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ORGANICMATTER
MESQUITERHIZOBIUMALFALFASOYBEAN
BLUE-GREEN ALGAEAZOTOBACTERCLOSTRIDIUM
PLANT AND ANIMAL RESIDUES
R-NH2 + ENERGY + CO2
R-NH2 + H2O
R-OH + ENERGY + 2NH3
MATERIALS WITH NCONTENT < 1.5% (WHEAT STRAW)
MATERIALS WITH NCONTENT > 1.5%(COW MANURE)
MICROBIAL
DECOMPOSITION
HETEROTROPHICAMINIZATION
BACTERIA (pH>6.0)FUNGI (pH<6.0)
AMMONIFICATION
GLOBAL WARMING
pH>7.0
2NH4+ + 2OH-
FIXED ONEXCHANGE SITES
+O2
Nitr
osom
onas
2NO2- + H2O + 4H+
IMMOBILIZATION
NH3 AMMONIA -3NH4
+ AMMONIUM -3N2 DIATOMIC N 0N2O NITROUS OXIDE 1NO NITRIC OXIDE 2NO2
- NITRITE 3NO3
- NITRATE 5
OXIDATION STATES
ATMOSPHERE
N2ONON2
N2O2-
NH3
SYMBIOTIC NON-SYMBIOTIC
+ O2Nitrobacter
FERTILIZATION
LIGHTNING,RAINFALL
N2 FIXATION
DENITRIFICATION
PLANTLOSS
AMINOACIDS
NO3-
POOL
LEACHING
AMMONIAVOLATILIZATION
NITRIFICATION
NH2OH
Pseudomonas, Bacillus,Thiobacillus Denitrificans,and T. thioparus MINERALIZATION
+ NITRIFICATION
IMMOBILIZATION
NO2-
MICROBIAL/PLANT SINK
TEMP 50°F
pH 7.0
LEACHING LEACHING
DENITRIFICATIONLEACHING
LEACHINGVOLATILIZATIONNITRIFICATION ADDITIONS
LOSSES
OXIDATION REACTIONS
REDUCTION REACTIONS
HABER BOSCH
3H2 + N2 2NH3
(1200°C, 500 atm)
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
INDUSTRIALFIXATION
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N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Atmosphere
Organic Matter
Volatilization
Leaching
N2, N2O, NO
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
R-NH2 + H2O
R-OH + Energy + 2NH3
Soil exchange sites
2NH4+ + 2OH-
2NO2- + H2O + 4H+
2NH4+ + 2OH-NO3
- Pool
Plant/Microbial Sink
Plant Loss
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
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SymbioticRhizobiumAlfalfaMesquiteSoybean
Non-SymbioticAzotobacterCyanobacteriaClostridium
Via Decay
Industrial Processes
N2 Fixation
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Plant and Animal Residues
Organic Matter
NO3- Pool
Plant/Microbial Sink
Back to Main Cycle
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM)
3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2 4NH3 + 3CO2
Industrial Processes
N2 Fixation
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Plant and Animal Residues
Organic Matter
NO3- Pool
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
Industrial Processes
N2 Fixation Lightning, Rainfall
Plant and Animal Residues
Organic Matter
NO3- Pool
Fertilizer
Small Percentage
Soil Exchange Sites
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
Oxidation of N
N2 + 3O2 2NO3-
Industrial Processes
N2 Fixation
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Plant and Animal Residues
Organic Matter
NO3- Pool
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
%N > 1.5(Animal Manure)
%N < 1.5(Wheat Straw)
Immobilization
Microbial D
ecomposit
ion
Industrial Processes
N2 Fixation
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Plant and Animal Residues
Organic Matter
NO3- Pool
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Temperature above or below 50°F?Organic Matter
NO3- Pool
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes Lightning,
Rainfall
Back to Temperature
Choice
Fertilizer
R-OH + Energy + 2NH3
+ H2O
Organic Matter
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
Fungi pH < 6.0 Bacteria pH > 6.0
Heterotrophic Aminization
R-NH2 + H2O
AmmonificationpH > 7.0
Soil exchange sites
2NH4+ + 2OH-
2NO2- + H2O + 4H+
+ O2 Nitrosomonas
2NH4+ + 2OH-
+ O2 Nitrobacter
NO3- Pool
Plant/Microbial Sink
Immobilization
Immobilization
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Organic Matter
NO3- Pool
Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Denitrification
Amino Acids
Immobilization
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
Mineralization & Nitrification
NH2OH
NO2-
N2O2-
NH3
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Organic Matter
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
NO3- Pool
Back to Main Cycle
Back to Temperature
Choice
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Organic Matter
Plant/Microbial Sink
Immobilization
2NH4+ + 2OH-
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
NO3- Pool
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Organic Matter
N2, N2O, NO
Thiobacillus, T. Thioparus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Dentrificans Denitrification
Plant/Microbial Sink
Plant Loss
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
NO3- Pool
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Organic Matter
Plant Loss
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Leaching
Volatilization
Atmosphere
NO3- Pool
NH2OH
NO2-
N2O2-
NH3
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Organic Matter
Leaching
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Volatilization
Atmosphere
NO3- Pool
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Organic Matter
Volatilization
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Leaching
pH > 7.0
Atmosphere
NO3- Pool
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
Heterotrophic Aminization
R-NH2 + H2O
Ammonification
R-OH + Energy + 2NH3
Back to Main Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
N2 Fixation
Plant and Animal Residues
Industrial Processes
Fertilizer
Lightning, Rainfall
Atmosphere
Organic Matter
Plant/Microbial Sink
N2, N2O, NO
Plant Loss
Volatilization
Haber-Bosch (1200C, 500 ATM)
3CH4 + 3O2 + 2N2 4NH3 + 3CO2
R-NH2 + Energy + CO2
Heterotrophic Aminization
NO3- Pool
LeachingBack to Main
Cycle
Joanne LaRuffa Robert MullenWade Thomason Susan MullinsShannon TaylorHeather Lees
Department of Plant and Soil SciencesOklahoma State University
Interactive Nitrogen Cycle
Back to Intro Page
www.knovin.ir
Nitrogen Information
Form taken up plant
Mobility
Deficiency symptoms
Soil pH deficiency
Role of N in plant growth
Enzymes that require N
Role of N in microbial growth
Concentration in plants
Effect of pH on availability
Nutrient interactions
Fertilizer sources
References
www.knovin.ir
• Soil– NH4+; NO– NO3- ; Yes
• Water Soluble• Not influenced by soil colloids
• Plant– Yes
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• Chlorosis in older leaves
• Under severe deficiency lower leaves are brown, beginning at the leaf tip and proceeding along the midrib
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• N assimilation into amino acids for protein and amino acid synthesis
• Component of chlorophyll
• Vegetative growth
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• Necessary for the synthesis for amino acids
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• Nitrate reductase
• Nitrite reductase
• Nitrogenase
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• Wheat 1.7 to 3.0%– Grain 2.0%– Forage 3.0%– Straw
• Corn 2.7 to 3.5%• Soybeans 4.2 to 5.5%• Grain sorghum 3.3 to 4.0 %• Peanuts 3.5 to 4.5 %• Alfalfa 4.5 to 5.0%• Bermudagrass 2.5 to 3.0%
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• Low pH– None
• High pH– None at pH > 8
– At pH > 7 NO2- accumulates
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• Si: enhances leaf erectness neutralizing the negative effects of high N supply on light interception
• P: symbiotic legume fixation needs adequate P, or a N deficiency can result
• Mo: component of nitrogenase, therefore could have Mo induced N deficiency in N2 fixing legumes
• Fe: Necessary for nitrogenase and ferredoxin, legume hemoglobin, deficiency reduces nodule mass, and nitrogenase Back to
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ammonium sulfate anhydrous ammonia
ammonium chloride ammonium nitrate
ammonium nitrate- ammonium nitrate
sulfate with lime
ammoniated ordinary- ammonium phosphate-
superphosphate sulfate
monoammonium phosphate diammonium phosphate
ammonium polyphosphate ammonium thiophosphate
calcium nitrate potassium nitrate
sodium nitrate urea
urea-sulfate urea-ammonium nitrate
urea-ammonium phosphate urea phosphateBack to
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• Burford, J.R., and J.M. Bremner. 1975. Relationships between the denitrification capacities of soils and total, water-soluble and readily decomposable soil organic matter. Soil Biochem. 7:389-394.
• Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants. Academic Press, London.
• Tisdale, S.L., W.L. Nelson, J.D. Beaton, and J.L. Havlin. 1993. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York, N.Y.
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