imperialism in asia china and japan. kieta says: “the japanese willow bent with the winds of...
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Imperialism in Asia
China and Japan
Kieta says:
“The Japanese willow bent with the winds of western imperialism and survived; the Chinese oak stood fast against the winds from the west and fell.”
“Isms” of China
Buddhism, pg. 614-615
Confucianism, , pg 624-625, Chart 626Taoism, Lao-tzu philosophy which
emphasizes roles in society and honor.
China’s Response to Pressure from the West
The Opium Wars 1839-1842(Map exercise)
CAUSE Britain refused to stop their very profitable trade in opium with China.
EFFECT: Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing)Chinese are humiliated and defeatedBritish get the port of Hong KongOpium trade continuesExtraterritorial rights for foreign citizensGrowing Chinese resentment against the foreign
“barbarians”
Extraterritorial Rights
Foreigners are exempt from legal jurisdiction of a countryBritish were free from following the laws of
China within their spheres of influence.
Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
CAUSESHunger & starvation among the Chinese because of
China’s inability to feed its growing populationIncreasing opium addictionGrowing povertyChristian missionaries’ message of a “Heavenly
Kingdom of Peace” inspires Hong Xiuquan to lead a 14 year rebellion against the corrupt Qing Dynasty
Taiping Rebellion (cont.)
EFFECTSCombined Br., Fr, & Qing forces crush the
peasant rebellion and the Qing dynasty is restored to power
Fertile farmland is destroyed by the hungry armies
At least 20 million (some estimate 40 million) die.
Self-strengthening Movement: 1860s
CAUSES Conservative Chinese cling to
traditional ways and resist change starting at the top, but Dowager Empress Cixi sees the need to reform and modernizes education, diplomatic services and the military.
Self-strengthening Movement
EFFECTS Produced warships & ammunitionsBoosted Chinese moraleCreated large military arsenals run by
foreigners that led to a trade imbalance and a lack of quality control because foreigners did not like working with Chinese resources.
Open Door Policy 1899
CAUSESChina has a weak military, as well as
economic and political problems.China is being divided up into more Western
spheres of influence.U.S. fears that China would be divided into
formal colonies and American traders would be shut out.
Open Door Policy 1899
EFFECTSThis policy would protect American trading
rights in China.Keep China free from colonizationBut China was still at the mercy of economic
imperialism by foreign powers.
1900 Boxer Rebellion
CAUSES The young Emperor’s 100 Days of Reform fails
when the Dowager Empress Cixi arrests him & executes his leaders.
The Chinese people’s long standing frustration with poor conditions & the gov’t failure to reform increases.
The Chinese are angered by the special privileges given to foreigners
They resent Chinese Christians.
Boxer Rebellion (cont.)
EFFECTSIn spring , “Society of Harmonious Fists”
aka Boxers surround the European section. In August they are defeated by 20,000
multinational forces.A new sense of Chinese nationalism
emerges.Qing’s court begins steps to reform-
promises a full constitutional gov’t by 1917.
Why was China able to isolate itself from Western influence until the 19th century?
Discuss possible answers with a partner.
Japan Modernizes
“If you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em.”
“Isms” of Japan
Shintoism-oldest “ism”, but established as the state religion during the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
Mahayana Buddhism (The Wide Way),pg. 614
Confucianism, with its impact on moral conduct & social order.
Shintoism’s Basic Beliefs
The Creation Myth-the 3 “kami” (spirits)Worship of the “kami”: 1) the clan
ancestors, 2)the power of nature or humanity, 3)souls of dead leaders
Not a system of ethics or morals, places emphasis on ritual & ceremony to express the joyful acceptance of nature.
Shintoism (cont.)
The Four AffirmationsTradition & Family is emphasized because
traditions is passed from generation to generation.
Love of Nature-because every object in nature is sacred since it embodies a spirit and a connection with the Gods.
Physical cleanliness is an act of purification.Matsuri-festivals held in honor of the spirits.
1853 American Perry arrives
American motive was to shock and frighten the Japanese into accepting trade with the United States—but Perry did come bearing gifts and with respect.
Perry willing to come back in a year for their answer.
1854 The Treaty of Kanagawa
The U.S. gained the right to set up an embassy and to trade at two Japanese ports.
By 1860 Japan had given many foreigners permission to trade at treaty ports and granted extraterritorial rights.
1867 Meiji dynasty establishes a new gov’t
Emperor Mutsuhito ends the Tokugawa shogunate military dictatorship and establishes a new gov’t.Adapts aspects of foreign culture that they admire,
such as American education system and Germany’s centralized gov’t & military discipline
Followed the Western path to industrialization & developed modern industry(shipbuilding, weapons, banking) by utilizing the prestige of the Samurai families (Mitsubishi)
1885 Japan & China pledge not to send armies to Korea
Both countries were interest in Korea as a trading partner and as a military outpost to protect their own security
1894 Sino-Japanese War
Rebellion broke out against Korea’s king who then asked Chinese gov’t. for military help.
Chinese troops march into Korea.Japan protested Chinese violation of
their mutual agreement of non-agression and then sends Japanese troops to fight the Chinese.
Sino Japanese War (cont.)
The war led to the following consequences:The destruction of the Chinese navy.The beginning of Japanese empire
expansion.A change in the world’s balance of powerEmergence of Russia & Japan as major
powers –and enemies- in East Asia
1904 Russo-Japanese War
CAUSE:Russia refuses to stay out of Korea because
Russia stills a warm water port for trade.Japan launches a surprise attack on the
Russian navy anchored off the coast of Manchuria. Look at the map on pg. 374
Russo-Japanese War (cont.)
ConsequencesRussian navy is defeated by Japan and
destroyed.Japan occupies Korea and Manchuria then
change its name to Manchukuo.Russia is forced to withdraw from
Manchuria & Korea (oops, still no warm water port)
1910 Japan annexes Korea
Japanese rule of Korea is harsh, one of the most brutal in history.
They establish a repressive gov’t that denies rights to Koreans but modernizes the country.
Inspires a Korean nationalist movement.
And now…
“The Japanese willow bent with the winds of western imperialism and survived; the Chinese oak stood fast against the winds
from the west and fell.”
Why was Japan like a willow tree?
Discuss with your partner.
Then answer part B
Why was the Meiji era in Japan viewed as a period of “enlightenment rule?”
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