introduction to biology by miranda simmons fall 2010

IntroductionIntroduction to Biologyto Biology

By Miranda SimmonsBy Miranda SimmonsFall 2010Fall 2010

Introduction to Introduction to BiologyBiology

Essential Question:Essential Question:

What is the definitionWhat is the definition of biology? of biology?

BiologyBiology – the study of all forms of life.

“BioBio” “ologyology”– life – study of

Biology – An IntroductionBiology – An Introduction

Life arose more than 3.5 billion 3.5 billion years ago.

The first organisms were single celled.single celled.

These were the only life formsonly life forms on Earth for millions of years.

These organisms changed over time or evolved. evolved.

New New organisms arosearose from olderfrom older kinds.

Today there are millions millions of species.

They inhabit almostalmost every regionevery region of Earth today

giant redwoods to

Living things come in a variety of Living things come in a variety of shapeshape

& sizes. & sizes.

AnimalsAnimals –

PlantsPlants –

tiny honeypot antsthe blue whale

to

tiny mosses

FungiFungi

MushroomsMushroomsShelf FungiShelf Fungi

MorrelsMorrels

TruffelsTruffels

ProtistsProtists

AmoebaAmoeba ParameciumParamecium

Unicellular algaeUnicellular algaeDiatomsDiatoms

BacteriaBacteria

StaphylococcusStaphylococcus

E. coliE. coli

Anthrax bacteriaAnthrax bacteriaTuberculosis bacteriaTuberculosis bacteria

About 2 million2 million different livingspecies have been identified,but biologist estimate that tenstensof millions of species remain toof millions of species remain tobe discovered.be discovered.

Over halfOver half of the known speciesare insectsinsects, but no oneknows how many insectspecies actually exist.

Every year, biologists discover aboutEvery year, biologists discover about10,000 10,000 new species.new species.

In contrast, some scientists estimatethat over 50,000 species die outover 50,000 species die out, orbecome extinct, every year.

Occasionally, however, a speciesthought to be extinct, is foundagain.

For example, the ivory-billedwoodpecker was thought to havebecome extinct in 1944, but a teamof scientists reported seeing it inArkansas in 2004.

BiodiversityBiodiversity is the variety of life across the biosphere.

Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life.Earth is home to an incredible diversity of life.

• Every part of the biosphere is connected with every other part.

• The biosphere includes many environments.

BiodiversityBiodiversityBiodiversity generally increasesfrom Earth’s poles to the equator.

This means that greater biodiversity is found in warmer areas.

biosphere = everywhere life exists

warmer temperatures =

more plants =

more food =

more species

Why is biodiversity greaterWhy is biodiversity greatercloser to the equator?closer to the equator?

Characteristics Characteristics of Lifeof Life

What Does it Mean What Does it Mean to be Alive?to be Alive?

The Characteristics of LifeThe Characteristics of Life

Essential Question:Essential Question:

What are the 7 characteristics What are the 7 characteristics required in order to be required in order to be considered “living”?considered “living”?

1. All living things are made up of 1. All living things are made up of cells.cells.

The The cellcell is the most basic unit of life. is the most basic unit of life.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Some organisms are said to be …Some organisms are said to be …

bacteriabacteria

amoebaamoeba

parameciumparamecium

some types of algaesome types of algae

unicellularunicellular –made up of one cell–made up of one cell

multicellularmulticellular –made up of many cells–made up of many cells

mushroomsmushrooms plantsplants

animalsanimals

While others are said to be…While others are said to be…

People

See how an onion is See how an onion is multicelluarmulticelluar

Onion cells under a microscope

That is, they maintain a That is, they maintain a constant internal environment.constant internal environment.

2. All living things maintain 2. All living things maintain homeostasis.homeostasis.

We're We're not cold!not cold!

Such as proper:•Temperature•Blood sugar•Blood pressure•Heart rate•Water level•pH•Etc.

BehaviorBehavior is also involved in homeostasis.

For example, animals regulate their temperature through behavior—like when you put on a jacket when you get cold.

Reptiles sit on a warm rock in sunlight if they gettoo cold, and they move in to shade when theyget too warm.

Homeostasis AnalogyHomeostasis AnalogyCar dash board lights. Your car is in “homeostasis when all these areYour car is in “homeostasis when all these areOFF!OFF!

HomeostasisHomeostasisThe polar bear can maintain homeostasis in very coldclimates.

The polar bear has hollow hairhollow hair thathelps it retain its body heat.

How does that work?How does that work?

The thickness of the hair offers insulation while thehollow core enables air within to be kept warm by bodyheat.

The bear also has fat deposits that help it retain warmth.

HomeostasisHomeostasisAlso, the polar bear’s skin is black.

Black absorbs heat and helps tokeep the bear warm.

By the way, the polar bear’shair is transparent.

It appears white because it reflectsvisible light, in much the same waythat snow and ice do.

Polar bears at the San Diego and the Singaporezoos turned green whenalgae infested thehollow cores of their hairs.

A polar bear at a zoo inArgentina turned purplein response to a medicaltreatment given toclear up a case of dermatitis.

3. All living things must grow and 3. All living things must grow and develop.develop.

4. All living things obtain and use 4. All living things obtain and use materials materials for energy. for energy.

That is, undergo That is, undergo metabolismmetabolism—take in and use energy!—take in and use energy!

All of the chemical reactions taking place in your body that keep you alive require energy. 

Plants obtain this energy through a process know asphotosynthesis. 

Animals obtain their energy from food. 

As food is broken down, energy is released. 

5. All living things must respond 5. All living things must respond to the to the environment environment

That is, respond to a That is, respond to a stimulusstimulus..

Stimulus: Hot panResponse: Remove hand

Stimulus: SunResponse: Growth

Stimulus: painResponse: flinch

Stimulus: hammer hitting kneeResponse: Kick doctor

Stimulus: sliced onionResponse: cry

6. All living things must be able to 6. All living things must be able to reproduce. reproduce. 

Reproduction can be of 2 Reproduction can be of 2 kinds:kinds:

Asexual Reproduction:Asexual Reproduction:Involves only one parent

A single organism reproduces without theaid of another

Very quick turn around!!Very quick turn around!!

Offspring is genetically identical to parent.

Example: Bacteria reproducing asexually.

In In asexual reproductionasexual reproduction the cell the cell makes a copy of its DNA and then makes a copy of its DNA and then

splits intosplits into.

Reproduction can be of 2 Reproduction can be of 2 kinds:kinds:

Sexual Reproduction:Sexual Reproduction:Involves 2 parents

sperm cell fertilizing and egg cell

Two cells from different individuals unite to form the first cell of a new organism.

Offspring is NOT genetically identical to either Offspring is NOT genetically identical to either parent!parent!

Results in lots of genetic diversity or biodiversity

Example: Most animals

Sexual Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction: two cells from different individuals unite to form the first cell of a new organism.

Sperm surrounding egg.  Sperm entering egg Fusion of sperm and egg’s genetic material

Division of fertilized egg(Zygote dividing)

Embryonic Development

Fetus

7. As a group, all livings things 7. As a group, all livings things must be able to must be able to evolve.evolve.

That is, as a population they must change overThat is, as a population they must change over time as the environment changes—time as the environment changes—evolutionevolution..

-they must have the ability to adapt to their environment through the process of evolutionevolution

Favorable characteristicsFavorable characteristics are selected for and passedon to offspring - called adaptationsadaptations

Driven by natural selectionnatural selectionor “survival of the fittest”“survival of the fittest”

Unity and DiversityUnity and DiversityEvolutionEvolution is a unifying theme of biology because it accounts for boththe diversity and the similarities, or the unity, of life.

As you study biology you will see time after time that organisms arerelated to one another.

When you read about cells and genetics, for example, you will seethat all organisms have similar cells structures and chemicalprocesses.

These shared characteristics result from a common evolutionarydescent.

For example, humans and bacteria have much more in common than youthink.

Both human and bacterial genetics are made up of the same molecules—DNA and RNADNA and RNA.

Both human and bacterial cells rely upon the same sources of energy, same sources of energy, and they have similar cell structures.and they have similar cell structures.

Both human and bacterial cells have membranes made mostly of fats thatprotect the inside of the cell from the environment outside the cell.

Do you know the 7 Characteristics of LifeDo you know the 7 Characteristics of Life??

1. are made up of units called ___________–the smallest most basic unit of life.

_____cellular –1 cell; ________cellular –many cells 2. maintain a stable internal environment - a.k.a _______________ 

3. must be able to _________ and ______________ 4. obtain and use energy – a.k.a. ______________ 

5. respond to the environment or _____________ 6. must be able to ____________ 7. as a group - change over time a.k.a ______________

All living things:

cellscells

uniuni multimulti

homeostasishomeostasis

growgrow developdevelop

metabolismmetabolism

stimulusstimulus

evolutionevolution

reproducereproduce

Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization

Essential Question: Essential Question:

What are life’s levels of What are life’s levels of organization?organization?

It is impossibleimpossible to study every living thing.

 Therefore, we must approach our study in a very organizedorganized manner.

 We must study groupsgroups of organisms instead of individuals.  

We must also study life on its many levels.levels.

In life’s hierarchy of organization new In life’s hierarchy of organization new properties emerge at each level.properties emerge at each level. 

The study of biology extends from the microscopic scale of cellscells and molecules to the global scale of the biospherebiosphere. 

**Most biologists specialize in the study of **Most biologists specialize in the study of life at a particular level.life at a particular level.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• A group of molecules make up cellscells.

• A group of cells make up tissuestissues.

• A group of tissues working together to perform a particular function make up organsorgans.

• A group of organs make up organ systemsorgan systems.

• A group of organ systems make up the organismorganism.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization• A group of organisms living in the same place make up a

populationpopulation.

• A group of populations make up a communitycommunity.

• A group of communities, including the living and nonliving parts, make up an ecosystemecosystem.

• A group of ecosystems make up a biomebiome.

• A group of biomes make up the biospherebiosphere.

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Did you get Did you get that?that?

All together now…All together now…

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Branches of Branches of BiologyBiology

By Miranda SimmonsBy Miranda SimmonsFall 2010Fall 2010

Essential Essential Question:Question:

What are some of the major What are some of the major divisions of biology?divisions of biology?

Are you familiar with any Are you familiar with any of the branches of of the branches of

biology?biology?1. Paleontology 8. Entomology

2. Genetics 9. Phycology 3. Ecology 10. Cytology4. Zoology 11. Ornithology5. Botany 12. Ichthyology6. Pathology 13. Herpetology7. Anatomy 14. Taxonomy8. Physiology

the study of the physical structurephysical structure of the body.

Anatomy -Anatomy -

the study of the functionfunction of organs organs and and their systemstheir systems.

Physiology -Physiology -

Structure and Function are related in biology.Structure and Function are related in biology.

Tires are round because that is the best shapefor something to roll --thus move the car.

When you eat, you bite with your sharp front teeth.

You then chew with your grinding molars.

All teeth help you eat but different types of teeth havedifferent functions.

Structure and Function are related in biology.Structure and Function are related in biology.

Different types of cells also have different functions that dependon their specialized structure.

Brain cells process information over longdistances and therefore, they have longextensions and many branches thathelp them to receive and send messages to other cells.

Red blood cells are much smaller and disk-shaped.They are specialized to carry oxygen.Their structure allows them to fit through even thesmallest blood vessels to deliver oxygen throughout your body.

Structure and Function are related in biology.Structure and Function are related in biology.

Your hands and fingers have elevated ridges on themthat help to increase friction so you can grip things tocarry.

the study of the chemistrychemistry of living things.

Biochemistry Biochemistry --

the study of plantsplants.

Botany -Botany -

the study of cellscells.Cytology -Cytology -

the study of the relationshiprelationship between organismsorganisms and their environmenttheir environment.

Ecology -Ecology -

Study of ecosystems! ecosystems!

the study of insectsinsects.Entomology - Entomology -

the study of animal animal behaviorbehavior.

Ethology -Ethology -

the study of the changechange of organisms over over time.time.

Evolution -Evolution -

controversial

the study of heredityheredity.Genetics -Genetics -

the study of reptilesreptiles.Herpetology -Herpetology -

the study of tissuestissues.Histology - Histology -

the study of the body’sbody’sdefensesdefenses against disease.

Immunology -Immunology -

the study of fishfish.Ichthyology - Ichthyology -

the study of microscopic microscopic organisms.organisms.

Microbiology -Microbiology -

the study of the cell’s chemical processes.

Molecular biology -Molecular biology -

the study of fungifungi.Mycology -Mycology -

the study of birdsbirds.Ornithology -Ornithology -

the study of fossilsfossils.Paleontology -Paleontology -

the study of diseasesdiseases.Pathology -Pathology -

Phycology -Phycology - the study of algaealgae.

the science of namingnaming and classifyingclassifying organisms.organisms.

Taxonomy -Taxonomy -

the study of animalsanimals.Zoology -Zoology -

Quiz!Quiz!

Let’s see who has been sleepingLet’s see who has been sleeping!

See if you got it!See if you got it!1. Paleontology – study of

2. Genetics – study of

3. Ecology – study of

4. Zoology – study of

5. Botany – study of

6. Pathology – study of

fossilsfossils

heredityheredity

interactions b/w organisms & their environmentinteractions b/w organisms & their environment

animalsanimals

plantsplants

diseasesdiseases

7. Entomology – study of

8. Phycology – study of

9. Cytology – study of

10. Ornithology – study of

11. Physiology – study of

12. Herpetology – study of

13. Ichythology – study of

14. Taxonomy – the science of

insectsinsects

algaealgae

cellscells

birdsbirds

the functions of organs and systemsthe functions of organs and systems

reptilesreptiles

fishfish

naming and classifying organismsnaming and classifying organisms

See if you got it!See if you got it!

Check out some of Check out some of biology’s biology’s

prefixes and suffixesprefixes and suffixes• Logus – study of• Genetikos – origin• Botanikos – of herbs• Oikos – habitat• Cyto - cell • Palaios – ancient• Morphos - shape

• Ornith – bird• Zoion – animal• Physis – nature• Pathos – suffering• Herpeto – reptile• Entomon – insect• Phyco – seaweed/algae

The EndThe End

See if you got it …See if you got it …1. Paleontology – study of _____

2. Genetics – study of _____

3. Ecology – study of _____

4. Zoology – study of _____

5. Botany – study of _____

6. Pathology – study of _____

Now try these…Now try these…7. Entomology – study of _____

8. Phycology – study of _____

9. Cytology – study of _____

10. Ornithology – study of _____

11. Physiology – study of _____

12. Herpetology – study of _____

13. Ichthyology – study of _____

14. Taxonomy – the science of _____

Hi everybody,my name

is Bella!

Welcome to Welcome to BiologyBiology I am Ms. Pamela WilderI am Ms. Pamela Wilder

Supplies Needed:Supplies Needed:

3 ring binder (1 ½ inches) 3 ring binder (1 ½ inches) colored colored pencilspencils #2 pencils #2 pencils glue sticks glue sticks pens pens construction paper construction paper highlighter highlighter scissors scissors