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Introduction to Spatial Data
Infrastructures
Joep Crompvoets
7 November 2011
Objectives
• Concepts/components of SDI
• Examples of SDIs
• History
• Developments
• Conclusions
What is SDI?
■ SDI = Spatial Data Infrastructure
■ What is Spatial Data?
■ What is an Infrastructure?
Definition Infrastructure
■ “The basic systems and services that are necessary for a country or organization” (Oxford dictionary)
■ Infrastructure facilitates the production of goods and services
Characteristics of an Infrastructure
Time Span Long-term activity (10-100 yrs)
Users Large users groups
Funding Tax money or obligatory amount
per user
Management/
Control
Government, monopolist, political
debate
Types of Infrastructure
■ Physical Infrastructures
■ Organizational Infrastructures
■ Information Infrastructures
Infrastructures (Physical)
Infrastructures (organizational)
Infrastructures (Information)
To View
To Analyse
To process
To print
Infrastructures
Information OrganizationPhysical
Spatial Data
Infrastructures
Spatial Data I
Examples
Digital Elevation Model
Topography
Cadastral
Administrative boundaries
Land use
Soils
Climate
Demography
Spatial Data II
± 90% of all information used by government
has spatial characteristics
Very high costs for spatial data collection,
maintenance,... (70-80% cost of many GIS projects)
Same data sets collected by different agencies
again and again.
Application domains
Users
One of the most critical elements
underpinning decision making for
many domains/disciplines,and
purposes
Agriculture, Urban/Rural Planning,
Military, Security Service, Health
Care, Development Aid,
Emergency Service, Retail,
Transport, etc.
Definitions of SDI
■ Executive Order of US (1994) National
Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) means
the technology, policies, standards and
human resources necessary to acquire,
process, store, distribute, and improve
utilization of geospatial data.
Definitions of SDI
■ Utility view: SDI is a network facility for accessing and sharing spatial data.
■ Component view: spatial data, standards, policies, technology and people
Characteristics SDI
■ Holistic concept
■ Complex system
■ Serving the organization/society not only a
particular application
■ 5 components and interaction between
components
Objectives of the SDI initiatives are:
• to promote economic development,
• to stimulate better government, and
• to foster environmental sustainability.
General SDI-objectives
Significance of SDIs
• support integrated decision making for substantial and
sustainable development in both the developed and
developing countries of the world,
• reduce duplication-cost and efforts,
• provide better data for decision making,
• support new business processes/create new business
opportunities in spatial information industry.
?
Information
Management
Spatial Information
Management
1970 1980 1990 2000
Internet
Information &
Communication Age
Digital Mapping
Seamless / Scalable /
Multi-dimensional
Computer
Age / GIS
An Evolution of SDI
SDI 2
1970 1980
Topographic
Mapping
1:25K
1:100K 1:250K
Paper
Based
Systems
GIS SDI 1
SDI-Components
People
Technology
Policies
Standards
Spatial
Data
Nature of SDI
People
Technology
Policies
Standards
Spatial
Data
Spatial Data: Fundamental Datasets
People: Communication, Partnerships
Policies: Policy, Legislation
Technology: Access, Distribution, Storage
Standards: Data Models, Metadata, Transfer
Spatial Data
Spatial Data sets (Geodetic reference, Cadastre, Topography)
Administration
Land Use
Hydrology
Environment
Other ...
People Policies Spatial Data
Standards
Technology
Technology
Networks
Service Oriented Architecture
Web Map server (WMS),
Web Feature Service (WFS)
Clearinghouses
........
People Policies Spatial Data
Standards
Technology
Standards
Standardization organizations (ISO, CEN, OGC)
INSPIRE Implementing rules
GML, XML,
Meta-data standards
People Policies Spatial Data
Standards
Technology
Policies
SDI policy
Technology policy
Data access policies
Data pricing policy reference
.....
People Policies Spatial Data
Standards
Technology
People
Data providers
Policy makers
SDI users
Coordinating bodies
........
People Policies Spatial Data
Standards
Technology
SDI-approaches
■ Few define SDI as a (dynamic) network Tulloch & Harvey (2007) / Vandenbroucke et al (2009)
User
User
Producer
User
User
User/producer
Producer
Coordinator3 levels
Organisation (Node)
Data flow (Link)
Network (SDI)
Definition based on approach
An SDI is an
■ network of organizations/information
systems
■ to facilitate and coordinate
■ the access, exchange and use of
spatial data
SDI-approach
Regional SDIs
National SDIs
Global SDI
State SDIs
Local SDIs
Vertical Relationships
Global Spatial Data
Infrastructure Association
Example Global
Example European
Example Regional
Global and Rgional SDI Initiatives
Global Level:
Global Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI), 1996
Regional Level:
• Asia-Pacific Spatial Data Infrastructure (APSDI),
1995
• European Geospatial Information Infrastructure
(EGII), 1995, INSPIRE, 2007
• Spatial Data Infrastructure for Americas, 1999
• African SDI, 2000
Example National
Example National
GIDEON
SDI Initiatives
National Level:
■ Australia ASDI 1986
■ USA FGDC/NSDI 1990
■ Qatar NCGIS/NGIS 1990
■ Portugal CNIG/SNIG 1990
■ Netherlands Ravi/NGII 1992
■ Indonesia
Bakosurtanal/NGIS 1993
■ Iran NSDI/NGIS 1995
■ Malaysia NaLIS
feasibility study 1994
■ South-Korea NGIS 1995
■ Japan NSDI 1995
■ Canada CGDI 1996
■ Britain NGDF 1996
SDI Initiatives 2011 140 Countries!!
Common Features of NSDIs
■Explicitly national
■Refer to geographic information,
geospatial data or land information
■Use terms such infrastructure,
systems or framework
• Maximising the economic, social and environmental benefits from investment already being made in spatially referenced information
• Facilitating industry development
• Rising community expectations for online services
• Globalisation
• Technology
• Changing societal priorities
• Environmental degradation and natural resource depletion
Factors Driving National SDI
• Environmental Assessment & Management
• Land & Property Administration - including Native Title
• Navigation - road, marine & air
• Resource Management - agriculture, mining, energy, forestry & marine
• Emergency Services - Fire,
Ambulance & Police
• Business Planning
• Census
• Disaster Management
• Defence, National Security
Need for National SDI
• Immature institutional arrangements and user/
provider relationships
• Inconsistencies in the availability and quality of
spatially referenced data
• Inconsistent policies concerning access to and use of
spatially referenced data
• Incomplete knowledge about the availability and
quality of existing spatially referenced data
• Lack of best practice in the utilisation of enabling
technologies
Barriers to National SDI
SDI-Readiness
53
56
64
59
66
53
65
42
41
58
39
58
32
59
66
48
37
70
64
37
55
53
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Denmark
Ecuador
Guyana
Jamaica
Malaysia
Mexico
Nepal
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
Uruguay
Average per sample
Clearinghouse suitability
49
0
10050
76
60
0
47
0
46
7675
49
0
77
36
0
96
500
52
45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Denmark
Ecuador
Guyana
Jamaica
Malaysia
Mexico
Nepal
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
Uruguay
Average per sample
State-of-Play
52
50
74
50
76
59
59
59
27
65
44
73
55
59
76
39
55
71
55
32
52
56
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Denmark
Ecuador
Guyana
Jamaica
Malaysia
Mexico
Nepal
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
Uruguay
Average per sample
‘Organisational’
50
75
100
75
100
75
75
75
50
100
50
75
50
75
75
50
50
75
100
50
50
70
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Cuba
Denmark
Ecuador
Guyana
Jamaica
Malaysia
Mexico
Nepal
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
Uruguay
Average per sample
Example Local
Location target groups (Wevelgem) Location schools and services (Kortrijk region)
Waste Water (Deerlijk) Child care (Kuurne)
From simple…
Local services
Unoccupied houses (Wevelgem)
Impact Tour de France (Deerlijk) Roadworks (Wevelgem)
Cemetaries (Avelgem)
… over e-Government
Local services
Services in your neighborhood (Norfolk County)
Statistical data for businesses (Norfolk County)
… to sophisticated
Geodata layers as WMS/WFS (Norfolk County)
Local services
Cross-border services
GMES Land Use Map Lille Metropolitan Area (Belgium-France)
WMS/WFS service
A short history of SDI
■ 1991 Term SDI from Canada
■ 1994 Clinton Executive Order 12906 (SDI)
■ 1996 GSDI organization
■ 2007 INSPIRE directive
History
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
# c
leari
nghouses
# national
clearinghouses
implementedCumulative
Spatial distribution
(April 2005)
SDI-Development + Community
Techno-Centric
Spatial data community
Focus on technology
Technology push
Because it’s possible
Others are developing
Specified by technologist
Static in nature
Socio-Technical
Spatial data community
People and technology
Demand pull
Because it’s needed
We need it
Specified by Users
dynamic in nature
(Modified from Petch and Reeve 1999)
Human and Community Issues
Communities/people concerned are expecting to reap benefits
from their investment in SDI in terms of improved corporate
performances and cooperation.
Therefore
• It is essential to understand the significance of human and
community issues, as much as technical issues as they
determine the long running success of an SDI innovation;
• Developing a successful SDI must be seen as a socio-
technical, rather than a purely technical exercise.
Obstacles
• Technical/Technological issues
– lack of data, standards, metadata, search engines,
communication network/bandwidth
• Economic/financial issues
– cost sharing, funding
• Social/institutional/organisational issues
– awareness, education, pricing, security, freedom
of access, political power
• Political/legal issues
– sensitive data, intellectual property
Some Reasons for the Limited Support
Lack of awareness of the value of SDIs;
Defining the SDI;
The complexity of different issues such as
diverse political, cultural and economical positions of
members.
SDI Development Models
• Product-Based Model: (linked) database(s)
• Process-Based Model: strategy required to
manage information assets
Product-Based Model
...the main aim of an SDI initiative being to link
existing and upcoming databases of the respective
political/administrative levels of the community.
People Spatial
Data
Policies
Technology
Standards
Definition
Collection
Integration
DataBase Creation
Dissemination
Technology Components
...the main aim of an SDI initiative as defining a
framework to facilitate the management of
information assets.
Process-Based Model
..or the objectives behind the design of an SDI are to
provide better communication channels for sharing
and using data assets.
Border of Social System
Knowledge Infrastructure and Capacity
Building
Communication Channel
Coordination
Facilitation
People
SDI
Facility
Metadata
directory
Awareness Knowledge
Infrastructures Persuasion Decisions Utilisation
Communication Channels
Participation
SDI-development
Organisations with Databases with
Databases Organisations
Summary
■ Many stakeholders
■ Emerging/changing over time
■ Adaptive
■ Various components
■ Scalable (e.g Local, National – Continental)
■ Users and source data are spatial
disconnected
• An SDI is much more than data and goes far
beyond surveying and mapping;
• It provides an environment within which
organizations interact with technologies to
foster activities for using, managing and
producing spatial data and information.
Summary
• People are looking for Faster, Cheaper, and
Better technology, techniques or initiatives;
• SDI is a long-term process;
• SDI is all about sharing;
• Start it (even with less involvement), then
others will join.
Summary
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