information technologyomtrivedi.com/admins/pic/20180514120550_ldr_it... · copyright © 2017 om s...

Information Technology

By: Om Trivedi

An Introduction to BPM

CHAPTER 1

Business System

Fixed set of rules to execute a task assigned by the business process with the help of

❖Man

❖Machine

❖ Computer and

❖Other resources.

Systems are static and dynamic, both.

Organisational structure within which several processes are executed.

System supports processes and processes support people.

Business Process

BP is a sequence of co-ordinated activities to transforms input into output

which creates some value to the customer as well as the organization.

BP is a sequence of co-ordinated activities to reach a goal.

Business Process is a dynamic activity.

What is Process Flow?

An event

Well-defined beginning and end

Completed in a short period

❖ A prescribed sequence of work steps

❖ Performed in order to produce a desired result

Accounting Process Cycle

Sales Process Cycle

Purchase Process Cycle

Finance Process Cycle

Financial Planning

Allocation

Operations & Monitoring

Evaluation & Analysis

Reporting

Types of Business Processes

Business Process

Organizational Business Process

Operational Business Process

Levels of Business Processes

Business Strategy

Organizational Business Process

Implemented Business Process

Operational Business Process

Realize

Determines

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Level 5

Process Management

“Process management involves coordinated and

standardised efforts

map, implement, improve, and follow

the organizational processes.”

Steps in Process Management

Define the steps (tasks)

Map the tasks to the roles involved

Implement the steps (tasks)

Establish performance measures to improve

Set up the standardised organizational processes that can be

followed throughout

What is BPM?

BPM is a set of functions in a certain sequence that, at

the end, delivers value for an internal or external

customer.

What is BPM?

“The achievement

an organization’s objectives

through the

improvement, management and control

essential business processes”.

Business Process Life Cycle (BPLC)

It is a step-wise or phase-wise presentation of one process

after the other in a cyclical structure.

Incorporates:

Data, HR, Technologies, Resources, Infrastructure, Cultures, Roles

and Responsibilities. (Or, we can say all the components of

Internal Environment)

BPM Life-cycle

3Redesign 2A

Objectives of BPM

Cost Reduction and Control

Achieve Process Objectives

Value Creation

Efficiency and Effectiveness of BP

Benefits of using Technology for BPM

Goal fulfilment

Process improvements

Creation of basic operational value proposition

Effectiveness gains for enterprises

Revenue growth

BPM Principles

Role of IT in Business Processes

Business Processes are assets

Business Processes create value to customers

Continuous improvement of processes

BPM Practices

Processes oriented organizational structure

Appoint process owners

Rewards for BP performances

Top-Bottom Commitment

Bottom-Up Execution

Collaborate with business partners

Co-ordination on inter-departmental BPs

IT enabled BPM

Continuous process improvements

Use TQM, Six-Sigma, BPR, etc. for continuous BP improvement

Training of workforce

Theories of Process Management

• Six Sigma

• Total Quantity Management

• Business Process Re-engineering

What is Six Sigma?

Six Sigma focuses on developing and delivering near

perfect products and services.

Why Six Sigma?

Improving Customer Satisfaction

Reducing Cycle Time

Reducing Defects

Six Sigma Methodology

Six Sigma Methods

DMADVDMAIC

Define

Measure

Analyse

Improve

Control

Define

Measure

AnalyzeImprove

ControlDMAIC

Supplier InputManufacturing and Services

Output Customer

Quality Productivity Cost Profitability

BPR Success Factors

IT Infrastructure

Business Need Analysis

Organization-wide Commitment

Ongoing Continuous Improvements

Management of Change

IT BOOM

BPM Implementation

Role of IT

Key Factors in Implementing BPM

Methods

Skills

Investments

Sponsorship

Need for BPM Implementation

Positioning for future

Cost effectiveness

Continuous Improvement

Knowledge of Product

Address the cultural barriers

Reengineering of business

Leadership

Impact of IT on BPM (BPM Leads to Success)

Saves lot of time, money and energy

Makes BPs Simple

Optimizes work and revenue

Business Risks of failure of IT

Deficient executive involvement

Deficient project management

Breakdown in gap analysis

Limited options for customization of BPMS

Too complicated to be customized

Failure to identify future business needs

Inadequate assessment of the need for change management

Software fails to meet business needs

Unavailability of resources when desired

Compatibility issues with other BPMS

Technological Obsolescence

A business process is

✓ a set of activities or strategies

✓ to automate business processes so as

✓ to bring benefit to enterprise

✓ in terms of cost, time and effort

Key Benefits of BPA

Improved Process

Improved Procedures

Improved Process Control

Improved Assignments

Improved Customer Service

Improved Efficiency

Improved Flexibility

Benefits of BPA

Save Cost

Stay ahead in competition

Fast customer service

Risk of BPA

Unemployment

False sense of Security

Challenges in Implementing BPA

Budgets

Options of products, services and prices

Build and buy system

Interfaces/interactions with the customer

Automation of Functional Units

Automation of all the functional areas involved in the day to day operations.

Enterprise Business Systems: End-to-end Customer Processes

The Value Chain Analysis (Important Concepts)

Value Added

Creation of a competitive advantage by bundling,

combining, or packaging features and benefits that result

in greater customer acceptance.

Value Analysis

It is an accounting analysis to understand the ‘value added’

of separate activities in a complex manufacturing process,

in order to determine where cost improvement could be

made and/or value creation improved.

Value Chain Framework of Porter (1990)

Processing Cycles of an Accounts BPM

Business Process Mapping

Systems

Entity Relationship Diagrams

Entity

Relationship

Attributes

Data Flow Diagrams

Logical Data Flow Diagram

Physical Data Flow Diagram

Context Diagram

Information System, It’s

Components and

Computing Technologies

CHAPTER 2

One person’s information can become

another person’s data

Data Vs. Information

Data InformationData is raw facts and figures. Information is facts or figures ready for

communication or use.

Data is unorganized. Information is meaningful and recorded by

human intellect.

Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom

Information System

It refers to a system that

▪ collects,

▪ stores,

▪ Analyses

▪ processes and

▪ distributes

Information in the enterprise for decision-making, co-ordination and control.

It can be manual as well as computer-based information system.

•Data as Resource

Process• Information

as Product

Output

Components of an Information System

Organisation

Management

Technology

TInformation

System

TechnologyOrganizations

Management

Information Technology

It refers to the applications of

❖ Computer systems – Hardware and Software

❖ Telecommunications and Networks

❖ DBMS and

❖Other Information Processing Technologies

To collect, store, transmit and manipulate data for processing of

information in the enterprise.

Also defined as an “Information and Communication Technology (ICT)”.

Why IS?

Operational excellence

Customer-supplier intimacy

Better decision-making

Competitive advantage

Need for Information Technology in IS

Work efficiently and maximize productivity

Faster communication, electronic storage, protection

of records

Differentiate product and services from competitors

Strategic business enabler

Communication Capabilities

Reasons to Use IT for Business

Data and Information Management

Automated Process

• Business Process Automation (BPA)

• Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Some Examples of

communication capabilities

which help in Business

Communication Capabilities

Communicate quickly, efficiently and effectively

Communicate with different locations

Examples: Chat rooms, E-mail, Video conferencing; etc.

Automated Process

A BPA is a set of activities or strategies to automate complex

business processes so as to bring benefit to enterprise in terms

of cost, time and effort.

Aided by SCM, CRM, HRMS and ERP

Benefits:

Greater Control

Reduced Cost

Small Cycle Time

Reduced Risk

Data and Information Management

Data, information and documents are digitally stored

Available for access at different locations

Protected through “Security Engineering Systems”

System Security

Physical Security

Logical Security

Importance of Network Security

Protect company assets

Gain a competitive advantage

Comply with regulatory requirements

Safeguard your job

Threats

Structured Threats

Unstructured Threats

Internal Threats

External Threats

Vulnerabilities

Software Bugs

Timing Windows

Insecure default configurations

Bad Protocols

Trusting Untrustworthy information

End users

Network Security Protocols

Cryptography

Encryption Decryption

FirewallA system designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a network.

Types:

➢ Software firewall

➢ Hardware firewall

Software Firewall

Protects a single computer

Usually less expensive

Easier to configure

❖Norton Internet Security

❖MacAfee Internet Security

❖Microsoft IIS server

Hardware Firewall

Protects an entire network

Usually more expensive

Harder to configure

❖ Cisco PIX

❖ Net Screen

❖ WatchGuard

❖ Check Point

Information System

Layers

Computer

Computer is an electronic

data processing device or

machine which:

accepts and stores data

input,

processes the data

input, and

generates the output in

a required format.

Computer System

HARDWARE

Input Devices

Keyboard

Joy Stick

Light pen

Keyboard

Joystick -----------Track Ball---------Light Pen

Touch Screen/Digitizing Pad/Tabs

Voice Input Device and Microphone

Input Devices

Scanner

Smart Card Reader

Direct Entry Devices

Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR)

Optical Character Reader (OCR)

Direct Entry Devices

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

Bar Code Reader

Other Input Devices

Computer Terminals

Facial Recognition System

Output Devices

VDUs -- Monitor

Monitor

Plazma

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Output Devices

Computer Output on Microfilm (COM)

Printers

Dot Matrix Printers

Ink-Jet Printers

Laser Printers

3D Printers

Output Devices

Graph Plotters

Flat-bed Plotters Drum Plotters

SOFTWARE

System Software

Operates Hardware

A Platform for Application Software

Computer Operating Systems

Example: MS Windows, Linux, Unix; etc.

Functions of Operating Systems

Performing hardware functions

User Interfaces

Hardware Independence

Memory Management

Task Management

Networking Capability

Logical access security

File management

Application Software

Perform useful tasks

Collection of programs that address the real-life problems

of its users

Business related

Scientific

Others

Types of Application Software

Application Suite

Enterprise Software

Enterprise Infrastructure Software

Information Worker Software

Content Access Software

Educational Software

Media Development Software

Benefits of Application Software

Addressing User needs

Less threat from virus

Regular updates

Disadvantages of Application Software

Development is costly

Infection from Malware

Processing Devices

Central Processing Unit

Control Unit (CU)

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Primary Memory

RAM ROM CMOS

Registers

Accumulators

Address Registers

Storage Registers

Miscellaneous

Cache Memory

Bubble Memory and Flash Memory

Bubble Memory Flash Memory

Network Storage

Virtual Memory

Emerging

Computing Technologies

Server

Computer program or device (A System)

Hw Point of View: A device on the network to serve the

needs of other computers on the network (Clients).

Sw Point of View: A computer program running to serve the

request of other programs on the network (Client).

Types of Server

✓ Database Server

✓ File Server

✓ Print Servers

✓ Internet Servers

✓ Web Servers

✓ Mail Servers

✓ Application Servers

Popular Computing Architecture

Computer Architecture

Instruction Set

Architecture (ISA)Micro Architecture System Design

Reduced Instruction

Set Computer (RISC)

Complex Instruction

Set Computer (CISC)

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

➢ ADD

➢ COMPARE

➢ IN

➢ JUMP

➢ LOAD

➢ OUT

➢ STORE

Instruction Set

Architecture (ISA)

Reduced Instruction

Set Computer (RISC)

Complex Instruction

Set Computer (CISC)

✓ Also known as Computer Organization.

✓ Concerned with the way the hardware components operate.

Micro Architecture

System Design

✓ System interconnects-Computer buses and switches.

✓ Memory controllers and hierarchies

✓ CPU off -load mechanisms-Direct Memory Access (DMA)

✓ Issues-multi-processing, virtualization, software features etc.

Mobile Computing

Mobile Computing, is the use of portable computing devices

(such as laptop and handheld computers) in conjunction with

mobile communications technologies to enable users to access

the Internet and data on their home or work computers from

anywhere in the world.

Mobile Computing Technology

Mobile Communication

Mobile Hardware

Mobile Software

Business Applications of Mobile Computing

Increase in workforce productivity

Improvement in customer service

Improvement in incident management

Transformation in business processes

Dynamic and efficient business offerings

Availability of data at multiple locations

Mobile Computing Concerns

Security of data

Dangers of misrepresentation

Power consumption

Potential health hazards

Grid Computing

A Parallel Computing

With complete computers (Grid and Donors)

Connected through networks

Many computers create the impact of a Super-Computer

They have access of each other

Resource Pooling

Resource balancing

Parallel Computing

Virtualization

Security of Data Resources

Additional Resource Access

Reliability

Management

Benefits of Grid Computing

Computation

Storage

Communication

Software and Licence

Special Devices, Equipment, policies; etc

Resources of Grid Computing

Planning

Installation

Enrollment of Donors and Users

Certificate Authority

Resources Management

Data Sharing

Using a Grid: Administrative Point of View

Enroll on the Grid

Install the Software

Queries and Jobs Submission

Data Configuration

Monitoring Progress and Recovery

Reserving Resources

Using a Grid: User’s Point of View

Single Sign-on

Protection of Credentials

Interoperability with local security solutions

Exportability

Support for secure group communication

Support for multiple implementations

Development of Security Architecture on Grid

Network Virtualization

What is Virtualization?

Platform

Virtualization

Hardware Virtualization

Network Virtualization

Storage Virtualization

Types of Virtualization

Server Consolidation

Disaster Recovery

Testing and Training

Portable Application

Portable Workspaces

Applications of Virtualization

VPN (Virtual Private Network)

BIS and

Specialized BIS

Chapter 4

Information Architecture

A conceptual framework that defines the basic structure, content, and relationships of theorganizational databases that provide the data needed to support the basic business processes of an organization.

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Data Entry

Transaction Processing

Database Maintenance

Document and Report Generation

ACID TEST for any TPS

Atomicity

Consistency

Isolation

Durability

TPS Attributes

High Volume Rapid Processing

Equivalence

Access Control

Trustworthiness

Office Automation Systems (OAS)

OAS refers to the use of computer and software to digitally generate,

collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for

accomplishing basic tasks and goals.

The functions of this system are word processing, e-mails, work group

programming, work group scheduling, facsimile processing, e-document,

imaging and management of work flow.

OAS Activities

Exchange of information

Management of administrative documents

Handling of numerical data

Meeting planning

Management of work schedules

Types of Knowledge

Explicit Knowledge

Implicit Knowledge

Knowledge Management System (KMS)

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) refer to any kind of IT

system that

Stores and retrieves knowledge

improves collaboration

locates knowledge sources

mines repositories for hidden knowledge

captures and uses knowledge

or in some other way enhances the KM process.

Why knowledge has gained so much momentum

in recent times?

Changing Business Environment

Wide Connections

Globalization

New Organizational Structures

Management Information System (MIS)

A management support system that produces pre-specified

reports, displays, and responses on a periodic, exception,

demand, or push reporting basis.

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Decision support systems are computer-based information

systems that provide interactive information support to managers

and business professionals during the decision making process.

Components of DSS

Database

Planning Language

General-purpose planning languages

Special-purpose planning languages

Model Base

Phases

of DSS

Executive Information Systems (EIS)

Executive information systems (EIS) are information systems that

combine many of the features of management information

systems and decision support systems.

Components of EIS

Hardware

Software

User Interface

Telecommunication

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Integrated cross-functional software that reengineers

Manufacturing

Distribution

Finance

Human resources,

and other basic business processes of a company

to improve its

efficiency,

agility, and

profitability.

ERP Linkages

Various Stages of ERP

Phase 1 • Inventory Control

Phase 2 • ABC Analysis

Phase 3 • Economic Order Quantity

Phase 4 • Just In Time (JIT)

Phase 5 • Material Requirement Planning (MRP– I)

Phase 6 • Material Requirement Planning (MRP– II)

Phase 7 • Distribution Resource Planning (DRP)

Phase 8 • Enterprise Resource Planning

Phase 9 • Material Requirement Planning (MRP– III)

Phase 10 • Web-enabled EIS

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

CRM is about giving the

customer a better experience.

It enhances the company’s

chances of retaining the life-

time value of that customer

and acquiring new customers.

CRM Philosophies

Analytical CRM

Operational CRM

Collaborative CRM

Supply Chain Management System (SCMS)

Components of SCM

Procurement/Purchasing

Operations

Distribution

Integration

Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS)

Information systems that support human resource management

activities such as

recruitment,

selection and hiring,

job placement,

performance appraisals, and

training and development.

Accounting Information System

“A computer-based system of collection, storage and processing of financial

and accounting data that is used by internal and external users.

Functions of AIS

Collect and store data

Record transactions

Safeguard organizational assets

Components of AIS

People

Procedures

IT Infrastructure

Internal Control

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a research field that studies how to

comprehend the intelligent human behaviours on a computer.

Deep Blue system which defeated the world chess champion is a

well-know example.

Expert systems

Pattern Recognition

Natural language processing

Commercial applications of AI

Decision Support

Information Retrieval

Virtual Reality

Robotics

Expert System

A computerized information system that allows non-experts to make

decisions comparable to those of an expert.

An expert system (ES) is a knowledge-based information system that

uses its knowledge about a specific, complex application area to act as

an expert consultant to end users.

Types of ES

Example-based system

Rule-based systems

Frame based systems

Components of ES

Business Intelligence

Gathering and analysis of data and information that can be used to

drive strategic business decisions.

A term used in industry that incorporates a range of analytical

and decision support applications in business including

Data mining

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

BI Tools

Business Intelligence tools are software programs and features that are

used to complete detailed data analysis.

Simple Reporting and Querying

Data Mining or Statistical Analysis

Business Analysis

Dashboards

Scorecards

Core Banking Solutions (CBS)

“Centralized Online Real-time Environment”

Software components that manage the services provided by a

bank to its customers through its branches (branch network).

The platform where communication technology and information

technology are merged to suit core needs of banking.

Infosys’ Finacle

Nucleus FinnOne

Oracle’s Flexcube

Payment Mechanisms

Payment Gateway

Credit Cards

Electronic Cheques

Smart Cards

Electronic Purses

Access Controls

Procedures

developed and implemented

to protect Software Systems from

unauthorized modification,

disclosure or destruction.

Ensures that information remains accurate and confidential.

Available to USERS authorized by Security Administrator when

required.

Functions of Access Controls

Identity Management

Authentication

Authorization

Accountability

Approaches to Access Controls

Role-based Access Control (RBAC)

Rule-based Access Control (RAC)

Privilege Controls

A fundamental principle of information security, which refers to give only

those privileges to a user account, which are essential to that user's work.

Least User Access or Least Privileged User Account (LUA):

All user accounts at all times should run with as few privileges as possible, and

also launch applications with as few privileges as possible.

Purpose:

Security of Systems

Security of Functions

Security of Data

AUSkey Authentication

AUSkey is a secure login that identifies you when you use participating in

government online services on behalf of a business.

AUSkey allows you to access and send business information to government

online.

AUSkey reduces the number of ID and Passwords that you need.

Types of AUSkey

Administrator AUSkey

Standard AUSkey

XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language)

Organization: XBRL International in more than 50 countries.

XBRL is the open international standard for digital business reporting.

Replacing older, paper-based reports with more useful, effective and accurate

digital versions.

Accountants use XBRL in support of clients reporting requirements.

It’s a language that can be used and extended as needed.

Multi-lingual Support

Strong Software Support

Who uses it?

Companies, Analysts, Regulators, Governments, Accountants, Data providers, Investors; etc.

Telecommunication and

Networks

Chapter 3

Trends in Telecommunication

Industry Trends

Technology Trends

Open Systems

Internet Networking Technologies

Middleware

Change from Analog to Digital Technology

Wireless Technology

Business Application Trends

Electronic commerce

Enterprise collaboration

Internal business applications

Develop new products and services

Cut costs

Share Resources

Business Value of Telecommunications

Overcome geographic barriers

Overcome time barriers

Overcome cost barriers

Overcome structural barriers

Telecommunication Processors

NIC Modems Multiplexers

A network interface card or

controller, also known as

network adapter, LAN adapter or

physical network interface is a

computer hardware component

that connects a computer to a

computer network.

NICs implement a networking

standard called Ethernet.

Ethernet cards or are in-built

with the motherboard.

Modems

Modulator-demodulator

Computers use modems to talk to each other

Multiplexers

Multiplexer is a device that combines large number of low speed

transmission lines into high speed line.

It can also transmit data from CPU to appropriate terminal linked to the

Multiplexer.

a separate computer processor is devoted to this activity and it is known as

“front-end-processor”.

Telecommunication Processors

Internetwork Processors

Switch Router Hub Bridge Repeaters Gateway

Switch

Each computer in a Network is connected by the cable to a device known as a switch

Also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge

The switch, in turn, connects to the rest of the network

Number of ports on a Switch: 8 or 16

8 port switch connects up to 8 computers

Switches can be connected to each other to build larger networks

Hub is a port-switching communications

processor.

This allows for the sharing of the

network resources such as servers, LAN

workstations, printers, etc.

Routers

Router is a communications processor

It interconnects networks based on different rules or protocols,

So that a telecommunications message can be routed to its destination.

Routing is the process of deciding on how to communicate the data from

source to destination, in a network.

Repeaters

Repeater is a

communications

processor that boosts or

amplifies the signal

before passing it to the

next section of cable in

a network.

Bridge

A bridge is a device that connects two networks so that they act as if they are

one network.

Used to partition one large network into two smaller networks for performance

reasons.

A bridge as a kind of smart repeater.

Bridge is a communication processor that connects number of Local Area

Networks (LAN).

It magnifies the data transmission signal while passing data from one LAN to

another.

Gateway

A device that connects dissimilar networks.

Gateways often connect Ethernet networks

to mainframe computers or to the

Internet.

They perform protocol conversion to allow

interoperability between two different

types of communications architectures.

Telecommunications Media/Channels

Telecom Media

Guided Media

Twisted Pair Copper Cable

Coaxial Copper Cable

Fibre Optic Cable

Unguided Media

Terrestrial Microwave

Radio Waves

Micro Waves

Infrared Waves

Communication Satellites

Guided Media

Fibre Optic Cable

Unguided Media

Radio Waves

Micro Waves

Infrared Waves

Radio Waves

Micro Waves

Infrared Waves

Area Coverage Based Classification

Functional Based Classification

Client-Server Networking

Peer to Peer model

Tier System

Single Tier Systems/One-Tier architecture

Two-Tier Architecture

3-tier Architecture

n tier Architecture

2-Tier architecture

3-Tier architecture

Ownership Based Classification

Public Data Network

Private Data Network

Remote-access VPN

Site-to-Site VPN

Network Computing

Centralized Computing

Centralized computing is computing done at a central location, using terminals that

are attached to a central computer.

Decentralized Computing

Decentralized computing is the allocation of resources, both hardware and

software, to each individual workstation, or office location which are capable of

running independently of each other.

Network Topology

Bus Topology

Star Topology

Ring Topology

Mesh Topology

Transmission Technologies

Protocols

Syntax

Semantics

Timing

OSI Model

What is TCP?

Network Security Protocols

Secure Shell (SSH)

Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)

Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS)

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

Intrusion Detection System (IDS)

Network Intrusion Detection (NID)

Host-based Intrusion Detection (HID)

Hybrid Intrusion Detection (HID)

Network-Node Intrusion Detection (NNID)

Network Administration and Management

Operations

Administrations

Maintenance

Provisioning

Network Management Functions

Fault Management

Configuration Management

Accounting Management

Performance Management

Security Management

Internet Architecture

Analog or Dial Up Connections

DSL Connections (ADSL, SDSL and VDSL)

Cable Connections

Wireless Internet Connections

T-1 Line Connections

E-commerce

Any form of business transaction in which the parties interact

electronically rather than by physical exchanges.

E-commerce

E-commerce is

the use of electronic communications and

digital information processing technology

in business transactions

to create, transform, and redefine relationships

for value creation between or among organizations, and between

organizations and individuals.

Types of E-commerce

B2B (Business-to-Business E-commerce)

B2C (Business-to-Consumer E-commerce)

C2C (Consumer to Consumer E-commerce)

C2B (Consumer-to-Business E-commerce)

Business-to-Government (B2G) e-Commerce

B2G e-Commerce, also known as e-Government, refers to the use of

information and communication technologies to build and strengthen

relationships between government and employees, citizens, businesses,

non-profit organizations, and other government agencies.

Business-to-Employee (B2E) e-Commerce

B2E e-Commerce, from an intra-organizational perspective, has

provided the means for a business to offer online products and services

to its employees.

Mobile Commerce

M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and

services through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephone and

personal digital assistants (PDAs).

Known as next-generation e-commerce

M-commerce enables users to access the Internet without needing to find a

place to plug in.

Electronic Fund Transfer

EFT is fast, safe, and means that the money will be confirmed in user’s bank

account quicker than if he had to wait for the mail, deposit the cheque, and

wait for the funds to become available.

EFT Systems

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)

Point-of-Sale (POS) Transactions

Preauthorized Transfers

Telephone Transfers

through

Application Software

Chapter 3

Types of Business Applications

Controls in BPA

Questions??????

omtrivedi@ymail.com

9958300572

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