interactive e-books
Post on 12-Jul-2015
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Interactive E-booksChristian Glahn
Interactive E-books =
Enhanced digital book publications
For swiss aca
demics
1. The Web, mobiles, and e-books
2. Modes of interactivity
3. Interactivity and managed learning
Once upon a time … the WWW and PDF were new (1993/4)
HTML
• 1st popular smart device (1996)• Low resolution screen
(160x160px)
• Monochrome graphics• Sync-by-wire
• 1st “e-book” readers (ereaders) • MobiPocket*• Documents2Go• Acrobat for PalmOS
“Responsive Design” appears around 10yrs later!
… but then computers went mobile
E-books reach out to domains where the WWW and PDF fail(ed) to meet the user-requirements.
• Offline capability• Re-floatable content
E-books are “mobile first” resources by design!
Web-technologies became (much) later part of the game.
“Web-only e-books” are a big No-No!
What is an E-Book?
PDFs are no e-books??
E-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
The content will adapt to the displaying capabilities of the “ereader”.
PDF is a content format for the lossless distribution of layouted documents to a wide range of printing and displaying devices.
The content looks the same on every “ereader”.
For comparison …
E-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
E-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
EPUB version 2 uses XHTML + CSS2 for formatting. • Mostly text and images• Basic interaction
EPUB version 3 uses HTML5 for formatting and interaction. (HTML+CSS3+Javascript)• Multi-media documents• Complex interaction (sometimes possible)
E-books are no longer limited to text and images.
But many "ereaders" already
have problems with handling
images correctly
EPUB introduces “fixed-layout” documents as alternative to “reflowable” documents.
Kiss Marry AvoidX
EPUB3 introduces scripting for interactive content
"Progressive e
nhancement” fo
r
most accessible
content!
EPUB3 defines ereaders as runtime environments for interactive content.
Can we publish apps as e-books?!
Business Logic Complexity
The Line Between Apps, Web-apps, and E-books
Full Device
Capabilities
Online Business
LogicInteractiveContent
Native Apps Web-Apps E-books
E-books support different interactions
• Annotations• References (Links)• Interactive graphics• Quizzes• Interactive storylines
Eas
e of
auth
oring
Inte
rope
rability
Annotations• Audience-based document
enrichment• All ereaders provide basic
annotation.• Highlights• Notes
• Many ereaders offer also collaborative annotations.
• New Specifications for sharable annotations• Open Annotation • EPUB Content Fragment
Identifier (epubcfi)
http://www.openannotation.org/spec/core/
Collaborative annotations in Kindle
Annotation tools in iBooks
http://www.idpf.org/epub/linking/cfi/epub-cfi.html
Footnotes and Links• HTML anchors and
links help to move between chapters and sections
• “epub:type” links allow to create pop-ups• Footnotes• Glossaries• Bibliographies(Some readers require back-references)
Interactive Graphics
• SVG or HTML5 Canvas graphics preferred• Works well for diagrams• PNG or JPEG if photos are
required
• A lot of Javascript is necessary!
Many authors a
nd
ereaders fail here
Example taken from Sanders Kleinfeld: HTML5 for publishers; O'Reilly
Quizzes
• HTML form elements and form-like interactions
• Some Javascript necessary!
Most authors an
d
ereaders will fail here
Interactive storylines
• Different levels of interactivity• Content-level scripting
• Changes the content in one chapter• Spine-level scripting
• Changes the flow of the entire document
• Javascript manipulation required
Most authors an
d
ereaders fail here
Supporting Ereader Capabilities
Providing fallback content for non-scriptable ereaders is mandatory!• epub:switch, epub:case, and epub:default• Choose between ereader capabilities at
content level.• No scripting required.
"Progressive enhancement” means:
start from the fallback presentatio
n!
The Persistency Pitfall
Persistency of interaction results does not come for free!
Ereaders force reset the scripting engine when• Changing chapters• Changing layouts
The Future: Reducing Complexity for Authors
New widget specification for EPUB• Organise interaction logic in
(reusable) content blocks.• Separate interaction
elements from main content.• Embed via iframe-elements
http://www.idpf.org/epub/widgets/
Widget example in iBooks
E-books and
Managed Learning
SCORME-books are content-packaging formats for distributing publications to a wide range of digital displaying technologies
vs.• (X)HTML as the primary
data format• Embedded interaction• Sequencing via
pagination (and scripts)• No user-interaction
handling• No sessions• Undefined back-channels
• Mixed data-formats
• Interaction objects (SCOs)• Defined sequencing via
IMS Simple Sequencing• User-interaction handling
• Session aware• Back-channel definition via
CMI
Overcoming the Gap for Managed LearningEDUPUB® profile adapts the functionality of the EPUB® 3 format to the unique structural, semantic and behavioural requirements of educational publishing.
• Metadata • Additional instructor notes • (Distributable content) • (Scriptable content) • (Assessment via IMS QTITM) • (Analytics via IMS Caliper AnalyticsTM) • (Annotations)
Very early working draft!
http://www.idpf.org/epub/profiles/edu/spec
EDUPUB Assessment and Analytics will take some time
• EDUPUB will require IMS LTI conformance for back-channels
• IMS LTI defines service interactions not content interactions.• “Man in the middle” is
built into the design
http://www.imsglobal.org/edupub/EPUB3QTILTICaliper_BestPracticesvd8.pdf
Very early
working draft!
Overcoming the Gap for Managed LearningEPUB and XAPI Integration (IEEE ADB Initiative) • Interactions are stored as experiences• No special content extensions required
• Experiences are available throughout the book
• Experiences could get exchanged with other systems at content level
New, but based on existin
g
specifications and technologies
EPUB does not define how to organise back-channels.
XAPI looks promising,
but there are hidden challeng
es
Not a technical problem!
Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
The ereader bac
k-channels d
efine
the interact
ion complexity
Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
Amazon
Apple
X
Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
X X
Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors Publishers
Readers & Institutions (teachers/learners)
Distributors
Swiss Law
XXX
Who owns the E-book Back-channels?
Authors
Readers &
Institutions
(teachers/learners)
Publishers
Distributors
?
Summary• E-books are mobile-first resources• E-books are not limited to text and images, but keep the
accessibility in mind• Ereaders are runtime environments for interactive e-book
content• Interactive e-books require software development skills (for
the time being)• E-books are very similar to SCORM Modules (and may
replace them in some cases)• Access to interaction back-channels guide the
effectiveness of e-books in education (and elsewhere)
Dr. Christian Glahnhttp://www.isn.ethz.ch
@phish108http://slidesha.re/phish108
http://lo-f.at/glahn
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