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Letters From the Chairs
Esteemed delegates of the Disarmament and International Security Committee,
This year, I welcome you to Bodrum Marmara College Model United Nations not only as
your chair, but also the president of the general assembly and therefore, lucky for you, expect
only the best from our committee. I am excited to guide delegates to the best of my abilities
and help come up with applicable solutions to real issues which plague our world today.
While going through this chair report, please keep in mind that this is only a starting point for
your research, and surely not the end. Feel free to make the best of the links and citations. I
wish you all well until the conference. Happy researching.
Kind regards,
Lidya Delfin ERASLAN
President Chair of DISEC
Dear DISEC delegates,
Welcome to BMKMUN'20! As the co-chair of DISEC, I am more than pleased to be part of
this year's BMKMUN conference. We expect you to be ready and prepared, in order to have a
good MUN experience. I encourage all of you to be familiar with the issues which we will
tackle. I look forward to meeting you all. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to
contact me. I welcome you all again to BMKMUN'20, where we all will have a great and
beneficial time.
Best regards,
Burcu OKYAY
Deputy Chair of DISEC
Conference: BMKMUN ‘20
Committee: (GA-1) Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC)
Topic A: International terrorist financing
Topic B: Nuclear proliferation
Chair/Co-chair: Lidya Delfin ERASLAN, Burcu OKYAY
Introduction to DISEC
DISEC, Disarmament and International Security Committee,
Topic A: International Terrorist FundingA.1. Introduction
Terrorism is broadly defined as “the systematic use of violence to create a general climate of
fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective.” (Jenkins,
2018) Countering terrorism with combatting its funding has been proved far more efficient
and fewer in casualities compared to strategies dependant on hot military hostility. As such,
in an age where it is more relevant a topic than ever, it is vital that the United Nations’
judicial bodies and relevant instruments spot, distinguish and adapt their policies according to
new ways of money laundering and the like, but above all, be able to foresee other trends that
may emerge in the near future.
It is important to understand that although terrorists can act on an individual basis as well as
an organisation one, funding is more relevant when crime networks are concerned rather than
singled-out cases; terrorist networks require heavy investment and funds for the upkeep and
perpetuity of their activities.
The more conventional ways for
terrorist finance that are globally
known are drug smuggling, weapons
dealership and the infiltration of
financial markets along with petty
crime, although they can acquire
funds licitly as well, which will be
further discussed in section (1.4) in
the context of specific organisation
and their ways of funding.
The International Convention for
The Suppression of The Financing of Terrorism and Security Council Resolution 1373 both
include clauses calling on or urging Member States to combat terrorist funding any which
way possible, inter alia, including freezing the assets of terrorist organisations and finding
ways to combat their attainment in the first place by criminalisation.
Furthermore, expanding on the meaning of the results of terrorist funding, it is seen that it is
not only a means to an end for realising plans which will threaten global peace and security, it
also causes fluctuations and undermines economic development and stability.
It is highly suggested that the delegates read the documents listed in the following section as
they are legitimate resolutions which will be guides for the debate in the committee.
A.2 Definitions of Key Terms
- Terrorism: “The systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a
population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective.” (Jenkins, 2018)
- International Convention for The Supression of the Financing of Terrorism : A United
Nations treaty dating 1999 on combatting terrorist funding and the measures that
should be taken by member states. Also deliberates on responsibilities and crime.
- Security Council Resolution 1373 (S/RES/1373): A United Nations resolution by the
Security Council dating 2001, written close after the 9/11 attacks in The United States
of America.
- The Financial Action Task Force: An inter-governmental body established by the
ministers of the Member jurisdictions. As defined on their website: “The objectives of
the FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal,
regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist
financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial
system.”
- Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate: A body of the UN which works
to improve the preventation of terrorist activity within Member States and across
borders.
A.3 Recent Developments
This section comprises a wide range of examples more than anything since any updates on
terrorist activities are quick to take place and it is not feasible to be up to date all the time,
hence the importance of delegates taking this into consideration while doing their research.
Not all may seem to be strictly relevant to terrorist funding at first sight.
- Christchurch mosque shootings: Two mosques were attacked by a lone gunman in
New Zealand in March 2019. Although these attacks were personally funded and led,
they led to serious arguments on gun control and consequently terrorism as a whole.
- London Bridge attack of 2019: An attacker first threatened to detonate a fake suicide
vest in the Fishmongers’ Hall in Central London and followed up by killing civilians
on the London Bridge until he was restrained and later shot dead by the police. He
was known to have connections to radical islamic terrorist groups, and was
imprisoned as a part of the plot to bomb the London Stock Exchange and more.
- Moroccan attack: This was a solitary attack in 2018 which was described by the
terrorists as attempts at impressing ISIS (Daesh). It resulted in the brutal murder and
decapatitation of two European women. A video that went viral on the Deep Web was
produced.
- The ongoing Turkish-Kurdish conflict: The armed conflict between Turkey and
Kurdish insurgents has been going on since 1978 with many claims ouf overseas
funding of the proclaimed terrorist groups on Turkey’s behalf. Recently, following the
declaration of the United States of America’s withdrawal from Syria, Syrian Kurds
who have fought in the Syrian Civil War alongside the USA have stated their concern
about the possibility of increased Turkish attacks, to which the president of the USA,
Donald Trump, responded by threatening to sanction Turkey if need be. Whether the
arms which were provided to the Kurds during the war will be returned to the US
military is still a topic of debate between the presidents of the two countries.
A.4 Questions to Guide Your Research
- Which clauses of the related resolutions by the UN can and should be further
specified to tackle this issue better?
- What more can be done to prevent the abuse of NPOs and NGOs to meet terrorist
ends?
- As it has been decided by the Security Council (UNSC) that all Member States are to
prevent and suppress terrorist funding, how can this decision be carried out to its full
extent?
- To what extent can crowdfunding be abused to fund terrorism?
- Considering that UNSC has also decided that Member States shall “refrain from
providing any form of support, active or passive, to entities or persons involved in
terrorist acts” what can to ensure that this clause is followed through and what can be
done when it is not?
- What can be done to provision other Member States with information regarding
terrorist funding as an addition to current measures?
- How can this topic be handled without meddling with the domestic regulations of
Member States?
- What role does the Deep Web play in this issue?
A.5 Useful Websites
- United Nations Security Council Counter-terrorism Committee Executive Directorate
(CTED).
- Security Council Resolution 1373 (S/RES/1373) .
- Security Council Resolution 2178 ( S/RES/2178).
- International Convention For The Suppression Of The Financing Of Terrorism .
- The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) official site.
- Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners
and Tax Auditors.
TOPIC B: Nuclear ProliferationB.1 Introduction
Nuclear proliferation, most commonly known as ‘’the spread of nuclear weapons, nuclear
weapons technology, or fissile material to countries that do not already possess
them’’(Britannica). However, it is also essential to acknowledge nuclear proliferation refers
to “the possible acquisition of nuclear weapons by terrorist organizations or other armed
groups.”
One of the ways UN tackled this issue in the past is by establishing Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zones (NWFZ). It is a regional approach to strengthen global nuclear non-proliferation and
disarmament norms and consolidate international efforts towards peace and security. There
have been urgent attempts toward nuclear-weapon-free zones in the Middle East, Antarctic
Treaty, Treaty of Bangkok.
Various multilateral settlements have since been set up with the point of avoiding atomic
expansion and testing, while at the same time hastening advancement in atomic
demilitarization. These remember the Treaty for the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
(NPT), the Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, In Outer Space And
Under Water, otherwise called the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT).
Recently, top US diplomats rejected North Korea’s deadline over nuclear talks. North Korea
singularly pulled back from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
in January 2003, has not signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and
has directed six progressively complex atomic tests since 2006. The DPRK isn't involved
with the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and is expected to have an enormous
concoction weapons program. In spite of being a state gathering to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention (BTWC) and Geneva Protocol, proof proposes North Korea may keep
up a hostile natural weapons program.
B.2 Definition of Key Terms
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): ‘’A landmark international treaty whose objective is to
prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote
cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving
nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.’’
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): International organization which promotes
the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose,
including nuclear weapons.
B.3 Developments in Recent Years
- 2020 NPT Review Conference
- 2019 Preparatory Committee for the 2020 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review
Conference
- 2015 NPT Review Conference
B.4 Questions to Guide Your Research
- To what extent does Nuclear-Free Zones inhibits the risk of invading security?
- What is the role of Non-Proliferation Treaty and are there any way to strengthen it?
- Are there any dominant UN related organizations which can tackle this issue?
- What is the role of the International Atomic Energy Agency on this issue?
- The danger of weakening deterrence and stability contributed to slowing the pace of
nuclear reductions over the last decade, what more can be done concerning nuclear
disarmament?
B.5 Useful Websites
https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/
https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/
http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/npt
https://www.un.org/en/conf/npt/2015/
Bibliography 1. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/counter-terrorism/fight-
financing-terrorism_en
2. https://www.coe.int/en/web/moneyval/implementation/financing-terrorism
3. https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/focus-areas/financing-of-terrorism/
4. https://www.oecd.org/tax/crime/money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing-awareness-
handbook-for-tax-examiners-and-tax-auditors.pdf
5. https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Terrorism/Tracing-terrorist-finances
6. https://www.baselgovernance.org/publications/understanding-terrorist-finance
7. https://recherche.lefigaro.fr/recherche/terrorisme/
8. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/397.html
9. https://www.reuters.com/search/news?blob=terrorism
10. https://www.cfr.org/interactive/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-between-
turkey-and-armed-kurdish-groups
11. https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2018/12/05/deadliest-terrorist-groups-
in-the-world/#580fe2d62b3e
12. https://www.infoplease.com/international-terrorist-organizations
13. Jenkins, J. P. (2018, October 26). Terrorism. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/terrorism.
14. (https://www.acamstoday.org/terrorist-financing-visualizing-funding-flows/)
https://www.wikizeroo.org/index.php?q=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTnVjbGVhcl9wcm9saWZlcmF0aW9u
15. https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/
16. https://www.britannica.com/topic/nuclear-proliferation
17. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008-12/features/time-systematic-analysis-us-
nuclear-weapons-nuclear-proliferation
18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/nuclear-
proliferation
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