imperialism q’s and answers

Imperialism Q’s and Answers

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Definition• Imperialism:

--one country takes control of another--empire-building

Motivations

• Economic--Natural Resources--Naval bases--Raw Materials--New markets for industrial products--Overpopulation—more jobs available in

colonies

• Cultural--Source of troops for bigger armies--Spread of western civilization: Social

Darwinism, “White Man’s Burden”--Spread of Christianity--Medical help, education

Scramble for Africa: European Advantages

Technology:• Maxim gun—automatic

machine gun• Steam engine—for travel

into African interior• TelegraphMedical Advances:• Quinine—to control

malaria

Scramble for Africa: Vulnerable to Conquest

• Huge variety of languages and cultures

• Wars between ethnic groups over land, water, and trade rights

Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference

• By 1914, Europeans controlled the entire African continent except for Liberia (protected by the U.S.) and Ethiopia

• Cash crops replaced food crops grown by farmers to feed their families

Scramble for Africa: South Africa

Three groups that clashed over land and resources in South Africa

• Zulus—led by Shaka Zulu• British• Boers (Dutch)—also

called Afrikaaners

Scramble for Africa: Boer War

Outcomes of Boer War• Britain won the war• Union of South Africa

was created, controlled by the British

• Key words: Cecil Rhodes, Shaka Zulu, Cape Colony, apartheid

Imperialism Case Study: Benefits to colonized people

• Reduced local warfare• Improved sanitation• Improved hospitals and schools

--increased life spans--increased literacy rates

• Economic expansion• Constructed railroads, dams,

telephone and telegraph lines

Imperialism Case Study: Negative Consequences

• Colonized people lost control of land and independence

• New diseases (smallpox)• Deaths from war, resistance, famine• Loss of culture• Artificial boundaries without regard to

ethnic rivalries or allegiances led to longlasting political problems

U.S. Economic Imperialism: “Colossus of the North”

• 7. • 8.• 9.

Egypt: Suez Canal

Built by the French and Egyptians 1854-1869. Egypt sold its share to Britain because of over-whelming debt resulting from construction costs.

Imperialism Case Study: Egypt

• Imperialists: French, then British• Methods: Economic Imperialism• Outcomes: Egypt lost control of Suez

Canal

Imperialism Case Study: Algeria

• Algerians waged active military resistance against the French (lasted for 50 years)

• French ultimately controlled much of North and West Africa

Imperialism: Algeria• French Maintained Direct

Control--paternalism—treating indigenous people like parents treat children--assimilation—based on the idea that indigenous people would adopt European culture and become like the Europeans

Imperialism: Liberia• Influenced, but not

controlled, by US• Created as a country

for freed American slaves

• Maintained independence, but has endured decades of crisis/turmoil

Imperialism: Ethiopia

• Successfully resisted European imperialism when King Menelik II --played British, French and Italians against each other--built up arsenal of modern weapons--defeated Italians in Battle of Adowa--modernized Ethiopia

Leopold II

• Belgian King• Personal owner of

Congo• Terrible abuses of

Congolese• Natural Resource:

Rubber• William Sheppard

British Imperialism in India:

How did they gain/maintain control?• Mughal Empire collapses; East India Co. gains control of

India• British establish a railroad network in India to transport

raw materials and manufactured goods; India becomes increasingly valuable to British

• British force emphasis on cash crops; cause famine; villagers no longer self-sufficient

• Sepoy Mutiny occurs and uprisings spread over much of northern India; British gov’t took direct control of India

British Imperialism in India: Outcomes

Effects• Nationalism grew in India, along with calls for

modernization and westernization• Indians form Indian National Congress, which calls for

self-government• British partition Bengal into Hindu and Muslim sections;

Indians find it more difficult to gain independence because they were divided

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

• Death of Suleyman—led to corrupt and weak sultans;

• Rise of Nationalism—Ottoman territories began declaring independence (Greece and Serbia)

• Geopolitics—world powers attracted to strategic location of Ottoman Empire;

• Discovery of oil in Persia—Persia sold concessions to western businesses

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

• Policies European nations used to gain control of Muslim lands

-- tried to win favor from Ottomans/ Muslims

-- alliances with enemies of Ottomans/ Muslims

-- war with Ottomans/Muslims

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

• Crimean War—– Causes: Russia wanted access to Black Sea

for warm-weather port– Outcomes: Unclear winner of war; Ottomans

lost territory to Russia; revealed Ottoman weakness and started decline of Ottomans

Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America

Who were the Imperialists?Originally Spain, then the U.S.

How did the US gain/maintain control?Economic Imperialism▪US Businesses established holdings in Cuba

▪ 1898 Spanish-American War: When Cubans fought Spanish for independence, US supported their fight (probably more self-interested than concerned for oppressed Cubans)

Imperialism: Cuba and Latin America• U.S. feared that European powers would try to re-

conquer Latin American countries—issued Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• The U.S. built the Panama Canal

OUTCOMESU.S. installed military government in Cuba and exerted control over Cuban affairs; Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines became U.S. territories

Economic Imperialism:• Used primarily by US, for example in Latin

America:• 1. Paid workers w/ vouchers to be used only at

company stores, forced workers into debt w/ high prices; debt passed to next generation

• 2. Land distributed unequally—only wealthy landowners had property

• 3. Military leaders gained fame/power during struggles for independence and controlled new nations as military dictators (caudillos)

U.S. Economic Imperialism: Foreign Trade

• 4. Latin American exports grew with steamship and railroads and refrigeration

• 5. Foreign countries lent money to Latin American governments for building facilities for export industries; when they couldn’t pay back loans, the foreign countries took over the facilities and industries

• 6. They didn’t invest in infrastructure or fund programs for self-sufficiency.

China Resists Outside InfluenceOpium War

Cause• British established

Opium trade in China, leading to widespread addiction, and refused to end this drug trade

Effect• China suffered humiliating

defeat—forced to sign Treaty of Nanjing

• Britain got Hong Kong • Treaty Ports established

China Resists: Taiping Rebellion

Cause• Dramatic population

growth• Widespread hunger• Increased opium

addiction• Rebellion against Qing

Dynasty

Effect• Taiping army took control

of southeastern China• Captured Nanjing—

declared capital• Feuding among Taiping

rulers• Taiping government falls

in 1864• 20 million died

China Resists: Self-strengthening movement

Cause• Taiping Rebellion and

other resistance caused internal pressure on Qing government

Effect• Tried to update education

system, diplomatic service and military with mixed results

• Foreign nations gained increasing control over China’s economy

• Established spheres of influence

China Resists: Open Door Policy

Cause• As Spheres of Influence

are established, U.S. worries that it will be shut out if European nations establish formal colonies

Effect• China’s “doors” open to

all foreign traders• Policy protected U.S.

trade rights in China and protected China from colonization

• China still under control of foreign powers

China Resists: Boxer Rebellion

Cause• Growing frustration with

Chinese loss of power to European powers

• Qing Dynasty (Dowager Empress) refuses to allow reform

• Peasants resented privileges granted to foreigners

• Resented Chinese Christians

Effect• International force of

19,000 troops marched on Beijing and defeated the Boxers

• Strong sense of nationalism emerged in China

• Dowager empress slowly began reforms

• Five decades of unrest

Modernization in Japan • American motive—to convince Japanese

to open their ports to trade• U.S. benefits—U.S. could use two ports• Meiji modernization—

--a. studied western gov’t and culture; --b. adopted best aspects of western civilization; --c. modernized the military; --d. universal public education; --e. industrialization

Modernization in Japan• Korea—Both Japan and China

wanted trade and military posts in Korea

• Sino-Japanese War—China sent troops to help Korea’s king put down a rebellion, violating its treaty with Japan

• S-J War Consequences—Japan drove Chinese out of Korea, destroyed Chinese navy, gained territory in Manchuria; Japan gained first colonies

Modernization in Japan• Causes of Russo-Japanese War--

Russia refused to stay out of Korea, Japan refused to recognize Russian rights in Manchuria; Japan attacked Russia

• Consequences—Japan forced Russia out of Korea, captured Russia’s Pacific fleet, destroyed Russia’s Baltic fleet

• Ruling Korea—Harsh rulers: shut down Korean newspapers, took over schools, took land, prohibited Koreans business

Imperialism in SE AsiaLands Claimed Impact of Colonization

1. Dutch E. India Co. Major Products• Economies grew based on cash crops

• Roads, harbors, rail systems improved communication and transportation (but mostly benefited European businesses)

• Education, health, sanitation improved

• Tried to subjugate people

• Cultural change—gov’t, industry, agriculture

Indonesia—Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Moluccas, Bali

Oil, tin, rubber

2. British Immigration Policy

Singapore, Malaysia, Burma

Encouraged Chinese to move to Malaysia (needed labor); Malays became minority in own country

3. French Method of Management

Indochina (today—Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos)

Direct colonial management—French filled all important positions in government

4. Americans Method of ManagementPhilippines, Hawaii Direct—forced local leaders from

power; prepared Philippines for independence, annexed Hawaii

• Santa Anna—1821 fought for independence from Spain and in 1829 fought to keep Spain from retaking control;

• Became Mexico’s president four times (1833-1855);

• Lost Texas and California to the U.S. in Mexican-American War (1845-48);

• Exiled—returned to Mexico poor, blind, powerless, forgotten (1874)

Turmoil and Change in Mexico

Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Benito Juarez—poor

Zapotec Indian, gained education, law degree;

• Started liberal reform movement, La Reforma (1840s-50s);

• Became president 1861-72;

• Legacy of peace, progress and reform

Turmoil and Change in Mexico• Porfirio Diaz—noted military

general; • Took control of Mexico in

military coup 1876-1911; • Offered land, power, and

favors to supporters and terrorized opponents;

• Elections became meaningless; rich got richer and the poor got poorer.

• Francisco Madero—ran for president, arrested by Diaz;

• Called for Revolution; • Won election after Diaz stepped

down 1911-1913• Replaced by military leader

Victoriano Huerta, who likely was responsible for Madero’s assassination

Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution

Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution

Emiliano Zapata—led army in southern Mexico; called for reform, “Land and Liberty”

Pancho Villa —led army in

northern Mexico;

“Robin Hood” —stole from rich to give

to poor

Overthrew Huerta to put Venustiano Carranza in

power.

Venustiano Carranza—overthrew Huerta’s government, Turned his army on Villa and Zapata (his former allies); Began revising Mexico’s constitutionCivil War ended with more than 1 million Mexican people dead.

Turmoil and Change in Mexico: Mexican Revolution

The White Man’s Burden

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journals/jah/88.4/images/kramer_f5.jpg

William Sheppard

William Sheppard