interventions for clients with infection. types of infection local systemic acute chronic
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Interventions for Interventions for Clients with Clients with
InfectionInfection
Types of InfectionTypes of Infection
LocalLocal
SystemicSystemic
AcuteAcute
ChronicChronic
Nosocomial InfectionsNosocomial Infections
Infections that are associated with Infections that are associated with the delivery of health care services in the delivery of health care services in a health care facilitya health care facility
Point of origin Point of origin
1.1. Endogenous Endogenous
2.2. Exogenous Exogenous
3.3. Iatrogenic Iatrogenic
Risks for Nosocomial InfectionRisks for Nosocomial Infection
Poor hand washingPoor hand washing Compromised host – surgery/illnessCompromised host – surgery/illness Improper procedure technique – Improper procedure technique –
dressing, suctioning, catherizationdressing, suctioning, catherization Improper cleaning/maintenance of Improper cleaning/maintenance of
invasive devices – foley catheter, IV invasive devices – foley catheter, IV lineline
Contamination of closed drainage Contamination of closed drainage system – chest tubessystem – chest tubes
Chain of InfectionChain of Infection
Etiologic AgentEtiologic Agent ReservoirReservoir Portal of Exit from ReservoirPortal of Exit from Reservoir Method of TransmissionMethod of Transmission Portal of Entry into Susceptible HostPortal of Entry into Susceptible Host Susceptible HostSusceptible Host
ReservoirReservoir
EnvironmentalEnvironmental
HumanHuman
Animal/InsectAnimal/Insect
Method of TransmissionMethod of Transmission
DirectDirect
IndirectIndirect
Vehicle-borneVehicle-borne
Vector-borneVector-borne
AirborneAirborne
Factors Increasing Susceptibility to Factors Increasing Susceptibility to InfectionInfection
AgeAge HeredityHeredity Level of stressLevel of stress Nutritional statusNutritional status MedicationsMedications Illness – Illness –
acute/chronicacute/chronic
Nursing DiagnosisNursing Diagnosis
Risk for Infection – PRIMARYRisk for Infection – PRIMARY Potential Complications of InfectionPotential Complications of Infection Impaired Physical MobilityImpaired Physical Mobility Imbalanced NutritionImbalanced Nutrition Acute PainAcute Pain Impaired Social Interaction/Social Impaired Social Interaction/Social
IsolationIsolation Situational Low Self-EsteemSituational Low Self-Esteem AnxietyAnxiety
Interventions to Reduce Risk of Interventions to Reduce Risk of InfectionInfection
Preventing Nosocomial Infections:Preventing Nosocomial Infections:
1.1. Hand washingHand washing
2.2. Proper techniqueProper technique
3.3. Environmental controlsEnvironmental controls
4.4. Management of clients at riskManagement of clients at risk
Interventions to Reduce Risk of Interventions to Reduce Risk of InfectionInfection
Supporting Defenses of Susceptible Supporting Defenses of Susceptible Host:Host:
1.1. Hygiene 5. ImmunizationsHygiene 5. Immunizations
2.2. Nutrition 6. StressNutrition 6. Stress
3.3. FluidFluid
4.4. Rest and sleepRest and sleep
Interventions to Reduce Risk of Interventions to Reduce Risk of InfectionInfection
Cleaning, Disinfecting, SterilizingCleaning, Disinfecting, Sterilizing
1.1. Cleaning inhibits growth of Cleaning inhibits growth of microorganismsmicroorganisms
2.2. Disinfecting with chemicals – Disinfecting with chemicals – bacteriostatic vs. bactericidialbacteriostatic vs. bactericidial
3.3. Sterilizing – destroys all microorganisms Sterilizing – destroys all microorganisms – including spores/viruses – moist heat, – including spores/viruses – moist heat, gas, boiling water, radiationgas, boiling water, radiation
Methods of Infection ControlMethods of Infection Control
Practice hand hygiene and proper Practice hand hygiene and proper hand washing.hand washing.
Artificial fingernails create poor Artificial fingernails create poor hand hygiene.hand hygiene.
Gloves should be worn.Gloves should be worn. The CDC provides guidelines for The CDC provides guidelines for
disinfection and sterilization, disinfection and sterilization, outlining standard precautions for outlining standard precautions for all modes of transmission. all modes of transmission.
Hyperthermia InterventionsHyperthermia Interventions
Eliminate the underlying cause Eliminate the underlying cause of hyperthermia and destroy the of hyperthermia and destroy the causative microorganism.causative microorganism.
Manage fever by:Manage fever by:– Drug therapy: antimicrobial, Drug therapy: antimicrobial,
antipyretic therapyantipyretic therapy– External cooling, fluid External cooling, fluid
administration, and fansadministration, and fans
Health TeachingHealth Teaching
Education on these topics is vital Education on these topics is vital to client’s understanding of to client’s understanding of transmission prevention transmission prevention precautions:precautions:– Infection controlInfection control– Drug therapyDrug therapy– Psychosocial supportPsychosocial support– Health care resourcesHealth care resources
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