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1st Transcontinental Railroad1st Transcontinental Railroad Pacific Railway Act of 1862Pacific Railway Act of 1862
U.S. Government hired Union Pacific and Central U.S. Government hired Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railway Company to extend railways across Pacific Railway Company to extend railways across the United States.the United States.
Central PacificCentral Pacific Started in Sacramento, CAStarted in Sacramento, CA
Union PacificUnion Pacific Started in Omaha, NEStarted in Omaha, NE
The two railroad companies met in The two railroad companies met in Promontory, UtahPromontory, Utah to drive the to drive the “Golden “Golden Spike”Spike” on May 10, 1869 on May 10, 1869
The WorkersThe Workers
Workers were mainly Chinese and Workers were mainly Chinese and Irish immigrantsIrish immigrants
Working conditions were poorWorking conditions were poor Reasons:Reasons:
Weather Weather Rough terrainRough terrain
Railroad DevelopmentsRailroad Developments
Train problems:Train problems: Dirty, noisy, uncomfortableDirty, noisy, uncomfortable
1869 George Westinghouse:1869 George Westinghouse: Development of air brakesDevelopment of air brakes
1887 Granville Woods:1887 Granville Woods: Telegraph system for train Telegraph system for train
communicationcommunication
Time ZonesTime Zones Scheduling was a major concernScheduling was a major concern
Set clocks according to solar timeSet clocks according to solar time Time differences from town to town Time differences from town to town
created confusion.created confusion.
1883: National System of Time 1883: National System of Time ZonesZones How many total time zones does the How many total time zones does the
USA have?USA have?
Who did the Railroad Impact?Who did the Railroad Impact?
Native Americans Native Americans called it the Iron Horsecalled it the Iron Horse
Helped Westward expansionHelped Westward expansion Trade much easierTrade much easier Became crucial to the U.S. economy – Became crucial to the U.S. economy –
shipping costs dropped drastically.shipping costs dropped drastically. Hurt farmers economically Hurt farmers economically Made deals with wealthy businessmenMade deals with wealthy businessmen
CorruptionCorruption
LegislationLegislation
Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 – put in Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 – put in place for Govt to supervise railroad place for Govt to supervise railroad activitiesactivities
Led to more financial problems (railroads Led to more financial problems (railroads were forced out of business, which led to were forced out of business, which led to the Panic of 1893)the Panic of 1893)
This caused the Large Firms to start This caused the Large Firms to start buying up the railways, which paved the buying up the railways, which paved the way for Big Businessesway for Big Businesses
Industrialization FactorsIndustrialization Factors
Unskilled and semi-skilled labor in Unskilled and semi-skilled labor in abundanceabundance
New, talented entrepreneurs New, talented entrepreneurs Oil Oil InventionsInventions
New technology that allows mass productionNew technology that allows mass production Bessemer ProcessBessemer Process
RailroadsRailroads Changes in business strategy Changes in business strategy
Vertical Integration & Horizontal ConsolidationVertical Integration & Horizontal Consolidation Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism
The Bessemer ProcessThe Bessemer Process
Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer English English
businessmanbusinessman William KellyWilliam Kelly
Kentucky Kentucky businessmanbusinessman
Developed new way Developed new way of making steel:of making steel:Melt iron, add carbon,
remove impurities
Brooklyn BridgeBrooklyn Bridge
Old way to Manhattan to Brooklyn was ferryOld way to Manhattan to Brooklyn was ferry Winter: ferry could not run because of iceWinter: ferry could not run because of ice
John RoeblingJohn Roebling German began buildingGerman began building Dies in mid constructionDies in mid construction
Washington Roebling completesWashington Roebling completes SonSon Disabled by accident during constructionDisabled by accident during construction
Completed on May 24, 1883Completed on May 24, 1883
Robber Barons or Capitals of IndustryRobber Barons or Capitals of Industry
Robber barons: business leaders who Robber barons: business leaders who built fortune from stealing from the built fortune from stealing from the public.public.
Capitals of Industry: business leaders Capitals of Industry: business leaders served their nation in a positive way.served their nation in a positive way.
Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism
Charles Darwin – survival of the fittestCharles Darwin – survival of the fittest Social Darwin theory evolved:Social Darwin theory evolved: Society should do as little as possible to Society should do as little as possible to
interfere with peoples pursuit of successinterfere with peoples pursuit of success
AS A RESULTAS A RESULT
Government did not TAX or REGULATE Government did not TAX or REGULATE businesses!!!businesses!!!
MonopolyMonopoly
How does the How does the game work?game work?
What is the goal of What is the goal of the game?the game?
Big Business Emerges!Big Business Emerges! Monopoly Monopoly
to have complete to have complete control of a product or control of a product or service.service.
Cartel Cartel businesses who make businesses who make
the same product – the same product – agree to limit supply to agree to limit supply to keep prices high.keep prices high.
Trust Trust separate companies separate companies
placed under a single placed under a single managing board – managing board – Board of trusteesBoard of trustees
Vertical and Horizontal Vertical and Horizontal IntegrationIntegration
Vertical and Horizontal Vertical and Horizontal IntegrationIntegration
Andrew CarnegieAndrew CarnegieAndrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
$ Scottish businessmanScottish businessman$ ““Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth” ”
(1901).(1901).$ Inequality is inevitable Inequality is inevitable
and good.and good.
$ Vertical ConsolidationVertical Consolidation$ Wealthy should act as Wealthy should act as
“trustees” for their “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”“poorer brethren.”$ 80% of fortune went 80% of fortune went
to education.to education.$ At time of death, he At time of death, he
had given away – 350 had given away – 350 million.million.
$ Scottish businessmanScottish businessman$ ““Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth” ”
(1901).(1901).$ Inequality is inevitable Inequality is inevitable
and good.and good.
$ Vertical ConsolidationVertical Consolidation$ Wealthy should act as Wealthy should act as
“trustees” for their “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”“poorer brethren.”$ 80% of fortune went 80% of fortune went
to education.to education.$ At time of death, he At time of death, he
had given away – 350 had given away – 350 million.million.
John D. RockefellerJohn D. RockefellerJohn D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller
John D. RockefellerJohn D. Rockefeller
$ Standard Oil Co.Standard Oil Co.$ Eventually owned Eventually owned
all oil companies in all oil companies in US.US.$ Horizontal Horizontal
consolidationconsolidation$ 40 companies40 companies
$ Standard Oil Co.Standard Oil Co.$ Eventually owned Eventually owned
all oil companies in all oil companies in US.US.$ Horizontal Horizontal
consolidationconsolidation$ 40 companies40 companies
The Reorganization of The Reorganization of WorkWork
The Reorganization of The Reorganization of WorkWork
Frederick W. TaylorThe Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
Frederick W. TaylorThe Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
The Reorganization of The Reorganization of WorkWork
The Reorganization of The Reorganization of WorkWork
The Assembly LineThe Assembly Line
Mass productionMass production
ConditionsConditions
Long hoursLong hours Less than $1.00 per weekLess than $1.00 per week Difficult, dangerous and unhealthy Difficult, dangerous and unhealthy
workwork Heavy machineryHeavy machinery Could lose finger, arm or be scalped by Could lose finger, arm or be scalped by
machinerymachinery Dusty, cold/hot respiratory conditionsDusty, cold/hot respiratory conditions
Corporal punishmentCorporal punishment
Management vs. Labor
Management vs. Labor
““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement
““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor
““scabs”scabs”
lockoutlockout
blacklistingblacklisting
collective collective BargainingBargaining
informational informational picketingpicketing
organized organized strikesstrikes
Knights of LaborKnights of Labor
Terence V. PowderlyTerence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of An injury to one is the concern of all!all!
Goals of the Knights of Labor
Goals of the Knights of Labor
ù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.
ù Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.
ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.
ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.
ù Represented workers in matters of Represented workers in matters of national legislation.national legislation.
ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.
ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.
ù Prevented disputes among the many Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.craft unions.
ù Mediated disputes between Mediated disputes between management and labor.management and labor.
ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
The Amalgamated The Amalgamated Association of Association of
Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers
Homestead Steel Homestead Steel WorksWorks
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!Government by injunction!
“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
Violence was justified to Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.overthrow capitalism.
Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions
What were the cost and benefits of the What were the cost and benefits of the industrial transformation of the Post- industrial transformation of the Post- Civil War era?Civil War era?
Was the growing class division of the Was the growing class division of the time a threat to American democracy? time a threat to American democracy? Why or why not?Why or why not?
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