internationalizing curriculum in universities (module 13)
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RENEE CASSIDY AND ERINNE LOSINIO20 APRIL 2011
CIE403 MODULE 13
Internationalizing Higher Education
Overview
Part One: Terminology Key concepts
Part Two: The Debate Critical issues
Part Three: The Way Ahead Considerations for the future
WHAT IS INTERNATIONALIZATION?
Part One: Terminology
What is internationalization?
“… the process of integrating an international, intercultural or global dimension into the purpose, functions or delivery of higher education at the institutional and national levels” (Knight, 2008)
“… internationalization is changing the world of higher education, and globalization is changing the world of internationalization” (Knight, 2004)
Do you agree? How do you view the relationship between globalization and internationalization?
What evidence of internationalization do we see in HEIs?
Another perspective…
Globalization is the reality shaped by an increasingly integrated world economy, new technology, emergence of international knowledge network & role of English language
Internationalization is the variety of policies and programs that universities and governments implement to respond to globalization
American Council on Education, 2010
What is the role of universities?
“…curricula with an international orientation in content, aimed at preparing students for performing (professionally/socially) in an international and multicultural context, and designed for domestic students and/or foreign students” (OECD, 1994)
Supporting international students Facilitating study abroad and educational exchange to broaden
and enrich students’ cultural experiences Learning about other languages and cultures as a way of
developing their skills of intercultural communication Preparing to work in the global knowledge economy
Key terms for consideration
Intercultural/global competence How does this relate to the ideas of global citizenship that we
discussed in the past few weeks? Neo-liberal imaginary
Is the link between intercultural competence and economic advancement overstated?
Epistemic virtues including relationality and reflexivity
How do you envision an effective internationalized curriculum?
GROUP ONE: DEFEND THE STATEMENTGROUP TWO: CREATE A COUNTER-ARGUMENT
You wi l l have 20 minutes to prepare your case . Choose a spokesperson to present your group’s argument . The
spokesperson must be d iff erent for each s tatement . Each s ide wi l l have 3 -5 minutes to present the i r case
and 1 minute a f ter the other s ide presents for any rebutta l s . Onl ine s tudents wi l l determine which s ide
presented the best argument .
Part Two: The Debate
Statements
1. Internationalization ultimately leads to the commodification and commercialization of education.
2. Curricular reforms focused on internationalization are narrow in scope and do not adequately prepare students to engage critically with the cultural politics of globalization.
WHAT DOES THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE FOR UNIVERSITIES?
Part Three: The Way Ahead
Rising demand of HE
Demand exceeds supply, especially in developing countries
Growth in number of students, opportunities, and demand of globalized, knowledge-based economy Competitive job market
Consequences Student mobility Campuses abroad, online Growth of private HEIs Privatization of public HE Demand for accountability
American Council on Education, 2010
Private higher education
Worldwide surge in private higher education 30% of global higher education enrollment is in private sector
Private institutions have no consistent model Operate with private assets or partially with public funds For-profit vs. non-profit Have owners or investors or operate as foundations Issues of quality assurance
Private enrollment increasing worldwide East Asia (70%) Latin America (45%) South Asia (30%) Africa (25%) U.S. (20%) Central & Eastern Europe (20%) Southeast Asia (15%) Australia (3 %) Western Europe (marginal) Middle East (just beginning to emerge)
American Council on Education, 2010
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2008)Percentage of foreign tertiary students reported to the OECD who are enrolled in each country of destina-
tion
1. Data relate to international students defined on the basis of their country of residence.2. Year of reference 2007.Source: OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics for most data on partner countries. Table C2.7, available on line. See Annex 3 for notes (www.oecd.org/edu/eag2010).
OECD, 2008
Internationalization in HEIs
Expect increased interconnectedness and competition Economic, political, social implications Collaboration vs. competition
Top three concerns/perceived risks among institutions (OECD, 2005) Commodification/commercialization of education programs “Brain drain” Degree mills and low-quality education providers
Universities remain intrinsically global, national, regional Competition for resources and position crosses national borders University curriculum cannot ignore cultural realities
Challenges
Adjusting to growing and multiple expectations of internationalization
At institutional level – quality, prestige, revenue
At national level – competitiveness, answer to demographic trends, for strategic alliances
At regional level – path to political and economic integration, competitiveness and social cohesion
At global level – all of the above AND solidarity, capacity building, Millennium Development Goals and sustainable development
IAU, 2007
What does the future hold?
Survival of the “global fittest”? (American Council on Education, 2010)
More privatization and growth of for-profit institutions?
Role of technology?
Increased role of governments?
Ranking systems as evidence of quality?
Final thoughts
Diversity of goals, rationales, geographic priorities, strategies, practices and models
Growing complexity with regionally differentiated interests and policy objectives (ex. immigration, competitiveness, trade, development)
New risks, new actors and new challenges but also new possibilities and opportunities
“We are at the beginning of the era of transnational higher education” (Altbach, 2004)
TO BE CONTINUED (ONLINE)…
Questions?
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Student mobility in tertiary education (2008)
Note: The data presented in this chart are not comparable with data on foreign students in tertiary education presented in pre-2006 editions of Education at a Glance or elsewhere in this chapter.
1 .Year of reference 2007.Countries are ranked in descending order of the percentage of international students in tertiary education. :Source( OECD. Table C2.1. See Annex 3 for notes)www.oecd.org/edu/eag2010.
%
This chart shows the percentage of international students in tertiary enrolments .
- Student mobility .i.e international students who travelled to a country different from their own for the purpose of tertiary study - ranges from below 1% to more than 20% of tertiary enrolments. International students are most numerous in tertiary.enrolments in Australia, Austria, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
OECD average
OECD, 2008
EUA Trends, 2010
EUA Trends, 2010
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