intellectual transformations
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Intellectual Transformations
Intellectual Transformations
ChristendomMiddle Ages (Dark Ages)
Depopulation◦Social Change◦Lack of emphasis on cultural
achievements
Renaissance… The best of times / the worst of times
“…as if on a given signal, splendid talents are stirring.” 1517
“This is the worst age of history.” 1536
Erasmus – Humanist Scholar
Renaissance (1300 – 1600)“Rebirth”
Italy
Revival of interest in ancient arts◦Rome◦Greece
Renaissance ArtLeonardo Da Vinci
Renaissance Art
Michelangelo
Renaissance ArtRaphael
Renaissance ArtDonatello
Renaissance Literature
Shakespeare◦Romeo and Juliet◦Hamlet◦King Lear◦Othello
Renaissance Literature
Cervantes◦Don Quixote
Renaissance LiteratureMachiavelli
◦The Prince
Renaissance (1300 – 1600)Humanism
Secularism
Impact of printing◦Johannes Gutenburg
Gutenburg and his press
Protestant Reformation
Martin LutherIndulgencesNinety - five Thesis
◦Wittenburg◦1517
Salvation by Faith Alone“Priesthood of all believers.”Edict of WormsPeace of Augsburg
Protestant Reformation
John Calvin◦Predestination◦Hard work
Catholic Reformation◦Counter – Reformation
Reform in EnglandHenry VIIICatherine of AragonAnne Boleyn
◦YouTubeAnglican ChurchAct of Supremacy, 1534Edward VIBloody MaryElizabeth I
Reformation in France
HuguenotsHenry of NavarreEdict of NantesThirty Years War 1618 – 1648Treaty of Westphalia
Henry of Navarre
Results of the Reformation Increased literacyRise of capitalismReligious divisionEnd of Catholic church’s
monolithic powerWarfareReligious intoleranceState centralization and
secularization
Rise of Modern StatesDecline of Church
Secular character of society
Rise of nationalism
Absolutism◦Propaganda◦Divine Right of Kings Theory
France: The Model of AbsolutismDivine RightMarie de’ MediciLouis XIIICardinal RichelieuLouis XIV
◦VersaillesCardinal Mazarin
◦The Fronde
England: Constitutional MonarchyMagna Carta The TudorsParliamentThe Stuarts
◦ James I◦ Charles I
Civil War◦ Oliver Cromwell
The Restoration◦ Charles II◦ James II
Glorious Revolution◦ William and Mary of Orange
The Scientific Revolution Ptolemy
◦Geocentric TheoryCopernicus
◦On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric TheoryJohaness Kepler
◦On the Motion of MarsGalileoSir Isaac Newton
The EnlightenmentPhilosophesVoltaire
◦CandideJohn Locke
◦Second Treatise on Civil GovernmentBaron de MontesquieuDiderotAdam Smith
◦Wealth of Nations◦Laissez – faire
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