introduction to animal physiology · physiology marcus clauss clinic for zoo animals, exotic pets...

Introduction to animal physiology

Marcus Clauss Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of

Zurich, Switzerland Bio122 2013

Science of organismal function from the subcellular level to the whole organism. Describes interactions of organism and environment. Quantifies rules for functions, linking them to physical

and (bio)chemical principles.

Physiology

Cell physiology – molecular biology

Genome

Proteins & Pathways

Cell

Cell physiology – molecular biology

Genome

Proteins & Pathways

Cell

Tissue physiology

Tissue

Tissue physiology

Tissue

Organ physiology

Organ

Organ physiology

Organ

Organismal physiology

Individual

Organismal physiology

Individual

Organismal physiology

Individual

Population physiology - ecology

Population

Ecophysiology

Ecosystem

Evolutionary physiology

Basic function: synapomorphy

Basic function: parallel evolution

Basic functions

Cell

Organism

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment

Homeostasis

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment

Homeostasis

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment

Homeostasis

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

Homeostasis Gas exchange

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

Homeostasis Gas exchange

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Reproduction

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Reproduction

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis

!! Lysosomes

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs

!! Immune system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Reproduction Defence

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis

!! Lysosomes

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs

!! Immune system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Reproduction Defence

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis

!! Lysosomes

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs

!! Immune system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Reproduction Defence

single cells to whole animals

Basic functions

Cell !! Modulating enzyme and

membrane properties !! Carbon oxidization, CO2 & H2O

production

!! Diffusion, transport, pinocytosis, lysosomes

!! Diffusion, cytoskeletal streaming, microtubules

!! Vacuoles

!! Tubulin, Actin/Myosine, amoeboid movement, cilia, flagellae

!! Receptors

!! Hypertrophy, mitosis, meiosis

!! Lysosomes

Organism !! Neuroendocrine feedback,

behavioural adjustment !! Ventilation (Lung, gills, tracheae)

!! Feeding, digestion, absorption, gastrointestinal tract, liver !! Vascular system, heart

!! Digestive and urinary tract, kidneys, bladder

!! Musculoskeletal system

!! Sensory organs, nervous system

!! Sexual/asexual, reproductive organs

!! Immune system

Homeostasis Gas exchange Nutrient supply

Circulation Excretion

Movement Sensation

Reproduction Defence

single cells to whole animals

compartmentalization of body into groups of specialized cells control chemistry by building buffers between the uncontrolled environment and the

controlled space within each cell

Basic functions: fundamental options

‘conform’ no internal set point large variation ‘poikilo’

‘regulate’

internal set point

small variation

‘homeo’

Homeostasic control

Basic functions: fundamental options

‘conform’ no internal set point large variation ‘poikilo’ stable ‘steno’

poikilotherms are often stenotherms

‘regulate’

internal set point

small variation

‘homeo’

variable ‘eury’

homeotherms are often eurytherms

Homeostasic control

External conditions

500 kg 30 g

50000 kg 60 kg

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘fast’

‘slow’

Life history

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘fast’ high

‘slow’ low

Life history

Metabolism

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘fast’ high short

‘slow’ low long

Life history

Metabolism Times

(gestation, longevity, growth,

time to 1st reproduction)

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘fast’ high short

many, altricial

‘slow’ low long few, precocial

Life history

Metabolism Times

(gestation, longevity, growth,

time to 1st reproduction)

Young

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘fast’ high short

many, altricial high

‘slow’ low long few, precocial low

Life history

Metabolism Times

(gestation, longevity, growth,

time to 1st reproduction)

Young Mortality

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘fast’ high short

many, altricial high

‘slow’ low long few, precocial low

Life history

Metabolism Times

(gestation, longevity, growth,

time to 1st reproduction)

Young Mortality

‘fast’ high short

many, altricial high

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘slow’ low long few, precocial low

Life history

Metabolism Times

(gestation, longevity, growth,

time to 1st reproduction)

Young Mortality

Basic functions: tradeoffs

‘slow’

‘fast’

Life history

Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy

from Hill et al. (2004)

Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy

from Hill et al. (2004)

Detailed function: adaptation/apomorphy

Am. J. Physiol. (1961)

Am. J. Physiol. (1990)

Two basic modes of adaptation

Two basic modes of adaptation

Two basic modes of adaptation

Ecological challenge

Two basic modes of adaptation

Ecological opportunity

Ecological challenge

Two basic modes of adaptation

Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)

Ecological challenge

- addition (cost)

Two basic modes of adaptation

Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)

Ecological challenge

- addition (cost)

high efficiency that is

often not able to use high resource availability

competitively

Two basic modes of adaptation

Ecological opportunity - reduction (saving)

Ecological challenge

- addition (cost)

Detailed function: convergence/homoplasy

from Hill et al. (2004)

Detailed function: convergence/homoplasy

Am. J. Physiol. (1996)

Detailed function: different solutions to the same problems

Characterising basic condition

Marine

Terrestrial

Characterising basic condition

Marine viscous

Terrestrial thin

Medium

Characterising basic condition

Marine viscous buoyancy

Terrestrial thin

gravity

Medium Support

Characterising basic condition

Marine viscous buoyancy high

Terrestrial thin

gravity low

Medium Support Pressure

Characterising basic condition

Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D

Terrestrial thin

gravity low

mostly 2 D

Medium Support Pressure

Dimensionality

Characterising basic condition

Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high

Terrestrial thin

gravity low

mostly 2 D low

Medium Support Pressure

Dimensionality Conductance

Characterising basic condition

Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high high

Terrestrial thin

gravity low

mostly 2 D low low

Medium Support Pressure

Dimensionality Conductance

Thermal stability

Characterising basic condition

Marine viscous buoyancy high 3 D high high low

Terrestrial thin

gravity low

mostly 2 D low low

high

Medium Support Pressure

Dimensionality Conductance

Thermal stability Oxygen

Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)

Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)

Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)

Detailed function: constraints by evolutionary history (‘contingency’)

Detailed function: solutions of different efficiency

from Hill et al. (2004)

-!describes rules that determine function of biological units of varying complexity

-! is linked to physical and biochemical principles -!describes the link between the environment and the

biological unit -! is linked, by describing different or similar solutions to

the same challenges, to evolutionary history

Physiology

Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit !

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