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Integrated Design of Buildings :
Objectives, Requirements
Adrian Ciutina
Lecture 15: 21/03/2017
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Traditional Design of Buildings
The traditional design represent a linear process with a sequential order of
processes, considering independent design phases. In the traditional spirit of
building, there is a frequent dispute that leads to a so-called “adequate design”:
• The accomplishment of design criteria related to safety and functionality;
• The achievement of an economical structure.
In this reasoning, the criterion that governs the design of an objective becomes
purely economic.
Architect (+ customer):Design Concept
Schema, orientation, dimensions
Exterior aspect, Materials
Engineer (structure, services):Design implementation
Suggestion of adequate systems
Fulfilment of standard requirementss
Possible issues:Limited exploitation of potential advantages
Possible exposure to high (summer) or low (winter) thermal loads
Neutralisation of natural light potential
Exposure of inhabitants to internal discomfort.
Traditional design: • Increased final costs
and material use• Limited exploitation
of the potential advantages
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Sustainable Design of Buildings
For a global approach, the design should also include the environmental impact.
In this logic the structural design should be based on the following philosophy:
among the solutions that assure the safety and functionality of a building,
one should chose those conducting to a minimum cost and a lower
impact on environment.
The sustainable design of buildings should fulfil the requirements related to the
three pillars:
- environment
- social conditions
- economic efficiency (on the whole life-cycle)
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated design is a procedure considering and
optimizing the building as an entire system including its
technical equipment and surroundings and for the whole
lifespan.
The IDP proceeds from whole building system strategies, working through increasing levels of specificity, to realize more optimally integrated solutions.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
The Integrated Design Process (IDP) is a method for realizing high
performance buildings that contribute to sustainable communities.
It is a collaborative process that focuses on the design, construction, operation
and occupancy of a building over its complete life-cycle.
The IDP is designed to allow the client and other stakeholders to develop and
realize clearly defined and challenging functional, environmental and economic
goals and objectives.
The IDP requires a
multidisciplinary
design team that
includes or acquires
the skills required to
address all design
issues flowing from
the objectives.
The stakeholders in an integrated design process (LEED 2009)
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
The IDP is not new. What is new is that the knowledge and experience gained
by an analytic consideration of design for formalizing and structuring the
process.
This can be reached when all actors of the project cooperate across disciplines
and agree on far-reaching decisions jointly from the beginning.
This can be reached when all actors of the project cooperate across disciplines
and agree on far-reaching decisions jointly from the beginning. Main features:
• Motivation and competence: A qualified project starts with team members who
desire to achieve a quality design, through real communication skills and will to deviate
from traditional practices.
• Clear objectives: Interdisciplinary teamwork is begun in the pre-project stage on
the basis of clear definition of goals and applying different analytic and evaluative tools.
• Continuity of quality assurance: Continuous examination of the design goals by
a qualified design management. This considers a number of structural alterations and
disruptions from the outside over the course of the entire design and building process
and during the initial period of building operation. The integration of specialists at a later
stage of the process reduces their opportunities to influence the design, since client and
architect have already agreed on a sub-optimal solution.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
In an IDP the client takes a more active role than usual; the architect
becomes a team leader rather than the sole form-giver; and the structural,
mechanical and electrical engineers take on active roles at early design
stages. The team always includes an energy specialist and, in some cases, an
independent Design Facilitator.
The benefits of the IDP are not limited to the improvement of environmental
performance. Experience shows that the open inter-disciplinary discussion and
synergistic approach will often lead to improvements in the functional program,
in the selection of structural systems and in architectural expression.
The IDP is based on the well-proven observation that changes and improvements in any design process are relatively easy to make at the beginning of the process, but become increasingly difficult and disruptive as the process unfolds.
There are not standard recipes for providing
Integrated Design solutions.
However, ID should be based on guidelines that
lead to sustainable buildings.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
According to the Construction Product Regulation (from Directive 89/106/EEC),
Construction works as a whole and their separate parts must be fit for their
intended use, taking into account in particular the health and safety of
persons involved throughout the life cycle of the works. Subject to normal
maintenance, construction works must satisfy these basic requirements for an
economically reasonable working life.
Main issues recognized by Construction Product Regulation as important:
1. Structural safety of the structure. The construction works must be designed
and built in such a way that the loadings that are liable to act on them during
their constructions and use will not lead to any of the following:
a) collapse of the whole or part of the work;
b) major deformations to an inadmissible degree;
c) damage to other parts of the construction works or to fittings or installed
equipment as a result of major deformation of the load-bearing construction;
d) damage by an event to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Main issues recognized by Construction Product Regulation as important:
2. Fire safety. The construction works must be designed and built in such a way
that in the event of an outbreak of fire:
a) the load-bearing capacity of the construction can be assumed for a
specific period of time;
b) the generation and spread of fire and smoke within the construction
works are limited;
c) the spread of fire to neighbouring construction works is limited;
d) occupants can leave the construction works or be rescued by other
means;
e) the safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Main issues recognized by Construction Product Regulation as important:
3. Hygiene, health and the environment. The construction works must be
designed and built in such a way that they will, throughout their life cycle, not be
a threat to the hygiene or health and safety of their workers, occupants or
neighbours, nor have an exceedingly high impact, over their entire life cycle, on
the environmental quality or on the climate, during their construction, use and
demolition, in particular as a result of any of the following:
a) the giving-off of toxic gas;
b) the emissions of dangerous substances, volatile organic compounds (VOC),
greenhouse gases or dangerous particles into indoor or outdoor air;
c) the emission of dangerous radiation;
d) the release of dangerous substances into ground water, marine waters, surface
waters or soil;
e) the release of dangerous substances into drinking water or substances which
have an otherwise negative impact on drinking water;
f) faulty discharge of waste water, emission of flue gases or faulty disposal of solid
or liquid waste;
g) Dampness in parts of the construction works or on surfaces within the
construction works.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Main issues recognized by Construction Product Regulation as important:
4. Safety and accessibility in use. The construction works must be designed
and built in such a way that they do not present unacceptable risks of accidents
or damage in service or in operation such as slipping, falling, collision, burns,
electrocution, and injury from explosion and burglaries. In particular,
construction works must be designed and built taking into consideration
accessibility and use for disabled persons.
5. Protection against noise. The construction works must be designed and built
in such a way that noise perceived by the occupants or people nearby is kept to
a level that will not threaten their health and will allow them to sleep, rest and
work in satisfactory conditions.
6. Energy economy and heat retention. The construction works and their
heating, cooling, lighting and ventilation installations must be designed and built
in such a way that the amount of energy they require in use shall be low, when
account is taken of the occupants and of the climatic conditions of the location.
Construction works must also be energy-efficient, using as little energy as
possible during their construction and dismantling.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Main issues recognized by Construction Product Regulation as important:
7. Sustainable use of natural resources. The construction works must be
designed, built and demolished in such a way that the use of natural resources
is sustainable and in particular ensure the following:
a) re-use or recyclability of the construction works, their materials and
parts after demolition;
b) durability of the construction works;
c) use of environmentally compatible raw and secondary materials in the
construction works.
The design team should consider these requirements during:- Preliminary design- Final project- Use of the building- During decommissioning
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
According to the Whole Building Design Guide, the design objectives must be
considered in concert and in balance with each other (alphabetical order):1. Accessibility: Pertains to building elements, heights and clearances implemented to
address the specific needs of disabled people.
2. Aesthetics: Pertains to the physical appearance and image of building elements and
spaces as well as the integrated design process.
3. Cost-efficiency: Pertains to selecting building elements on the basis of life-cycle costs
(weighing options during concepts, design development and value engineering) as
well as basic cost estimating and budget control.
4. Functionality/Operation: Pertains to functional programming – spatial needs and
requirements, system performance as well as durability and efficient maintenance of
building elements.
5. Historic Preservation: Pertains to specific actions within a historic district or affecting a
historic building whereby building elements and strategies are classifiable into one or
for approaches: preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, or reconstruction.
6. Productivity: Pertains to occupants’ well-being – physical and psychological comfort –
including building elements such as air distribution, lighting, workspaces, systems….
7. Security/Safety: Pertains to the physical protection of occupants and assets from
man-made and natural hazards
8. Sustainability: Pertains to environmental performance of building elements and
strategies.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Whole Building Design Guide, performance objectives:
Whole Building Design provides the strategies to achieve a true high-performance building: one that is cost-effective over its entire life cycle, safe, secure, accessible, flexible, aesthetic, productive, and sustainable.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Performance approach in design (Chartered Institute of Building):
Performance requirements in building express in measurable, solution
independent terms the properties of a building, space or building part that are
required to facilitate the intended use.
The Performance-Based Design PBD is defined as “a building design that is
based on a set of dedicated performance requirements and that can be
evaluated on the basis of performance indicators”. Steps in PBD:
1. Develop a vision statement for the building project to act as a guide for the design,
construction, and operation of the building.
2. Divide the vision statement into topic and subtopic areas to address specific details.
3. Define objectives of the building project for each of the subtopic areas.
4. Establish clear and measurable goals (may be an iterative process).
5. Define performance metrics to measure the progress toward achieving the goals.
6. Develop and carry out a plan for monitoring the building performance throughout the
design and operation of the building.
Some essential aspects of design, such as architectural and cultural value, cannot be expressed in measurable performance requirements but should be considered otherwise.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Performance approach in design (Chartered Institute of Building):
The Performance-Based Building PBB focuses on the target performance
required for the business processes and the needs of the users. It is about the
defining of the requirements and fitness for purpose of a building, constructed
asset or facility.
The main drivers for PBD and PBB are requirements by clients and in legislation. Clients andusers more and more demand value for money and expect the building industry to be customer focused. In order to be able to meet the clients requirements, it is essential that:- the clients really know and understand what they require, why they require it and that
they state their requirements clearly, explicitly and comprehensively;- building process participants understand what is required, can create optimal solutions
that comply with these requirements and can prove compliance on beforehand.
The overall or ‘total’ building performance depends on a complex interaction of
different systems of a building.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
PBD: From requirements towards evaluation
The performance characteristics can be organised hierarchically. Through a
hierarchy, a building concept can be qualitatively described and technical and/or
economic target specifications established.
Performance analysis may be used as an integrative platform for different
experts to make common decisions
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
The hierarchical division of building’s properties is based on three main
categories:
- Conformity (A)
- Performance (B)
- Cost and environmental properties (C)
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
The subdivision of main categories is divided further into sub-objectives when
necessary.
The regulated requirements of a building have to be incorporated in the performance analysis such asthe safety and comfort of a building for its users and neighborhood
Minimum levels for design are given for different technical properties.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
Holistic sustainability assessment
In a holistic sustainability assessment of a building, the requirements are
organized according to environmental, functional, economic and social criteria.
Cultural and social indicators are often combined in sustainability evaluation. This tells on the one handabout their interrelation and, on the other hand, about the difficulties to find agreement.
L10 – B.2 – Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions under Natural
Hazards and Catastrophic Events
Integrated Design of Buildings
Integrated Design of Buildings
The European Thematic Network on Construction and City Related
Sustainability Indicators CRISP presented the sustainability issues as follows:
1. Environmental: Natural raw materials including use of water. Bio-diversity.
Energy. Environmental pollution. Land use.
2. Economic: Economic development and finance; indicators dealing with costs,
productivity, profitability. Production and consumption; indicators describe the
quantity or quality of production or consumption. Urban and community
services and responses; indicators dealing with economic responses etc.
3. Social: Access; access to buildings and built environment, barrier-free use,
access to information, affordability. Safety and security; including crime, fear
of crime, home safety, road safety, fire safety, industrial hazard, natural
hazard, natural catastrophe. Health and comfort including sense of well-being
(with regard to housing etc.). Community responses; including social support,
social exclusion, vitality of city/community/centre, stewardships, education for
and understanding of sustainable development with regards to buildings and
built environment, adaptive management ability, environmental management,
spatial segregation, equity of minorities with regard to housing etc. Cultural
heritage.
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