imperialism and world war unit 6. ssush14 the student will explain america’s evolving relationship...
Post on 01-Jan-2016
217 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Imperialism and World War
Unit 6
SSUSH14 The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the twentieth century.
a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.
b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the Philippines, and the debate over American expansionism.
c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.
SSUSH15 The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I.
a. Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in World War I, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare. b. Explain the domestic impact of World War I, as reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs. c. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations. d. Describe passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the Nineteenth Amendment, establishing woman suffrage.
SSUSH16 The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of WW I.
a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the Red Scare and immigrant restriction. b. Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the automobile. c. Describe the impact of radio and the movies. d. Describe modern forms of cultural expression; include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley.
American Expansionism
• Imperialism—policy of extending control over weaker nations
• In 1800s, Europeans divide up most of Africa, compete for China
• Japan joins race for China; U.S. decides to expand overseas
• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan urges U.S. to build up navy to compete
• U.S. builds modern battleships, becomes third largest naval power
Belief in Cultural SuperiorityU.S. farms, factories produce more than
Americans can consume• U.S. needs raw materials, new markets for
goodsForeign trade: solution to
overproduction, unemployment, depression
Some combine Social Darwinism, belief in superiority of Anglo-Saxons
• Argue U.S. has duty to Christianize, civilize “inferior peoples”
Alaska• William Seward—Secretary of State under Lincoln, Johnson
• 1867, arranges purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million
- has trouble convincing House to fund purchase
- Alaska called “Seward’s Icebox,” “Seward’s Folly”
• Alaska rich in timber, minerals, oil
Hawaii
• Since 1790s, U.S. merchants stop in Hawaii on way to China, India
• 1820s, Yankee missionaries found schools, churches on islands
• Mid-1800s, American-owned sugar plantations 75% of islands’ wealth
• 1887, U.S. pressures Hawaii to allow naval base at Pearl Harbor
- becomes refueling station• 1890 McKinley Tariff eliminates duty-free
status of Hawaiian sugar• Planters call for U.S. to annex islands so
will not have to pay duty
Hawaii-The End of a Monarchy
• 1887, businessmen force King Kalakaua to limit vote to landowners
• Queen Liliuokalani tries to remove landowning requirement
• With help of marines, business groups overthrow queen
• Set up government headed by Sanford B. Dole
• President Cleveland cannot make Dole surrender power to queen
- recognizes Republic of Hawaii• Under President McKinley, Congress
proclaims Hawaii U.S. territory
The Spanish-American War
Cubans Rebel Against Spain• U.S. long interested in Cuba; wants to buy Cuba
from Spain• During 1868–1878 Cuban war for independence,
American sympathizes with Cuba• 1886 abolition of slavery leads to U.S.
investment in sugar caneThe Second War for Independence• José Martí—poet, journalist—launches second
revolution in 1895• Guerrilla campaign destroys American-owned sugar
mills, plantations• U. S. public opinion split:- business wants to support Spain- others favor Cuban cause
War Fever Escalates
Spain Takes Action• 1896, General Valeriano Weyler
sent to Cuba to restore order• Puts about 300,000 Cubans in
concentration campsHeadline Wars• Newspapers exploit Weyler’s
actions in circulation war• Yellow journalism—sensational
writing used to lure, enrage readers
The de Lôme Letter
• Headlines increase American sympathy for independent Cuba
• McKinley wants to avoid war, tries diplomacy to resolve crisis
• Private letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme published
- calls McKinley weak, swayed by public
• Spain apologizes, de Lôme resigns; American public angry
Ticket Out the Door
How did Yellow Journalism influence the rise of the Spanish-American War?
Answer: Yellow Journalism provided the sensationalism of Weyler’s actions in Cuba and the idea that the Spanish were responsible for the explosion of the U.S.S. Maine that angered United States citizens and made them sympathetic for the people in Cuba.
U.S.S. Maine Article The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine could be described as the “straw that broke the camel’s back”: list and explain 3 other reasons, either from our notes or the article, that contributed to the U.S. declaring War on Spain in 1898.
The U.S.S. Maine ExplodesU.S.S. Maine sent to pick up U.S. citizens, protect U.S. property
• Ship blows up in Havana harbor; newspapers blame Spain
Spain agrees to most U.S. demands, public opinion still favors war
• U.S. declares war April 1898
The War in the Philippines• First battle with Spain occurs in
Spanish colony of the Philippines• Commodore George Dewey destroys
Spanish fleet in Manila harbor• Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, support
Dewey• August 1898, Spanish troops in Manila
surrender to U.S.
The War in the Caribbean• U.S. blockades Cuba; Spanish fleet in
Santiago de Cuba harbor• Unlike navy, U.S. army has small
professional force, many volunteers- volunteers ill-prepared, ill-supplied- Most deadly weapon the Americans
faced was that of disease- 5000 die from malaria, typhoid, and
dysentery, only 500 from Spanish bullets
Rough RidersLeonard Wood, Theodore Roosevelt
lead volunteer cavalry• Roosevelt declared hero of attack on
strategic San Juan Hill• Spanish fleet tries to escape blockade,
is destroyed in naval battle• U.S. troops invade Puerto Rico soon
after
Battle of Santiago BayMost important
event of the war was the United States Navy destroying the Spanish fleet in Santiago Bay on July 3, 1898
Spanish lost all her ships and 500 lives, while the U.S. Navy lost no ships.
Treaty of Paris• Spain, U.S. sign armistice August 1898; meet in Paris to make treaty
• Spain frees Cuba; hands Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S.; sells Philippines
Platt Amendment (1901)Added to the Cuban constitution at request of U.S.
1. Cuba could sign no treaties to limit her independence
2. U.S. could intervene to preserve Cuban independence
3. Cuba could accumulate no debt
4. U.S. would maintain a naval base in Cuba
Platt Amendment makes Cuba a protectorate of the United States
A protectorate is a country who’s affairs a partially controlled by a stronger nation
U.S. Interest in ChinaU.S. sees China as vast potential market, investment opportunity
• France, Britain, Japan, Russia have settlements, spheres of influence
• Secretary of State John Hay issues Open Door notes
• Notes ask imperialist nations to share trading rights with U.S.
- Other countries reluctantly agree
The Boxer Rebellion in China• Europeans dominate most large Chinese cities
• Chinese form secret societies, including Boxers, to expel foreigners
• Boxers kill hundreds of foreigners, Chinese converts to Christianity
• U.S., Britain, France, Germany, Japan put down Boxer Rebellion
Roosevelt the Peacemaker
• Roosevelt does not want Europeans to control world economy, politics
• 1904, Japan, Russia dispute control of Korea (Japan surprise attack defeats Russian Navy, but outmanned and under equipped to fight larger war)
• Roosevelt negotiates Treaty of Portsmouth:- Japan gets Manchuria, Korea- U.S., Japan - pledge to respect each
other’s possessions
Panama Canal
U.S. wants canal to cut travel time of commercial, military ships
2 ways:- Nicaragua- longer, less geographic problems,
better political relations- Panama- shorter, more geographic problems,
strained political relationsNegotiates with Colombia to build
Panama Canal; talks break down• French company agent helps organize
Panamanian rebellion - U.S. gives military aid
Panama Canal Cont.U.S., Panama sign treaty; U.S. pays
$10 million + $250,000 / yr for Canal Zone
• Construction of canal is one of world’s greatest engineering feats (1904-1913)
- fight diseases, geographic obstacles 5600 die
- at height, 43,400 workers employed- 1921, 25 Million paid to Columbian
government
The Roosevelt Corollary• Roosevelt fears European intervention if Latin American economies collapse and defaulting on European loans
• An extension of the Monroe doctrine- U.S. to use force to protect economic interests
top related