introduction. anatomy a greek “to cut up” / anatomize /dissect. human anatomythe science...
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ANATOMY OF HUMAN BODYFIDYA,DRG,M.SI
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY
anatomy a Greek “to cut up” / anatomize /dissect.
Human anatomy the science concerned with the structure of the human body.
SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY
Person Civilization
Lifetime or Date of Contribution
Contribution
Menes Egyptian About 3400 B.C
Wrote the first anatomy manual
Homer Ancient Greece
About 800 B.C
Describes the anatomy of wounds in the iliad
Hippocrates
Ancient Greece
About 460-377 B.C
Father of medicine; inspired the Hippcrates Oath
Aristotle Ancient Greece
384-322 B.C
Founder of comparative anatomy
Herophilus Alexandria
About 325 B.C.
Conducted remarkable research on aspects of the nervous system
Erasistratus
Alexandria
About 300 B.C.
Sometimes called father of physiology; attempted to apply physical laws to the study of human function
Celsus Roman 30 B.C.–A.D. 30
First medical author to be printed (1478) in movable type after Gutenburg’s invention
SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY
Person Civilization Lifetime or Date of
Contribution
Contribution
Galen Greek (lived under domination)
130–201 Probably the most influential medical writer of all time; established principles that went unchallenged for 1,500 years
de’ Luzzi Renaissance 1487 Prepared dissection guide
Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance 1452–1519 Produced anatomical drawings of unprecedented quality based on human cadaver dissections
Vesalius Renaissance 1514–64 Refuted past misconceptions about body structure and function by direct observation and experiment; oftencalled father of anatomy
Harvey Premodern (European)
1578–1657 Demonstrated the function of the circulatory system; applied the experimental method to anatomy
SURVEY OF SOME IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY
Person Civilization
Lifetime or Date of
Contribution
Contribution
Leeuwenhoek Premodern (European)
1632–1723 Refined the microscope; describe various cells and tissue
Malpighi Premodern (European)
1628–94 Regarded as father of histology; first to confirm the existence of the capillaries
Sugita Premodern (Japanese)
1774 Compiled a five-volume treatise on anatomy
Schleiden and Schwann
Modern (European)
1838–39 Formulated the cell theory
Roentgen Modern (European)
1895 Discovered X rays
Crick and Watson
Modern (English and American)
1953 Determined the structure of DNA
Collins and Venter
Modern (American)
2000 Instrumental in human genome research
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY & RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY
Specialties of microscopic anatomy: cytology /cellular biology developmental anatomy / embriology histology
Radiographic anatomy provides a way of observing structures within
the living body.
Radiology substances of different densities absorb different amounts of X rays resulting
in a differential exposure on film.
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN BODY
CELLULAR LEVEL The cell the basic structural and
functional component of life. Cells atoms molecules Certain molecules are grouped in
specific ways to form small functional structures called organelles.
Examples: bone cells, muscle cells, fat cells, blood cells, liver cells, and nerve cells.
TISSUE LEVEL
Layers or groups of similar cells that perform a common function.
Four principal kinds of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.
ORGAN LEVEL
An organ is an aggregate of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function.
Examples: the heart, spleen, pancreas, ovary, skin, and even any of the bones within the body.
Each organ has one or more primary tissues and several secondary tissues.
Examples: (In the stomach) The inside epithelial lining (the primary
tissue) secretion and absorption occur within this layer.
The connective, nervous, and muscle tissues (secondary tissue)
SYSTEM LEVEL
A body system consists of various organs that have similar or related functions.
Examples: the circulatory system, nervous system, digestive system, and endocrine system.
Certain organs may serve two systems. The pancreas functions with both the endocrine
and digestive systems The pharynx serves both the respiratory and
digestive systems. All the systems of the body are interrelated and
function together, making up the organism.
ANATOMY WORDS
PLANES OF REFERENCE
Sagittal planeMidsagittal (median) plane
Coronal plane /frontal planes Transverse plane/ horizontal/
cross-sectional planes
SAGITTAL ( MEDIAN ) PLANEEXTENDS LENGTHWISE AND DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT PORTIONS.A MIDSAGITTAL PLANE PASSES EXACTLY THROUGH THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY ( FIG.D )SAGITTAL CUTS THAT ARE NOT ALONG THE MIDLINE ARE CALLED PARASAGITTAL SECTIONS
FRONTAL ( CORONAL ) PLANE
EXTENDS LENGTHWISE, BUT IT IS PERPENDICULAR TO A SAGITTAL PLANE AND DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN INTO ANTERIOR AN POSTERIOR PORTION
TRANVERSE ( HORIZONTAL ) PLANE
PERPENDICULAR TO THE BODY’S LONG AXIS AND THEREFORE DIVIDES THE BODY HORIZONTALLY TO PRODUCE CROSS SECTION.A TRANVERSE CUT DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN INTO SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR PORTIONS
PLANES OF REFERENCE AND DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY
Anatomical Position The body is erect. The feet are parallel to each
other. The feet flat on the floor. The eyes are directed
forward. The arms are at the sides of
the body. The palms of the hands
turned forward. The fingers pointed straight
down.
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing erect
Face forward
Arms at the sides
Palms and toes directed forward
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
USED TO DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF ONE BODY PART IN RELATION TO ANOTHER.
DIRECTION TERM
ANTERIOR ( VENTRAL ) A body part is located
toward the front : The windpipe ( trachea ) is anterior to the oesophagus
POSTERIOR ( DORSAL ) A body part is located
toward the back : The heart is posterior to the sternum ( breastbone )
SUPERIOR (CRANIAL) A body part is
located above another part, or toward the head : The face is superior to the neck
INFERIOR (CAUDAL) A body part is below
another part, or toward the feet : The navel is inferior to the chin
MEDIAL A body part is nearer
than another part to an imaginary midline of the body : The bridge of the nose is medial to the eyes
LATERAL A body part is farther
away from the midline : The eyes are lateral to the nose
PROXIMAL A body part is closer to
the point of attachment or closer to the trunk : The elbow is proximal to the hand
DISTAL A body part is farther
from the point of attachment or further from the trunk or torso : The hand is distal to the elbow
SUPERFISIAL ( EXTERNAL ) A body part is
located near the surface : The skin is superfisial to the muscles
DEEP ( INTERNAL ) The body part is
located away from the surface : The intestines are deep to the spine
CENTRAL A body part is situated at
the center to the body or an organ : The central nervous system is located along the main axis of the body
PERIPHERAL A body part is situated
away from the center of the body or an organ : The peripheral nervous system is located outside the central nervous system
IPSILATERAL A body part is on the
same side of the body as another body part : The right hand is ipsilateral to the right foot
CONTRALATERAL A body part is on the
opposite side of the body from another body part : The right hand is contralateral to the left hand
REGIONS OF THE BODYCAN BE DIVIDED INTO AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR PORTIONS
AXIAL PORTION Head & Neck Trunk : Thorax ,
abdomen , pelvis
APPENDICULAR PORTION The upper limbs The lower limbs
TERIMA KASIH
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