inner core crust mantle outer core. reverse fault
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inner coreinner core
crust
crust
mantle
mantle
outer coreouter core
reverse fault
normal fault
strike-slip fault
thrust or reverse fault
thrust or reverse fault
normal faultnormal fault
strike-slip faultstrike-slip fault
P WavesP Waves
push and pull motionfastest-moving wavestravel in straight pathmove through solid and liquid material
move in up-and-down zigzag patternmove more slowly than P wavescannot travel through liquid material
S WavesS Waves
P waveP wave
S waveS wave
Love waveLove wave
Rayleigh waveRayleigh wave
Mercalli Richtermeasures magnitude
measures destruction
based on man’s observations
2.0 - 2.92.0 - 2.9
4.0 - 4.94.0 - 4.9
5.0 - 5.95.0 - 5.9
6.0 - 6.96.0 - 6.9
7.0 - 7.97.0 - 7.9
8.0 - 8.98.0 - 8.9
3.0 - 3.93.0 - 3.9
Richter Scale EffectsRichter Scale Effects
magma chambermagma chamber
ventvent
lavalava
ashash
sideventsidevent
cratercrater
ClassifyingVolcanoesClassifyingVolcanoes
by shapeby shape
by type of eruption
by type of eruption
by how often they erupt
by how often they erupt
by shapeby shape
cinder cone
cinder cone
shieldshield
composite cone
composite cone
hill-shaped with a bowl-like crater
hill-shaped with a bowl-like crater
upside-down-saucer-shaped
upside-down-saucer-shaped
symmetrical, cone-shapedsymmetrical, cone-shaped
shield volcanoshield volcano
cinder cone volcanocinder cone volcano
composite cone volcanocomposite cone volcano
shieldshield
cinder conecinder cone
composite conecomposite cone
by how often they erupt
by how often they erupt
extinctextinctdormantdormant
activeactive
activeactive• has erupted during
recorded history• is expected to erupt
again
dormantdormant• erupted in distant past• not expected to erupt
again
extinctextinct• does not have a
recorded eruption• is not expected to
erupt
by type of eruption
by type of eruption
PlinianPlinianPeleanPelean
VulcanianVulcanianavalanche of
red-hot dust and gases;
pyroclastic flow
avalanche of red-hot dust and
gases; pyroclastic flow
violent, loud explosion of lava, ashes, cinders,
and gases
violent, loud explosion of lava, ashes, cinders,
and gases
most powerful eruption,
spewing lava, gas, and dust
into atmosphere
most powerful eruption,
spewing lava, gas, and dust
into atmosphereHawaiian/
StrombolianHawaiian/
Strombolian
quiet, runny lava; little or no cinder, ash, or
steam
quiet, runny lava; little or no cinder, ash, or
steam
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