intelligence chapter 9. what is intelligence? how can it be measured? where does it come from?
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IntelligenceChapter 9
What is intelligence?
How can it be measured?
Where does it come from?
What is Intelligence?
Some definitions Binet defined intelligence as an individual’s capacity to:
Find and maintain a definite direction or purpose Adjust strategy as necessary to achieve that purpose Evaluate or criticize that strategy so adjustments could be
made Wechsler
The aggregate or global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment
Kaplan and Saccuzzo General potential independent of prior learning
g
VerbalReasoning
QuantitativeReasoning
LogicalReasoning
Spearman’s Theory of General Mental Ability
Cattel & Horn’s Theory of Intelligence
VerbalReasoning
QuantitativeReasoning
Abstract VisualReasoning
CrystallizedAbilities
FluidAbilities
g
Vocabulary test
Comprehension test
Absurdities test
Verbal relations test
Quantitative test
Number series test
Equation building test
Pattern analysis test
Copying test
Matrices test
Paper folding & cutting test
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Logical-mathematical Linguistic Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalist
History of Intelligence Testing
First intelligence tests were devised by Francis Galton
In 1905, Binet developed test to measure child’s mental age
Lewis Terman revised the Binet scale to produce the Stanford-Binet (introduced IQ)
Weschler (1939) published improved measure for adults (introduced deviation IQ)
Intelligence Testing Today Intelligence tests contain diverse mix of questions
assessing abstract reasoning
Use modern deviation IQ scores normed for age
Typically M=100 SD=15
IQ scores vary across testings but intelligence tests have high reliability
Intelligence tests have demonstrated “limited” validity IQ tests are not widely used in non-Western cultures
Where Does Intelligence Come From? Nature (Hereditary)
Twin studies Adopted children Heritability ratios
Nurture (Environment) Adoption studies Environmental deprivation Environmental enrichment Generational increases
Interaction Model Intelligence influence by both factors Heredity and environment also interact Reaction range model
Cultural Differences in IQ Scores Average IQ scores for large minorities is somewhat
lower than the average for whites
Jensen and others argue these differences result from heredity
Kamin’s rebuttal
Socioeconomic disadvantage
Cultural test bias Mercer (1975) IQ argued tests measure ability and
assimilation into mainstream culture
Not much empirical evidence that this is a problem
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