbow/floodplain lake(Lake Dinagat, Loreto)
5. Upstream(Agusan River, Sta. Josefa)
6. Midstream (Agusan River, La Paz)
7. Downstream(Agusan River, San Luis)
Collection of samples
Fish 1. Floodplain & oxbow lake – multiple hook & line, traps, gill net, skimming net, cast net;2. Herbaceous swamp – multiple hook & line, traps 3. Peat forest & forest swamp – pole & line4. Upstream, midstream, downstream – gill net, cast net, electrical gadgets
Molluscs – collected by hands and by diving underwater
Crustaceans – electrofishingAquatic reptiles – collected by hands and hunting
Collection of samples – based on the standard collecting method of von Brandt
(1979) and Villoso (2000)
Identification & preservation of samples
Identification of samples • Fish – Herre (1953); Davies (1991); Rainboth (1996); Villoso
(1997); Olorosso (2000); Talde et al. (2004); www.fishbase.org
• Molluscs1. Gastropods – www.applesnail.net2. Bivalves – www.inhs.uiuc.edu; www.fcsc.usgs.gov
• Crustaceans1. Shrimps – www.was.org2. Crabs – www.nmu.edu
• Aquatic reptiles1. Aquatic lizards – www.species.net; www.curator.org2. Crocodiles – www.whozoo.org; www.solaster-mb.org3. Turtles – www.cas.psu.edu; http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl
Preservation of samples – based on the standard preservation techniques of Villoso (2000)
Habitat and distribution- Habitat and distribution were determined
Ecological status and threats- Ecological status of species and threats were identified
Inventory of aquatic fauna - Field sampling, review of literature, book & online review, IKS (Indigenous Knowledge System) by verbal and questionnaire survey
Introduced species and their impacts on biodiversity- Impacts of introduced species and possible management schemes for them were discussed
Flow chart of activities
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Number of species of fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic reptiles found in the study.
Molluscs17%
Crustaceans15%
Aquatic reptiles5%
Fish63%
Inventory of aquatic fauna
29 Families34 Genera41 Species
Number of family, genera and species of aquatic fauna found in the study.
05
1015202530
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Aquatic faunal group
Freq
uenc
y
Species
Genera
Family
1 - Fish2 - Bivalves3 - Gastropods4 - Shrimps5 - Crabs6 - Aquatic lizards7 - Crocodiles8 - Turtles
Number of fish family, genera and species documented by different
studies.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5
St ud y
Family
Genera
Species
1 - Herre, 19532 - Davies, 19913 - Oloroso, 20004 - Talde et al. 20045 - This study
Table 5 List of fish species found in the study.Family Species English name Local name
Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Puyo
Anguillidae Anguilla marmorata Giant mottled eel Kasili
Chandidae Ambassis interrupta* Long-spine glass perchlet Ibis
Channidae Channa striata Snakehead murrel, mudfish Halu-an
Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus Nile tilapia Tilapia
Clariidae Clarias batrachus Walking catfish Agok-ok
Clariidae C. gariepinus North African hito Taiwan
Clariidae C. macrocephalus* Broad-head catfish Hito, pantat
Clariidae C. nieuhofi (C. gilli) Peat forest catfish Balik
Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio Common carp Karpa
Cyprinidae Puntius binotatus Spotted barb Gabot, paitan
Eleotridae Ophiocara porocephala Sprangled sleeper Ilabo
Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris Tank goby, white goby Pidjanga
Gobiidae Stenogobius ophthalmoporus* Goby Oku
Hemiramphidae Dermogenys pusilla* Wrestling halfbeak Tambugasan
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus buffonis* Buffon’s river garfish Pinganan
Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus Vermiculated sailfin catfish Janitor fish
Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides Indo-Pacific tarpon Sibad
Mugilidae Valamugil cunnesius* Long-arm mullet Banak
Osphronemidae Osphronemus gouramy Giant gourami Gurami
Osphronemidae Trichogaster pectoralis Snake-skin gourami Gurami
Osphronemidae T. trichopterus Three-spot gourami Gurami
Poeciliidae Poecilia reticulata Guppy Impis
Scatophagidae Scatophagus argus Spotted scat Kikilo
Synbranchidae Monopterus albus Swamp eel Dungkang
Sygnathidae Doryichthys boaja Long-snout pipefish Kulikag
Oreochromis niloticus
Anabas testudineus
Channa striata
Clarias batrachus
Ambassis interrupta
Anguilla marmorata
Ophiocara porocephala
Glossogobius giurisPuntius binotatus
Clarias gariepinus
Cyprinus carpioClarias nieuhofi
Osphronemus gouramy
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
Megalops cyprinoides
Zenarchopterus buffonis
Dermogenys pusilla
Valamugil cunnesius/Mugil longimanus
Scatophagus argus
Trichogaster pectoralis
Monopterus albus
Doryichthys boaja
Poecilia reticulata
Trichogaster trichopterus
Family Species English name Local nameAnguillidae Anguilla marmorata Giant mottled eel Kasili
Hemiramphidae Dermogenys pusilla Wrestling halfbeak Tambugasan
Hemiramphidae Zenarchopterus buffonis Buffon’s river garfish Pinganan
Loricariidae Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus Vermiculated sailfin catfish
Janitor fish
Scatophagidae Scatophagus argus Spotted scat Kikilo
Synbranchidae Monopterus albus Swamp eel Dungkang
Sygnathidae Doryichthys boaja Long-snout pipefish Kulikag
Table 6 List of fish species found in the study but not mentioned in earlier literature.
Table 7 List of invertebrate species and aquatic reptiles found in the Agusan Marsh.
Family Species English name Local name
Corbiculidae Corbicula fluminea Asiatic freshwater clam Kay-kay
Unionidae Cristaria plicata Cockscomb pearl mussel TambilakaAmpullariidae Pila ampullacea Large Asiatic apple snail Kambu-ay
Ampullariidae Pila conica Native apple snail SihiAmpullariidae Pomacea canaliculata Golden apple snail Kuhol
Thiaridae Melanoides sp. Freshwater screw snail Suso, banisil
Viviparidae Belamaya angularis Mystery snail Punggok
Atyidae Caridina sp. Freshwater tiny green shrimp
Uyap
Palaemonidae Macrobrachium rosenbergii Freshwater giant prawn Lambu-o
Palaemonidae Macrobrachium sp. Freshwater white prawn Putian, pasayan
Palaemonidae Macrobrachium sp. Freshwater red-spotted prawn
Hipon, pasayan
Potamidae Unidentified species Purple rock crab Kuga
Sinopotamidae Unidentified species Orange moon crab Kagang
Agamidae Hydrosaurus pustulatus Sailfin lizard Ibid
Varanidae Varanus salvator Common water monitor Halo
Cristaria plicata
Corbicula fluminea
Melanoides spBelamaya angularis
Pila conica
Pila ampullacea
Pomacea canaliculata
Macrobrachium sp.
“Kuga” – purple rock crab
“Kagang” – orange moon crab
Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Macrobrachium sp.
Caridina sp.
Varanus salvator
Hydrosaurus pustulatus
1. Pigok – closer to the appearance of Lutjanus argentimaculatus (snapper)
2. Gingaw – similar to the appearance of Lutjanus fuscescens (freshwater snapper), a species also mentioned by Herre (1953)
3. Two species of freshwater turtles – “Bao” (smaller) and “Danata” (bigger)
4. Two species of crocodiles – “Buaya”, one is big (Crocodylus porosus) and the other one is smaller (Crocodylus mindorensis)
Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS)
Number of vertebrate and invertebrate species thriving in the 12 identified habitats in the Agusan
Marsh.
05
101520
2530
Peat f orest(PF)
Forest swamp(FS)
Herbaceousswamp (HS)
Rice f ield(RF)
St agnantwat er (SW)
Canal (CN) Upper st ream(US)
River ( R ) Creek ( C ) Lake ( L ) Est uary (E) Sea (S)
Habitat
Freq
uenc
y
VertebratesInvertebrates
Habitat and distribution
Species PF FS HS RF SW CN US R C L E S ∑
Anabas testudineus - - + +* + + + + + + - - 8
Anguilla marmorata - - - - - - + + +* +* + + 6
Ambassis interrupta - - - - - - +* + + + + + 6
Channa striata +* + + + + +* +* + + + - - 10
Oreochromis niloticus - - + - + +* + + + + - - 7
Clarias batrachus +* + + +* + - - +* +* +* - - 8
C. gariepinus +* + + +* + - - +* +* +* - - 8
C. macrocephalus +* + + +* + - - +* +* +* - - 8
C. nieuhofii + + +* - - - - - - - - - 3
Cyprinus carpio - - +* - - - + + + + - - 5
Puntius binotatus - - +* - - - + +* + + - - 5
Ophiocara porocephala - - - - - - + + +* + + - 5
Glossogobius giuris - - - - - - + + + + + + 6
Stenogobius ophthalmoporus - - - - - - + + +* +* + - 5
Dermogenys pusilla - - - - - - + + +* +* + - 5
Zenarchopterus buffonis - - - - - - + + +* +* + + 6
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus - - - - - - + + + + - - 4
Megalops cyprinoides - - - - - - + + +* +* + + 6
Valamugil cunnesius - - - - - - + + +* + + + 6
Osphronemus gouramy - - +* - +* +* + + + + - - 7
Trichogaster pectoralis - - + +* + +* + + + + - - 8
Table 8 Habitat and distribution of aquatic fauna in the Agusan Marsh.
Species PF FS HS RF SW CN US R C L E S ∑
T. Trichopterus - - + +* + +* + + + + - - 8
Poecilia reticulata - - +* +* - + + - +* - - - 5
Scatophagus argus - - - - - - + + + + + + 6
Monopterus albus +* + + + +* - - +* +* +* + - 9
Doryichthys boaja - - - - - - - + +* +* - - 3
Caridina sp. - - - - - - +* + + +* - - 4
Macrobrachium rosenbergii - - - - - - + + + +* - - 4
Macrobrachium sp. - - - - - - + + + +* - - 4
Macrobrachium sp. - - - - - - + + + +* - - 4
Unidentified crab (Kuga) - - - - - + + - + - - - 3
Unidentified crab (Kagang) +^ + + + + +^ - +^ +^ +^ - - 9
Corbicula fluminea - - - - - - + + + +* - - 4
Cristaria plicata - - - - - - +* + +* +* - - 4
Pila ampullacea +* +* + + + +* +^ +^ +^ +^ - - 10
Pila conica +* +* + + + + +^ +^ +^ +^ - - 10
Pomacea canaliculata +* +* + + + + +^ +^ +^ +^ - - 10
Melanoides sp. - - - - - - + + + +* - - 4
Beyamaya angularis +* +* + + + +* +^ +^ +^ +^ - - 10
Hydrosaurus pustulatus - - +^ - - - +^ +^ +^ +^ - - 5
Varanus salvator - - +^ - - - +^ +^ +^ +^ - - 5
Table 8 continue…
Ecological status of species
Number of native and introduced fish species in the Agusan Marsh.
Native (true freshwater fish)
19%
Native (migratory)
39%
Introduced (true freshwater fish)
38%
Introduced (migratory)
4%
Number of native and introduced invertebrate species in the Agusan Marsh.
Native 87%
Introduced 13%
Identified threats to freshwater fauna
* Species introduction * Illegal fishing
* electrofishing * fish poisoning * use of banned gears
* Overfishing/over-hunting * Habitat degradation * Pollution
* heavy metal contamination * bacterial contamination
Species Feeding ecology (+) impacts (-) impacts
Channa striata Detritus (Talde et al., 2004), young fry feed on algae and protozoan; juveniles feed on small crustaceans; adults are highly carnivorous (Conlu, 1986), feeding on worms, prawns, frogs, small fishes (Mohsin & Ambak, 1983)
A food fish with high aquaculture value &
commands a good price in the market
Predator of native species
Oreochromis niloticus
Phytoplankton (Gwahaba, 1973), algal filaments, diatoms, unidentified organic matter (Fagade & Olaniyan, 1973), blue-green algae (Ofojekwu & Ejike, 1992), detritus (Talde et al., 2004)
Source of food & income; good for weed
control as it uproot submerged weeds
Compete with indigenous fishes for food & habitat; adds up to water turbidity
while uprooting weeds
Clarias batrachus
Insect larvae, earthworms, shells, shrimps, small fish, aquatic plants and debris (Ukkatawewat, 1999), detritus (Talde et al., 2004), rotifers, organic debris (Rainboth, 1996)
Major source of food & livelihood (aquaculture
& capture fishery)
Displace native catfish & other freshwater fishes of
similar food & habitat; pest in tilapia ponds
C. gariepinus Insects, plankton, invertebrates & fish, young birds, rotting flesh and plants (de Moor & Broton, 1988)
Major source of food & livelihood (aquaculture
& capture fishery)
Displace native fishes of similar food & habitat; pest
in tilapia ponds
Cyprinus carpio Aquatic insects, crustaceans, annelids, mollusks, weed & tree seeds, wild rice, aquatic plants, algae (Scott & Crossman, 1973); detritus (Rainboth, 1996)
Commercial aquaculture species; source of food
& income; source of genetic material for
breeding
Competitor of native species; cage culture –
have caused pollution of major lakes & reservoirs
Glossogobius giuris
Plant debris (Talde et al., 2004), fish bones, nektons (Rainboth, 1996)
Source of food & livelihood
Predator of native fishes
Table 9 List of introduced species in the Agusan Marsh and their positive and negative ecological and socio-economic impacts.
Species Feeding ecology + impacts - impacts
Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus
Algivorous, detritivorous, insectivorous, granivorous, moluscivorous or scavengers (Armbruster 2002)
Ornamental fish Adverse competitor of indigenous fishes; destroy
nets and pen cages; negative impact on local fishery
Osphronemus gouramy
Detritus, plant debris, phytoplankton (Rainboth 1996), feed on both plants and animals such as aquatic weeds, fish, frogs, earthworms, dead animals (Ukkatawewat 1999)
Source of food & livelihood Competes with native fishes in terms of food & habitat
Trichogaster pectoralis
Algae, phytoplankton (Rainboth 1996), detritus, insects, water mites, copepods, cladocerans, rotifers (Talde, Mamaril, and Palomares 2006)
Source of food & livelihood No known adverse ecological impacts in the marsh
T. trichopterus Detritus (Talde, Mamaril, and Palomares 2006), zooplankton, crustaceans and insect larvae, cladocerans (Rainboth 1996)
Source of food & livelihood No known adverse ecological impacts in the marsh
Poecilia reticulata Planktivores, detritivores (Fishbase, 2006)
No known positive impacts No known adverse ecological impacts in the marsh
Table 9 continue
Species Feeding ecology + impacts - impacts
Cristaria plicata Filter feeder & detritivore Food/income; biological filter; source of freshwater
pearl; shells can be used for handicrafts
Host of harmful bacteria; nuisance in ponds as the
sharp shells can injure workers
Pomacea canaliculata
Feed on detritus & plants Illegally introduced through the aquarium trade as a
source of food cultured in confined environment
(aquaria, tanks)
It became feral when it escaped to irrigation systems
and ricefields; rice pest; bacterial host (e.g., Schistosomiasis)
Table 9 continue
Threats Possible management schemesIntroduced species • Proper implementation of wildlife law and effective
law enforcement • Increase indigenous awareness on invasive species and their serious ecological impacts• Formulation of eradication measures like the conversion of the invader into fish meal, fertilizer and other useful products;
Illegal fishing •Banning of the use of electrical gadgets, chemicals and ichthyotoxic plants poisoning and other illegal fishing methods• Information campaign and regular monitoring
Overfishing/over-hunting • Conduct of extensive biological research on the freshwater fishes and invertebrates in the Marsh to establish open and close season• Information campaign and monitoring
Habitat degradation • Introduced an ecological waste water management for floating houses in the marsh• Information campaign and monitoring
Pollution • Banning of mercury from the mining practices• information campaign on health and sanitation
Possible management schemes
THANK YOU AND HAVE A THANK YOU AND HAVE A GOOD DAY.GOOD DAY.
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