introduction to the structural units chapter 1. anatomy and physiology anatomy –shape and...

INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS

Chapter 1

Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy–Shape and structure of an

organism’s body and the relationship of one body part to another

• Physiology–Function of each body part and

how the functions of various body parts coordinate to form a complete living organism

Branches of Anatomy

Gross anatomyMicroscopic anatomyDevelopmental anatomyComparative anatomySystematic anatomy

Terms for Location or Position and Direction

Anterior or ventral– Front or in front of

Posterior or dorsal– Back or in back of

Cephalic and caudal– Toward the “head end” or “tail

end”Superior and inferior

– Above or below another

Terms for Location or Position and Direction

© 2014 Cengage Learning.

Terms for Location or Position and Direction

Medial and lateral– Toward or away from the midline

Proximal and distal– Toward or away from the point of

attachment or origin

Superficial/external and internal

– On or near the surface or deep inside

Terms for Location or Position and Direction

© 2014 Cengage Learning.

Checkpoint Questions

1.Which term means “towards the tail end?”

2. What is another word for “posterior?”

3. What does the term means “towards the point of attachment?

Caudal

Distal

Proximal

Body Planes and Sections

Sagittal plane– Right and left parts

Midsagittal plane– Equal right and left parts

Coronal (frontal) plane– Vertical at right angles to the sagittal

plane

Transverse or cross section– Horizontal; divides body into upper

and lower parts

Body Planes and Sections

Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity– Brain and spinal

cord– Cranial cavity– Spinal cavity

Thoracic cavityAbdominopelvic

cavity– Abdominal cavity– Pelvic cavity

Body Cavities

© 2014 Cengage Learning.

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

Epigastric region (upper)– Just below sternum

Right and left hypochondriac– Just below ribs

Umbilical (middle)– Located around the navel

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

Right and left lumbar– Extend from anterior to

posteriorHypogastric (lower)

– Pubic areaRight and left iliac

– Also called right and left inguinal areas

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

© 2014 Cengage Learning.

Smaller Cavities

Orbital cavity– Eyes, eyeball muscles, optic

nerves, and lacrimal (tear) ductsNasal cavity

– Parts that form the noseBuccal cavity

– Teeth and tongue

Checkpoint Questions

1. What is the cavity that forms part of the nose?

2. What are the terms that mean “just below the ribs?”

3. What is the difference between the midsagittal and sagittal planes?

Nasal Cavity

Right and left hypochondriac

Sagittal – separates body into right and left partsMidsagittal – separates body into EQUAL right and left parts

Life Functions

Living organisms may be unicellular organisms or multi-celled organisms. They include humans, plants, animals, etc.

All living organisms are capable of carrying on life functions.

Life Functions

These functions allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves.

Life Functions

Movement– Muscle system

Ingestion– Digestive system

Digestion– Digestive system

Life Functions

Transport– Circulatory system

Respiration– Respiratory system

Synthesis – Digestive system

Life Functions

Assimilation– Digestive system

Growth– Skeletal system

Secretion– Endocrine system

Life Functions

Excretion– Urinary system

Regulation (sensitivity)– Nervous system

Reproduction– Reproductive system

Human Development

Cells Tissues Organs Organ system Organism!

Body Processes

Metabolism– Functional activities of the

cell that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions• Anabolism

– Building up

• Catabolism– Breaking down

Homeostasis

Ability of the body to regulate its internal environment within narrow limits

Essential to survivalWorks on a negative

feedback system

Metric System

Measurements for length, weight, and

volumeA decimal systemBased on the power of tenUses prefixes such as centi-, milli-,

and micro-

Metric System

Lengths measured in metersWeights measured in gramsVolumes measured in liters

Checkpoint Questions

1. What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

2. Excretion involves which body system?

3. Weight is measured in what using the metric system?

Catabolism – breaking downAnabolism – building up

Urinary System

Grams