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Occurrence and variability of ozonation disinfection by-products during water
treatment and distributionOlivier Laflamme, Sabrina Simard, Christelle Legay,
Caetano Dorea, Manuel RodriguezUniversité Laval
WQTC 2017 - 2017-11-14
Introduction
• Introduction •Objectives •Methodology •Results •Conclusion
2
Disinfection
• Chlorine 1) Sodium hypochlorite solutions (NaOCl)2) Gas (Cl2)
Ozone (O3) UV-radiation Chloramines (NH2Cl) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
3
Primarily, the choice of disinfectant(s) depends
on the quality of the water source, the
residual, the adverse effect and the $$$!
Disinfection
4
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
• Chlorine 1) Sodium hypochlorite solutions (NaOCl)2) Gas (Cl2)
Ozone (O3) UV-radiation Chloramines (NH2Cl) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
Ozone
• The use of ozone (O3) has increased rapidly due to a better inactivation/diminution of : 1,2
Pathogenic micro-organisms (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, others…)
Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) Taste and Odors Pesticides Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids
(HAAs) in finished water
51: Legube, B. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 2003.2: WHO - Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2008.
ADVANTAGES
• Ozone leaves no residual in the treated water• And …
O3 + NOM OBPs
6
ORGANIC INORGANIC
Halogenated aldehydes (HAL)
Bromate
Non-Hal. aldehydes (NON-HAL)
3: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, 1989.
Ozone DISADVANTAGES
(10 µg/L) Ø regulations
Ø regulations Probable or proven human
carcinogen under conditions of unusually high or prolonged
exposure3
HAL & NON-HAL
7
HAL NON-HALChloroacetaldehyde (CAL) Formaldehyde
Dichloroacetaldehyde (DCAL) AcetaldehydeBromochloroacetaldehyde (BCAL) Propionaldehyde
Dibromoacetaldehyde (DBAL) ButyraldehydeBromodichloroacetaldehyde (BDCAL) ValeraldehydeDibromochloroacetaldehyde (DBCAL) Hexanal
Tribromoacetaldehyde (TBAL) BenzaldehydeGlyoxal
Methylglyoxal
Objectives
• Introduction •Objectives •Methodology •Results•Conclusion
8
Objectives
1. Identify and quantify OBPs in municipal drinking water (with facilities using ozonation)
2. Improve the understanding of formation of OBPs during drinking water production and distribution
3. Characterize their spatio-temporal variability and identify the factors responsible for these variations
9
Methodology
• Introduction •Objectives•Methodology•Results•Conclusion
10
Methodology
• Two Canadian facilities partners of the ULavalDrinking Water Chair
Choice of treatment facility Using at least one step of liquid chlorination Using at least one step of ozonation
Rechlorination reservoirs (Distribution system) Distribution network with rechlorination Easily accessible for sampling
11
Methodology
1. North Shore of Quebec City
2. South Shore of Quebec City
• Full-scale study carried out for 12 months monthly monitoring (Nov. 2016 – Sept. 2017)
12
Where is Quebec City?
13
Methodology
14
1st system 2nd system
First facility
15
Population served : 125 000
1st facility
St-L
awre
nce
Rive
r
Second facility
16
Population served : 53 200
2nd facility
Chau
dièr
e Ri
ver
Results
• Introduction •Objectives•Methodology•Results•Conclusion
17
Characterization
18
Facility Raw Finished water Network
Bromide – Br –(µg/L)
1st 21.5 - -
2nd 6.4 - -
TOC(mg/L)
1st 4.53 2.18 2.14
2nd 7.93 2.59 2.57
UV (254nm) (cm-1)
1st 0.160 0.024 0.023
2nd 0.395 0.030 0.029
pH1st 7.9 7.6 7.7
2nd 7.7 7.6 7.7
Results are averages of n = 12
Ozone – dose
19
Facility Pre-O3 Inter-O3 Post-O3
O3 dosage(mg/L)
1st 0.76 - 0.62nd - - 1.21
Results are annual averages
Spatio-temporal variability
20
BROMATE n = 12
1 2 3 4
1st FACILITY 2nd FACILITY
BrO
3- (µg/
L)
21
Spatio-temporal variabilityHAL n = 12
1st FACILITY 2nd FACILITY
1 2 3 4
SUM
_HAL
(µg/
L)
Spatio-temporal variabilityNON-HAL n = 12
221 2 3 4
1st FACILITY 2nd FACILITY
Presence pattern:
FormALAcetALGlyoxal
PropionALButyrAL
Methylglyoxal
SUM
_NO
N-H
AL(µ
g/L)
Comparison – NON-HAL
23
Quebec, 2017 n = 12
Quebec, 2017 n = 12
China, 2017 5
n = 9
USA, 2008 4
n = 1
Formal-dehyde 6.7 18.3 ≈ 10-15 34.3
Acetal-dehyde 3.1 5.8 ≈ 25-35 12.6
Disinfection O3/Cl2 O3/Cl2 O3/Cl2 O3/Cl2
1st FACILITY 2nd FACILITY
4 : Miltner et al., 2008.5 : Zhong et al., 2017.
* Results = Mean values at TW
Treated waterFULL SCALE PILOT SCALE
• Occurrence of NON-HAL in Quebec is lower or equivalent versus other countries at treated water
Seasonal pattern
24
Results are averages
1ST FACILITY
SeasonBrO3
-
(µg/L)HAL
(µg/L)NON-HAL
(µg/L)TW Network TW Network TW Network
Winter (Dec-Mar)
<LOD <LOD 0.1 0.1 11.2 8.7
Spring (Apr-May)
<LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 17.4 21.5
Summer(Jun-Aug)
1.6 1.8 <LOD 0.9 23.8 22.0
Fall(Sep-Nov)
<LOD 0.5 <LOD <LOD 10.2 12.7
* TW = treated water
• T° has an impact on OBPs [ ] • Important fact : FormAL > AcetAL in Wint., but AcetAL > FormAL
in Spr. (!)
Seasonal pattern
• Different pattern versus the 1st facility for NON-HAL formaldehyde responsible for the drop in Summer
• T°, ozone dose and biodegradability have an impact on OBPs [ ] 25
Results are averages
2nd FACILITY
SeasonBrO3
-
(µg/L)HAL
(µg/L)NON-HAL
(µg/L)TW Network TW Network TW Network
Winter (Dec-Mar)
1.3 0.3 <LOD <LOD 23.8 27.1
Spring (Apr-May)
<LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD 42.9 35.2
Summer(Jun-Aug)
4.7 2.1 0.5 <LOD 42.6 15.8
Fall(Sep-Nov)
<LOD <LOD <LOD <LOD MD MD
* TW = treated water
Conclusion
• Introduction •Objectives•Methodology •Results•Conclusion
26
Summary
• Bromate is under the standard (10 µg/L), except in one sample (collected at the treatment plant)
• Bromate has a different occurrence and variabilitydepending on the facility
• Ozone is responsible on forming bromate, but hypochlorite solutions probably also contribute
• Greater presence in Summer than in Winter: Impact of temperature
27
BROMATE
Summary
• Few results above the limit of detection (LOD) Highest result : 2.8 µg/L for TBAL
• Presence of HAL < NON-HAL
• HALs have a different occurrence and variabilitydepending on the facility
• Occurrence of HALs tends to be lower in the systems under study in comparison to other studies (full-scale) 4,6
28
HAL
4 : Miltner et al., 2008. USA6 : Legay et al., 2015. CANADA
Summary
• NON-HALs have a different occurrence and variabilitydepending on the facility ; nearly x2 for 2nd facility vs 1st
• Presence of NON-HAL > HAL
• Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde = more abundant Occurrence of NON-HALs lower/equivalent in comparison to
other studies (full-scale or pilot-scale)
• Formation/degradation mechanism still not well understood … but it’s biodegradable
• Greater presence in Summer than in Winter ; ozone and chlorine dose and temperature have an impact
29
NON-HAL
• Finishing data analysis
• With the occurrence and variability of OBPs, try to understand their formation/degradation impact of hypochlorite solutions on
bromate and NON-HAL biodegradability of organic-OBPs
30
Future work
• To our knowledge, in the literature, this is one of the first Canadian full-scale study regarding spatio-temporal occurrence of NON-HALs in municipal drinking water
• Data will help operators to improve the treatment and operations (in the treatment plant and in the distribution system)
• Results of this study could be used to support future regulations for the organic-OBPs
31
Conclusion
THANKS!!!
• The Quebec Ministère du Développement Durable, Environnementet Lutte contre les Changements Climatiques (MDDELCC) => Isabel Parent, Anouka Bolduc and Jean-Luc Pilote
• Drinking Water Chair, Laval University => Jessica Beaupré, Pamela Ouellet, Antoine Grondin, Émilie Leclerc, Vincent Boutet and Sabrina Simard
• WQTC for the opportunity to present my results
32
REFERENCES
33
1: Legube, B. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 5, Part G 2003: p. 95-116.2: WHO - Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, THIRD EDITION, Volume 1-Recommendations, 2008.3: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality, Volume II: Assessment and Control of Indoor Air Pollution, 1989.4: Miltner et al. / Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 71:17, 2008, 1133-1148.5: Zhong et al. / Chemosphere, 179, 2017, 290-297.6: Legay et al. / ACS Symposium Series, 1190, 2015, 341-362.7: Health Canada, Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline Technical Document – Formaldehyde, 2003.
34
Questions ?
•EXTRA STUFF … IN CASE
35
Seasonal pattern
• Temperature has an impact on OBPs [ ] • Important fact : FormAL > AcetAL in Wint., but AcetAL > FormAL in Spr. (!) 36
Season
Winter (Dec-Mar)
Spring (Apr-May)
Summer(Jun-Aug)
Fall(Sep-Nov)
BrO3- HAL NON-HAL
0.3 0 27.1
0 0 35.2
2.1 0 15.8
0.4 0 MD
BrO3- HAL NON-HAL
1.3 0 23.8
0 0 42.9
4.7 0.5 42.6
0 0 MD
TREATED WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
Results are averages
2ND FACILITY
Seasonal pattern
• Temperature has an impact on OBPs [ ] • Important fact : FormAL > AcetAL in Wint., but AcetAL > FormAL in Spr. (!) 37
Results are averages
2nd FACILITY
Season BrO3- HAL NON-HAL
FW Network FW Network FW Network
Winter (Dec-Mar)
Spring (Apr-May)
Summer(Jun-Aug)
Fall(Sep-Nov)
* FW = finished water
Seasonal pattern
• Temperature has an impact on OBPs [ ] • Important fact : FormAL > AcetAL in Wint., but AcetAL > FormAL in Spr. (!) 38
Season
Winter (Dec-Mar)
Spring (Apr-May)
Summer(Jun-Aug)
Fall(Sep-Nov)
BrO3- HAL NON-HAL
0 0.1 7.9
0 0 18.3
1.8 0.6 22.0
0.5 0 5.8
BrO3- HAL NON-HAL
0 0.2 11.2
0 0 17.4
1.6 0.7 23.8
0 0 6.5
Results are averages
1ST FACILITY TREATED WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
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