inner planets outer planets 10 5 ly ir picture scorpius constellation galactic center
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INNER PLANETS
OUTER PLANETS
105
ly
IRpicture
Scorpiusconstellation
Galacticcenter
THE LOCAL GROUP
ANDROMEDA2x106 LY from us
106 ly
GALACTIC STRUCTURES
SPIRAL ELLIPTICAL -majority
LENTICULAR IRREGULAR
30%
ACTIVE GALAXIESRF JETS AND BLACK HOLE – NGC4261
GALAXY CLUSTERS
VIRGO COMA
FORMAX
RED SHIFT SURVEYS TO 150 Mpc, ~2% to edge
Filamentsand
Sheet-likeStructures
AndBubble-like
voids
EPICYCLES - COPERNICUS
KEPLER’S LAWS
The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse.
The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times as the planet travels around the ellipse.
Galileo’sdrawing
Huyghen’sdrawing
Hubbleimage
KEY QUESTIONS:• WHY SIX PLANETS ? • WHAT CONTROLS THE SIZE OF THEIR ORBITS
KEPLER MYSTERIUM COSMOGRAHICUM
A precursor to cosmographical dissertations, containing the cosmic mystery of the admirable proportions of the Celestial Spheres, and of the True and Proper Causes of their Numbers, Sizes, andPeriodic Motions of the Heavens, Demonstrated by the Five Regular Geometric Solids
Numbers …… …. Golden ratio, Golden number, Golden Section
A BCAB/AC=AC/CB
Bode’ Law
Distances of planets from SunM .39, V .72, E 1.0, Mars 1.5, J 5.2, SAT 9.5, UR 19, N 30, PL 39
Start with 0,3,6,12,24,48,96,192,384Add 4 and divide by 10
.4,.7,1.0,1.6,2.8,5.2,10,19.6,38.8
Missed Neptune and no planet at 2.8
Asteroid belt -> rocks (40000) few km size
Newton’s laws• Newton’s laws of motion
• Frames of reference
• Newton’s law of Gravitation
I: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
Begin by stating Newton’s laws:
Newton’s first law (N1) – If a body is not acted upon by any forces, then its velocity, v, remains constant
Note:– N1 sweeps away the idea of “being at rest” as a natural
state.
Newton’s 2nd law (N2) – If a body of mass M is acted upon by a force F, then its acceleration a is given by F=Ma
Note– N2 defines “inertial mass” as the degree by which a
body resists being accelerated by a force.– Another way of saying this is that force = rate of
change of momentum (rate of change of mv).
Newton’s 3rd law (N3) - If body A exerts force F on body B, the body B exerts a force –F on body A.
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