inclusion pros and cons
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BY JANNA ABO-GEORGE&
TIFFANY RABNER
THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITYEDUC - 246
SPRING 2010
Inclusion:Support For & Against
Click on the “Speaker” on each slide for audio commentary
Agenda
Introduction
Support For Inclusion
Support Against Inclusion
Conclusion
Resources
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Introduction
What is Inclusion? Inclusion is “a term which expresses commitment to educate a child, to the
maximum extent appropriate, in the school and classroom he or she would otherwise attend. It involves bringing the support services to the child (rather than moving the child to the services)” (Causton-Theoharis & Theoharis, 2009, p. 43).
In the past, schools did not always address the issues of the varied learning styles of children, rather they focused on a “one-size fits all curriculum” and that is why inclusion has been promoted in the most recent years.
It is this idea of a “one size fits all” classroom that is the downfall of the inclusion movement. Special education legislation and research has recognized the need for specialized services and placements so that a student can receive what is their “free appropriate public education.”
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Support for Inclusion – One Child’s Story
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*Click on picture above to view video content
Support For Inclusion
Response to accommodating all students in the most appropriate educational setting.
Demands more local control in schools and classrooms and less bureaucracy in the state and district, and a focus on collaboration and a teaming of experts.
Celebrates diversity and has the philosophy of addressing the individualized needs of all students.
Implements many teaching strategies that are proven to be effective in education, through academic and social aspects such as cooperative learning, constructivist activities, and problem solving (Holahan & Costenbader, 2000).
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Academic Improvements Through Inclusion
6Rea, McLaughlin, & Walther-Thomas (2002)
% of Students Receiving C or Better in Respective Classes
Academic Improvements Through Inclusion
7Waldron & Cole (2000)
% of Students’ Grades Improving Over 1-year Period
Social Improvements Through Inclusion
Research Topics Results
• Social Competence • Students in inclusive model demonstrated more progress in social competence, communication skills, self-regulation, and choice
• Behavior • Students with disabilities improved in ability to manage their own behavior in social situations
• Social Skills • Students with disabilities who were in segregated classrooms showed a regression in social skills
8Cole & Meyer (1991)
Social Improvements Through Inclusion
Research Topics Results
• Peer tutoring overall impact • Peer tutoring has shown to have a positive impact as “social tutors” on students with disabilities
• Peer tutoring impact on communication & academic skills
• Proven to be effective in teaching communication and academics to students with disabilities
• Peer tutoring impact on everyday life
• Students with disabilities have shown to use social strategies learned in peer-tutoring in everyday life
9Owen-DeSchryver, Carr, Cale, & Blakeley-Smith (2008)
Support Against Inclusion
Mainstreamingversus
Full Inclusion
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Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act
School districts and States make a “Free Appropriate Public Education” available to students.
Each student has an “Individualized Education Plan” which specifies the student’s needs, educational goals and services to be provided.
Students with disabilities are to be educated with their non-disabled peers to “the maximum extent possible.”
11(Apling,& Jones, 2002)
Brown v. Board of Education
“In the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’
has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”
(Russo, 1996, p. 1040).
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Effect on Non-Disabled peers
Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS–K) data is used.
Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) are focus of study.
Limitations The presence of a student with EBD in a classroom is
not random Unable to control for variations in teacher scoring
Results Student with EBD scored significantly lower than typical
peers The negative spill over effect on non-disabled peers is
similar in size to the Hispanic-White achievement gap.13(Fletcher, 2009)
Socialization Over Education?
“The purposes of IDEA include ensuring that all children with disabilities have available to
them a free appropriate public education (FAPE) that emphasizes special education and
related services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment and independent
living” (U.S. Department of Education, 2007, sect. 1).
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Student Perspective on Inclusion
15
Conclusion
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Resources
Apling, Richard, & Jones, Nancy Lee. (2002). The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Overview of major
provisions. Crs report for congress. Retrieved (2010, February 10) from
http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/crsreports/crsdocuments/RS20366_01112002.pdf
Causton-Theoharis, J., & Theoharis, G. (2009). Creating inclusive schools for all students. Education Digest: Essential Readings
Condensed for Quick Review, 74(6), 43-47.
Clark, Gary M., Field, Sharon, Patton, James, Brolin, Donn E., & Sitlington, Patricia L. (1994). Life skills instruction: a
necessary component for all students with disabilities a position statement of the division on career development and
transition. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 17(2), doi: 10.1177/088572889401700202
Cole, D. A. & Meyer, L. H. (1991). Social integration and severe disabilities: A longitudinal analysis of child outcomes. Journal of
Special Education, 25, 340-351.
Fletcher, Jason. (2009). The Effects of Inclusion on Classmates of Students with Special Needs: The Case of Serious Emotional
Problems. Retrieved from ERIC database. (EJ849859)
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Resources cont’d
Gorramdoll. (2009, August 13). Should Disabled Kids Be Educated With Non-Disabled Kids? [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54Fx24GjzeY&feature=video_response
Halles5. (2008, March 8). Inclusion at work in elementary school [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji3R30PT1PQ
Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., Markman, J. M., Rivkin, S. G. (2001). Does Peer Ability Affect Student Achievement? Retrieved
from ERIC database. (ED476941)
Holahan, A., & Costenbader, V. (2000). A comparison of developmental gains for preschool children with disabilities in inclusive
and self-contained classrooms. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 20(4), 224-35.
McCarty, Kristine. (2006). Full Inclusion: The Benefits and Disadvantages of Inclusive Schooling An Overview. Retrieved from
ERIC database. (ED496074)
Najjar, J. (2006). Is Inclusion missing the whole idea?. Education Law and Policy Forum, 2. Retrieved from
http://www.educationlawconsortium.org/forum/journal06.htm
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Resources cont’d
Rea, P. J. , McLaughlin, V. L. & Walther-Thomas, C. (2002).Outcomes for students with learning disabilities in inclusive and
pullout programs. Exceptional Children, 68(2). 203-22.
Russo, Charles. (Ed.). (2006). The Law of public education. N.Y.C., N.Y.: Foundation Press.
Owen-DeSchryver, J., Carr, E., Cale, S., & Blakeley-Smith, A. (2008). Promoting social interactions between students with autism
spectrum disorders and their peers in inclusive school settings. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental
Disabilities, 23(1), p. 15-28.
U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs. (2007). Idea regulations: secondary transition Retrieved
from http://idea.ed.gov/explore/view/p/,root,dynamic,TopicalBrief,17,
Waldron, N. & Cole, C. (2000). The Indiana Inclusion Study Year One Final Report. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Institute on
Disability & Community.
Wilson-Younger, Dylinda. (2009). Inclusion: Who Really Benefits? Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED507203)
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