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Intercropping Bananas with Coffee and Trees: Prototyping Agroecological Intensification

by Farmers and Scientists

ProMusa – Octobre 2011

banana in coffee fields

(has)

Mexico 75000

Guatemala 43000

El Salvador 30000

Honduras 84000

Nicaragua 35000

Costa Rica 7000

TOTAL 255,000

Bananas in shaded coffee: Mesoamerica

banana in coffee fields (has)

Mexico 75000

Guatemala 43000

El Salvador 30000

Honduras 84000

Nicaragua 35000

Costa Rica 7000

TOTAL 255,000

Bananas in shaded coffee: Mesoamerica

Other countries LAC: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Haiti

Other countries Africa: Cameroon, Tanzania, Guinea Conakry, Uganda

develop innovative knowledge and tools to improve grower management of bananas grown in shaded coffee based on strengthened grower observation and decision making (targeted to expanding high value and specialty markets)

Research objective:

Banana in coffee fields with trees: Farmer technology

Low cost food for humans and animals

Rapid shade which is easy to manage:

Banana in coffee fields with trees: Farmer technology

Crop residues and leaf litter to protect the soil:

Banana in coffee fields with trees: Farmer technology

Sale for income during the year especially when coffee income runs out

Banana in coffee fields with trees: Farmer technology

What can we contribute as scientists to this technology?

Intensification through use of external inputs

What can we contribute as scientists to this technology?

Intensification through use of external inputs

What can we contribute as scientists to this technology?

Intensification through agroecology

Multi-strata coffee with banana is an agroecosystem

Multi-strata coffee with banana is an agroecosystem

Multi-strata coffee with banana is an agroecosystem

Multi-strata coffee with banana is an agroecosystem

Nutrient Inputs

Nutrients outputs

How to capture more sunlight, water and nutrients in biomass?

Are the coffee plants, banana and trees alone in the field?

Volunteer plants

Herbivores

Are the coffee plants, banana and trees alone in the field?

decomposers

branches

pruned leaves

fallen leaves

Dried weeds

Banana residue

What happens with biomass not consumed by herbivores?

Who eats the herbivores?

Multi-strata coffee with banana is an agroecosystem

Multi-strata coffee with banana is an agroecosystem

Red alimenticia

plantas herbivoros consumidores

descomponedores

Living plant

material

Dead plant material Soil

surface Living roots

Dead roots

Root exudates

Other dead organisms

Labile OM

Slow OM

Passive OM

Detritus

Consumers of bacteria and fungi: Nematodes Collembolan Mites Protozoa

Macrofauna Earthworms

Bacteria Fungi

Nematodes Root pests

Root diseases Predators: Nematodes

Mites Protozoa

Fungi

Endophytic fungi

Mycorrhiza

Microbial transformers

Vigor planta:

Ciclos Nutrientes

Infiltratcion agua

Penetracion raiz

Control

plagas por

generalistas

control by

generalist

Capacidad

Antagonica

plantas

Resistencia

Planta

Ambiente

favorable para

beneficos

beneficials

Also including the soil?

Plants: Herbivores: Consumers:

Descomposers :

sunlight:

Water:

environment: Temp, rain, RH

(www.agroforestbanana.simasni.org)

Pilot zone Altitude (masl)

Total annual rainfall (mm)

Length of dry season (months)

Turrialba, CR 700-1200 2700 2

Monterrey, NIC 1000-1300 1500-2000 3

Yasica, NIC 1000-1300 1500-2000 2

Laureles, HON 1100-1200 3000 2

Tutule, HON 1000-1500 1300-1500 3

Central Selva, PERU

1000-1300 2000 4

Alto Piura, PERU 1000-1400 1100 7

7 pilot sites in 4 countries

Pilot sites:

Land use of interest

Rural households

Their organizations

Field organizations

Scientists:

National

Bioversity

ARIs

Inventory:

methods

technologies

Starting point

Starting point

Pilot sites:

Land use of interest

Rural households

Their organizations

Field organizations

Scientists:

National

Bioversity

ARIs

Inventory:

methods

technologies

Formal survey

Interviews

Field data

Preliminary

model

Formation

farmer

experimentation

group

Diagnostic:

Farms,

fields,

costs,

markets

Priorities

Experiments

Prototypes

Learning efforts

Field

studies

Field

studies

Models:

Component

integrated

Models:

Component

integrated

Lines of action/interaction

Farm household Experience Daily Observation Curiosity motivation

scientist Agroecosystem frame Other studies Concepts Process

Diagnostic: Coffee Trees Bananas Markets

??? Priorities

Cycle of Meetings Test plots

Test Plots

Take data

Experiments Farm studies Models

??? Learning

Farm household Experience Daily Observation Curiosity motivation

scientist Agroecosystem frame Other studies Concepts Process

Diagnostic: Coffee Trees Bananas Markets

??? Priorities

Cycle of Meetings Test plots

Test Plots

Take data

Experiments Farm studies Models

??? Learning

Farm household Experience Daily Observation Curiosity motivation

scientist Agroecosystem frame Other studies Concepts Process

Diagnostic: Coffee Trees Bananas Markets

??? Priorities

Cycle of Meetings Test plots

Test Plots

Take data

Experiments Farm studies Models

??? Learning

Cycle of meetings Test plots

Broader testing

Broader testing

Experiments Studies on farm Models

formal baseline study: - coffee, trees and bananas, - light partitioning, - banana cultivars 30 farms – interview, 25 x 25 m plots in coffee – banana - trees

Examples of results

farmer experimentation and learning: - 25 farm households - diagnostic phase, priority, testing and observation - test plots, learning exercises, data analysis, proposals

Prototypes for improved complex systems action research hypotheses for farmers/scientists: - Light partitioning in multi-strata - nutrient flows – tree contribution - of bananas in shaded coffee

Costa

Rica Honduras Nicaragua Perú

Turrialba Laureles Tutule Yasica Monterrey

Selva

Central

Productive coffee (%)

31

(4) 57±8 21±3 55±8 46±6

52

±5

Coffee Density

(plants ha-1) 4244 ±242

5165± 233

3555± 266

4562± 245

5127± 248

5098 ±256

Banana Density

(plants ha-1)

553

±55 288 ±28

338 ±55

307 ±28

401 ±31

386

±32

Tree Density

(Number ha-1)

553

±57 161±

14 169±

27 189±

21 180±

27

197

±15

Basal area trees (m2 ha-1)

16.4

±1.9 11.7 ±1.2

6.9 ±1.5

7.7 ±0.8

8.6 ±1

9.1

±0.8

Tree species richness 4.4 6.6 6.8 7.1 6.5 3.8

Results: diagnostic shaded coffee with bananas

Costa Rica Honduras Nicaragua Perú

Turrialba Laureles Tutule Yasica Monterrey Alto Piura

Selva Central

Percent Light to coffee (%)

46 (3)

36 (4)

34 (3)

49 (6)

41 (5)

27 (3)

39 (2)

Percent Light to Banana (%)

68 (2)

68 (3)

84 (2)

79 (4)

52 (7)

47% (11)

50 (2)

Banana present above coffee (%)

61 (5)

47 (5)

64 (8)

61 (6)

60 (3)

46 (25)

56 (4)

Tree present above banana (%)

38 (5)

66 (4)

54 (8)

38 (6)

55 (4)

100 73 (7)

Light in different strata – shaded coffee with banana

Cultivar Costa Rica Honduras Nicaragua Perú

Turrialba Laureles Tutule Yasica Monterrey Alto Piura Selva Central

Gros Michel 651 557 307 494 709 234 1098

Congo 969 Ilholena (Isla,Habanero) 21 280

Coco 270 1 2

Plantain AAB 76 117 1 3 30

Sucrier Baby 44 102 2 6 16

Red Morado 9 3 94 23 5 16

Red Green 4 47 2 3 5

FHIA-25 36 1

Bluggoe 13 6 9 8 6

Gran Enano 4 1 2 2

Valery 2 5 98

FHIA-23 1 5

Silk 2 1

Guineo Negro 2

Pelipita 1

Dwarf Cavendish 138

Cultivars banana

Zone # mats/ha

Age of banana # tall stems/mat

# intermediate stems/mat 1-2 3-5 >5

Turrialba, CR 553 210 176 165 1.15 1.1

Laureles, HON 288 43 159 101 2.9 1.1

Tutule, HON 338 68 169 100 2.3 2

Yasica, NIC 307 107 92 98 2 1

Monterrey, NIC 401 80 140 180 1.7 1.2

Selva Central, PERU 386 77 135 174 1.9 1

How banana mats are managed

Priorities – Farmer proposed after 3 meetings on the state of coffee, trees, bananas,

costs - coffee pruning

- banana/coffee nutrition and fertilization

- banana/tree spacing and mgmt

- Panama disease

- more value for bananas

Formation of group With representatives of local government

3 diagnostic meetings Each meeting methods for data collection: Coffee plants, trees, banana, nutrients, Markets for banana

Meeting on priorities

7 meetings – Small plots to test alternatives

7 meetings – more experimentation Expansion Areas for preferred management

Beginning 2010

Beginning 2010

Mid 2010

2010- mid 2012

2012-2013

Final review March 2013

Test activities to redesign banana – tree layout in 25x25m plot

Pilot zone Thinning banana mats

Replanting banana

Pruning shade trees

Planting leguminous

shrubs Laureles 8 5 4 4

Tutule 4 3 2 3

Monterrey 4 6 10 3

Yasica 3 6 5 6

Alto Piura 4 5 7 3

Central Selva

5 7 11 8

¿How much light for banana?

PAR (mol m-2

s-1

)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

An (

mol m

-2 s

-1)

0

10

20

30

40

75% Light

50% Light

25% Light

100% Light

Fo

tosín

tesis

ne

ta (

mo

l m

-2s

-

1)

RAFA (mol m-2s-1)

¿How much light for banana?

Cultivars

planting

date

Fecha de cosecha

May

2010

Shade level

Full sun 25% 50% 75%

Dátil July June Augost Septembre

Guineo

cuadrado

Augost July Septembre Octubre

Gros michel July Augost Octubre Novembre

Plátano

Curare

June Junio July

Manzano Augost July July Septembre

Williams Septembre Augost Octubre Decembre

¿How much light for banana?

¿how much banana to not affect coffee production?

Tree shade: 25-35%

Light to coffee: 50%

Shade from banana: ??

¿how much banana to not affect coffee production?

Tree shade: 25-35%

Light to coffee: 50%

Shade from banana: 25

NO MORE THAN 4 STEMS 2 o FEWER TALL STEMS/mat 2 o fewer intermediate stems/mat

Minimum overlap of leaves LESS than 25%

250-350 mats/ha

no yes

Gabriela Jimenez, Pablo Siles, Eduardo Somarriba, Bruno Rapidel, Oscar Bustamante, Charles Staver

Optimizing production timber in coffee of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and cedar (Cedrela odorata) in Honduras

Field phase

Medición de arboles -Diámetro a la altura del

pecho(DAP) y altura en 244 fincas

Selección de fincas - Base del IHCAFE

- Cedro y caoba en los campos de

café

Medición de sombra y características de copas

- 46 parcelas de 625 m2

- DBH, H, diámetro de copas,

altura de copas y posición del

árbol (coordenadas X, Y).

Data analysis and models

Modelo de crecimiento - Modelo de crecimiento de

DAP

- Relaciones alométricas de

otras variables con respecto

a DAP

Modelo de intercepción de la luz

-Porosidad de copas

-Validación del modelo

SExI-FS para la intercepción

de luz

Escenarios de manejo de arboles - Cinco escenarios de manejo de arboles (3 × 3, 6 × 6, 8 × 8,

10 × 10 and 12 × 12m)

-Manteniendo cobertura de arboles por abajo de 50%

- Estimación de potencial madera

Timber in multistrata to improve profits Preferred trees Cordia alliodora,Cedrela odorata y Switenia macrophylla. 50% shade reduces coffee production., 25% reduces banana production What densities, thinning and pruning of trees?

Edad (años)

0 5 10 15 20 25

DA

P (

m)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Edad (años)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

(a) (b)DBH=0.95(1-e

-0.03117*years)1.1665

R2=0.80

DBH=0.60(1-e-0.03159*years

)1.1698

R2=0.81

xkjalfj

Apertura del dosel medido (Fracción)

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Apert

ura

del dosel m

odela

do (

Fra

cció

n)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Regresions tree growth - age y density/age – canopy opening

feed models of growth and light interception

Ejemplo de Caoba, con menor crecimiento

Escenario

de

manejo

Volumen

potencial

(m3ha

-1)

Actividades recomendadas

6x6 29.30 Dos raleos a los años 12

y 18

8x8 26.56 Un raleo a lo 12 años

10x10 24.43 No es necesario raleos

12x12 22.5 No es necesario raleos

Models to explore possible tree management in multistrata coffee. Parámeters of other species y simulaciones de plantaciones mixtas o puras

Resultados de escenarios

de manejo

NOW BEFORE

ZonE Laureles Tutule Laureles Tutule

Number of bunches sold 1,292 345 1,292 345

Sale price [Lps] 40 35 27 24

Gross return [Lps] 51,680.0 12,075 34,884.0 8,280.0

Extra marketing costs [Lps] 6,460.0 2,070 3,876.0 1,035.0

Net return [Lps] 45,220.0 10,005.0 31,008 7,245.0

Increase in income 1.4 times 1.3 times

Testing group marketing of bananas in Honduras

• The group Los Laureles supplies an exporter to El Salvador

• The group Tutule joined a farmer trader to sell in a local city La Paz.

Results: Comparing incomes