introduction to unix. 2 unix file system zdirectory organization zhierarchy of files &...

Introduction to UNIX

2

Unix File System

Directory OrganizationHierarchy of Files & Directories

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

3

Unix File System

Identifying Files Using Full Path Names

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

/home/rdefe/mbox

Full Path Names Always begin with /

4

Unix File System Identifying Files using Relative Path Names

Dependent on Your Location in the File System

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

data/jan/file1

Current Working Directory

mbox

5

Directory Manipulation

mkdir [directory1] [directory2] … Create New Directories

$ mkdir mail$

$ mkdir mail$

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m ail m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe

Directories created based on your current location in the File System

6

Directory Manipulation

cd [DirectoryName] Change Directory

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

$ cd data$ cd data

$ cd /home/djones$ cd /home/djones

7

Directory Manipulation

pwd Display Present Working Directory

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

$ pwd/home/rdefe$

$ pwd/home/rdefe$

8

Directory Manipulation

rmdir [directory1] [directory2] … Remove Empty Directories

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m ail m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe$ rmdir mail$

$ rmdir mail$

X

9

Directory Manipulation

rm [-ri] [directory1] [directory2] … -r Remove Directories -i Interactive

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m ail m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe

X$ rm -r data$

$ rm -r data$

Caution: Will delete directories that have files & subdirectories

$ rm -i mboxmbox? y$

$ rm -i mboxmbox? y$

10

Unix Commands

cp [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Copy A File -i Interactive

$ cp jan jan.copy$

$ cp jan jan.copy$

$ cp /home/jsmith/data mydata$

$ cp /home/jsmith/data mydata$

$ cp /home/jsmith/d5 /tmp/a5$

$ cp /home/jsmith/d5 /tmp/a5$

11

Unix Commands

cp [-i] [File1] [File2] … [FileN] [Directory] Copy N number of files to a directory

$ cp jan feb mar data$

$ cp jan feb mar data$

$ cp p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$

$ cp p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$

$ cp jan data$

$ cp jan data$

Note: data is an existing directory

12

Unix Commands

mv [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Rename a File Move a File to a Different Directory

$ mv jan feb$

$ mv jan feb$

$ mv jan /tmp/oldjan$

$ mv jan /tmp/oldjan$

$ mv jan /tmp$

$ mv jan /tmp$

13

Unix Commands

mv [-i] [File1] [File2] … [FileN] [Directory] Move N number of files to a directory

$ mv jan feb mar data$

$ mv jan feb mar data$

$ mv p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$

$ mv p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$

$ mv jan data/oldjan$

$ mv jan data/oldjan$

Note: data is an existing directory

14

Unix Commands

ln [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Create multiple names that all reference

the same data

$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$

$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$

1 $ vi feb$

$ vi feb$

2

$ cat jan$ cat feb$

$ cat jan$ cat feb$

3

Changes made to feb are reflected in jan feb and jan both reference the same data Changes made to one will be reflected in the other

15

Unix Commands

How Links Work

$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ln feb mar$ ls jan feb mar$

$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ln feb mar$ ls jan feb mar$

jan

feb

mar

$ rm jan$ rm janUse the rm command to remove links

X

16

Unix Commands

feb

mar

1582

How Links Work ls -i to display inode numbers ls -l to display number of links

$ ls -l-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 feb-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 mar$

$ ls -l-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 feb-rw-r--r-- 2 rdefe unix 53 Sep 12 21:46 mar$

$ ls -i1582 feb1582 mar$

$ ls -i1582 feb1582 mar$

17

Unix Commands

ln [-i] [SourceFile] [DestinationFile] Create multiple names that all reference

the same data

$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$

$ ls jan$ ln jan feb$ ls jan feb$

1 $ vi feb$

$ vi feb$2

$ cat jan$ cat feb$

$ cat jan$ cat feb$

3

18

Unix Commands

ln [-i] [File1] [File2] … [FileN] [Directory] Create N number of linked files in a

directory$ ln jan feb mar data$

$ ln jan feb mar data$

$ ln p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$

$ ln p1 /tmp/p2 p3 data$

$ ln jan data/oldjan$

$ ln jan data/oldjan$

Note: data is an existing directory

19

Examplescp, mv, ln

$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

$ cp letter1 letter1.cp$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter11509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1.cp

$ mv letter1.cp doc$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

$ cp letter1 letter1.cp$ ls -li1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter11509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1.cp

$ mv letter1.cp doc$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

20

Examplescp, mv, ln

$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

$ ln doc a$ ln a b$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 a1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 b1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

$ ln doc a$ ln a b$ ls -li1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 a1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 b1509 -rw-r--r-- 3 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 doc1407 -rw-r--r-- 1 rdefe unix 1696 Oct 29 21:39 letter1

21

Examplescp, mv, ln

cp Makes new copies of filesmv Moves and/or renames filesln Create additional file names

22

Unix Commands

grep [string] [File1] [File2] … Find a char string contained in a file Global Regular Expression Processor

$ cat datathis is a sample filethat we'll use to test theunix grep command.unix commands can some interestingnames

$ grep unix dataunix grep command.unix commands can some interesting

$ cat datathis is a sample filethat we'll use to test theunix grep command.unix commands can some interestingnames

$ grep unix dataunix grep command.unix commands can some interesting

23

Unix Commands

grep [string] [File1] [File2] …

$ grep unix data wpdata:unix grep command.data:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.wp:this unix editor can$$ grep "unix comm" data wpdata:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.$

$ grep unix data wpdata:unix grep command.data:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.wp:this unix editor can$$ grep "unix comm" data wpdata:unix commands can some interestingwp:created with the unix command vi.$

24

Meta Characters

Special Characters with Special Meaning / \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & #

Used to Save time

$ ls a*z$ ls a*z

$ ls a*9*z$ ls a*9*z

$ cp a* data$ cp a* data

$ more data*$ more data*

$ rm junk*$ rm junk*

$ ls a*$ ls a*

* Match zero or more characters

25

Meta Characters

Special Characters with Special Meaning / \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & #

Used to Save time

$ ls a?z$ ls a?z

$ ls a??$ ls a??

$ cp a? data$ cp a? data

$ more data?$ more data?

$ rm junk?$ rm junk?

$ ls a?$ ls a?

? Match any single character

26

Meta Characters

Special Characters with Special Meaning / \ “ ` * ; ? { } ( ) [ ] ~ ! $ < > | & #

Used to Save time

[ ] Match any single character in the list

$ ls a[abc]$ ls a[abc] aa, ab, ac

$ ls a[abc,0-9]z$ ls a[abc,0-9]z aaz, a9z, acz

$ ls a[adz,A-Z]$ ls a[adz,A-Z] aa, aZ, aA

27

Meta Characters

Combining Meta Charaters

$ ls a?[123]$ ls a?[123] aa1, au3, az2

$ ls data*[89][12] $ ls data*[89][12] data81, data91, data82

$ ls mail?[xy]*$ ls mail?[xy]* mailxx1234, mail8y

28

Meta Characters

. Current Directory .. Parent Directory ~ Home Directory

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

Current Directory

Parent Directory

29

Meta Characters

Copy /home/djones/info to rdefe

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

$ cp /home/djones/info .$$

$ cp /home/djones/info .$$

pwd

$ cp ../djones/info .$

$ cp ../djones/info .$

30

Meta Characters

Copy /home/rdefe/mbox to data

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

$ cp ../mbox tempmbox$$

$ cp ../mbox tempmbox$$

pwd

$ cp ../mbox .$

$ cp ../mbox .$

31

Meta Characters

Other Examples...

usr var

file1, file2,file3, file4

jan

file1, file2,file3, file4

feb

data m box, letter,prog1, prog2

rdefe jsm ith

x1, x2, x3, x4

save m box, jandatinfo

djones

hom e etc lib

/

$ cp ../*.f .$

$ cp ../*.f .$

pwd

$ cp ../../rdefe/mbox .$

$ cp ../../rdefe/mbox .$

32

…Even More Redirection

Output Normally Displayed to the Screen Can Be Redirected to a File

$ pr prog1 >> prog1.pr$

$ pr prog1 >> prog1.pr$

If the file prog1.pr exists append the output of the pr command to prog1.pr

Note: Nothing is displayed to the screen

If the file prog1.pr does not exist send the output of the pr command to a new file prog1.pr

33

…Even More Redirection

UnixCommand | tee FileName Display Screen Output and Redirect to a

File

$ who | tee whoisonrdefe ttyp0 Aug 23 9:07 (dana)jsmith ttyp2 Aug 23 22:30 (dana)rdefe ttyp3 Aug 23 13:53 (dana)$

$ who | tee whoisonrdefe ttyp0 Aug 23 9:07 (dana)jsmith ttyp2 Aug 23 22:30 (dana)rdefe ttyp3 Aug 23 13:53 (dana)$

Output saved to the file whoison

Output displayed to the screenOutput displayed to the screen

34

Shell Scripts

Text File that Contains Unix CommandsCorrect Command Syntax

Options Arguments

One Command per Line

$ cat myshellwhodate$

$ cat myshellwhodate$

$ rm * -i$ rm * -i

$ cat myshell2who;date$

$ cat myshell2who;date$

x