introduction : registry models
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Introduction: registry models DNS Entrepreneurship Centre, April 2015 Emily Taylor
n Introduction to critical Internet resources and the domain name system
n Domain names world wide and in the region n Registry structures, the choices n Examples of different models in action
Agenda
n What are Critical Internet Resources? • Lightweight, globally distributed system that keeps the
Internet functioning (domain names, IP addresses): • Essential for web browsing, email, certificates, user
identifiers, Internet of Things, and much, much more
n What do they have in common? • Each one has to be unique • Each one has to be universally resolvable
n Otherwise, there will no longer be a single internet
Critical Internet Resources
The Domain Name System
‘The IANA Function’ – the most powerful point in the hierarchy
A strict hierarchy is necessary. Each node has to have a single manager to ensure: • Uniqueness of each
domain • Universal resolution
Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs)
Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs)
google.com europa.eu
Domain names worldwide
TLD distribution: strong in North America and Europe
Internationalised domain names - IDNs
IDN numbers
Internationalised domain names by region
Arabic script IDNs growth
What about new gTLDs?
Arabic script new gTLDs
n Dot Shabaka • Launched November 2014 • 2,000 domains (March 2015) • Registry reports low user awareness, problems with using
(universal acceptance)
n Dot Mawqe • Most searched Arabic term • Launched in January 2015 • 2,800 domains (March 2015) and high usage rates • Al Jazeera, Aramco have registered • Registry manager happy, reports that one site had 1m
visitors in 24 hours • All registrations are from the region, mostly Saudi Arabia
Al-Jazeera adopts dotmawqe
Registry structures – what are the choices?
The domain name supply chain
n Registry deals direct with registrant n No registrars n Advantages for registry:
• Complete control over quality of service • Can apply eligibility criteria directly • Does not have to invest in standardised technical
equipment (eg EPP)
n Disadvantages for registry: • Narrow distribution channel • Fewer incentives to implement standardised technologies • Support for registrants can be expensive – do you offer
‘value add’ services? • Registration numbers tend to be lower
Direct registrations
n Registry has direct contract with registrant n Registry has direct contract with registrars n Registrar and registrant have a direct contract n Advantages for registry:
• Complete control over quality of service • Can apply eligibility criteria directly • Does not have to invest in standardised technical
equipment (eg EPP)
n Disadvantages for registry: • Narrow distribution channel • Higher retail prices (through resellers) • Registration numbers tend to be lower
Triangle of contracts
Registry-registrar
n Registry has a network of registrars n Each registrar contracts direct with registrants n Advantages for registry
• This has become the industry standard • Cheaper support costs (registrars do the support) • Wider distribution channel, volumes tend to increase • Value add services are pushed downstream
n Disadvantages for registry • Quality assurance can be difficult • Investment in standardised technologies • Complex policies can be difficult to automate
Registry models Some examples from outside the region
n It’s usually much easier to get accredited in ccTLDs
n …but the policies and technical set up will often be different
n From World Report on IDNs, 2012:
Local accreditation vs ICANN accreditation
n Domain names are critical Internet resources
n There are different types of domain names
n Global domain name registrations are uneven
n Country code registries adopt different models
n Start local, think global
Review of key points
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