impact of future water uses of afghanistan on pakistan 26 augist 2015
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IMPACT OF FUTURE WATER USES OF AFGHANISTAN ON
PAKISTAN
26 Augist 2015
• There are nine (9) small and large rivers common between Pakistan and Afghanistan
• Kabul is the major one forming 90% of the total waters of common rivers
• Names and annual water contributions of common rivers at the entry point in Pakistan are
IMPACT OF FUTURE WATER USES OF AFGHANISTAN ON PAKISTAN
COMMON RIVERS WITH AFGHANISTANMAIN RIVERS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES AVERAGE ANNUAL
INFLOWS (MAF)
KHYBER PAKHTOONKHWAKabul Chitral/Konar 17.44 Kurram Kaitu & Tochi 0.89Gomal Zhob & Kandar 0.79
BALOCHISTANAbdul Wahab Stream Turwa 0.0039Kandar Nagandi Oba, Ashiwat 0.0212Kand Tirkha 0.00293
Kadanai Tashrabad, Aghbergai, Hasna Zemal, Maran, Warjaroba
0.0058
Pishin Lora/ Bore Nallah 0.095Kaisar Gori 0.0175
Total: 19.266
COMMON RIVERS WITH AFGHANISTANIN KHYBER PAKHTOONKHWA
COMMON RIVERS WITH AFGHANISTAN IN BALOCHISTAN
Annual Flow = 8.0 MAF
Catchment Area Pakistan Afghanistanof Kabul River 15,000 km2 53,000 km2
Annual Flow = 17.4 MAFAnnual Flow within Afghanistan = 9.4 MAF
Summary of Current and Future Afghanistan Agricultural Uses(Source: Toos Ab Consulting Engineers Co. Report No. 430321-2264-2; Vol-8 Agricultural Studies)
Region
AreaUnder Cultivation
Crop Water Demandper Acre
Total Water Demand for Agriculture
Current (in 2005)
Future (in 2030)
Current (in 2005)
Future (in 2030)
Current (in 2005)
Future (in 2030)
(acres) (acres) (ac-ft/acre) (ac-ft/acre) (MAF) (MAF)
Parvan Plains 129,092 156,682 3.0 5.0 0.38 0.79
NangarharPlains 202,540 390,260 4.2 5.0 0.85 1.95
Kabul & LogarPlains 120,855 195,449 4.4 4.4 0.53 0.85
Sum 452,487 742,391 3.9* 4.8* 1.76 3.59
% Increase in Total + 64% + 24% + 104%
* weighted average of all three agricultural plains
CP
CP
CP
Sr. No.
Name of Dam
Name of River Purpose Constructed Dam
HeightReservoir Capacity
Installed Capacity
Command Area
(ft) (acre-ft) (MW) (acres)
1 Noghlou KabulHP,FC
1967 299
470,212 100 -
2 Gharghe Paghman
GWR, IR, FC 1957
118
8,107 - 4,940
3 Kharvar KharvarIR
1975 118
13,782 - 9,880
4 Amirghazi KabulIR
1919 75
1,621 - 4,940
5 Mahipar KabulHP
1966
-
162 66 -
6 Sarubi KabulHP
1957
-
5,270 22 - HP = HYDROPOWER, GWR = GROUNDWATER RECHARGE, IR = IRRIGATION, FC = FLOOD CONTROL
Summary of Existing Dams in Kabul River Basin(Source: Toos Ab Consulting Engineers Co. Report No. 430321-2257-1/1; Vol-1 Water Resources
Development and Integration)
Sr. No
Name of Dam
Name of River Purpose Year of
Establishment Dam Height
Reservoir Capacity
Installed Capacity
Command Area
(ft) (acre-ft) (MW) (acres)
7Jabal-al
seraj SalangHP
1920
-
- 2.92 -
8Chekvard
ak LugarHP, IR
1938
-
- 3.6 -
9Parvan Barrage Panjshir
HP, IR1966
30
- 2.4
61,256
10 Darunte KabulHP, IR
1964 72
33,239 Filled with
sediments 11.5
96,330
11Ghoorban
d -HP
1975
-
- 0.3 -
12 Sorkhab LugarFC, IR
- 82
7,296 - 9,880
Sum
539,690 209
187,226 HP = HYDROPOWER, GWR = GROUNDWATER RECHARGE, IR = IRRIGATION, FC = FLOOD ONTROL
Summary of Existing Dams in Kabul River Basin(Source: Toos Ab Consulting Engineers Co. Report No. 430321-2257-1/1; Vol-1 Water Resources
Development and Integration)
Name of the Project
Installed Capacity (MW)
Command Area
(acres)
Storage
(MAF)
Kama Irrigation Project 45 29,640 0.445
Shardeh-Ghorband Irrigation-cum-Micro Hydroelectric Power Scheme 0.6 0.28
Nangarhar Development Project - 0.28
Gambiri Irrigation and Power Project 10 19,760
Gulbahar Storage for Irrigation & Power (Panjshir River) 120 148,200
Shah-wa-Aroos Storage for Irrigation & Power 1.5 7,410
Shahtoot Storage for Irrigation & Power 29,640
Gatt Reservoir - -
Summary of Proposes Water Resources Projects in Kabul River Basin(Source: Agricultural and Rural Development Sector Strategy 2007-08 to 2012-13)
WATER USES IN PAKISTAN• Pakistan has an integrated irrigation system
• According to Indus Waters Treaty, all the flows of the three Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas and Sutlej) are allocated to India
• Replacement works including link canals and storages were constructed to transfer waters of the Western Rivers to the areas of that were previously irrigated by the Eastern Rivers
WATER USES IN PAKISTAN
• Waters of the Kabul River coming to Pakistan are presently being utilized in Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan
• Irrigated Area in IBIS - Pakistan = 31 million acres
• Current Irrigated Area in Kabul Basin - Afghanistan = 0.45 million acres
WATER USES IN PAKISTAN
Description Historic Withdrawals
As per 1991 Water Accord
(MAF) (MAF)IBIS – Kharif 68 72
IBIS – Rabi 38 38
Annual – Total 106 110
Groundwater (Annual)
42 42
Grand Total 148 152
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
10-Day
Flow
(cus
ecs)
River Flows at Rim Stations (1991-2001)
Ávergae Canal DiversionsInflow = 137 MAF
Diversion = 106 MAF
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
10-Day
Flow
(cus
ec)
River Flows at Rim Stations (2000-01)
Canal Diversions (2000-01)Inflow = 93 MAF
Diversion = 90 MAF
INDUS BASIN INFLOWS
• 1976-2000 150 MAF
• 1976-2008 144 MAF
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• In Kabul basin outflows from Pakistan are
about 8.0 MAF while Inflows are estimated
as 17.5 MAF; Pakistan is getting more
than double the amount of water which
flows from Pakistan to Afghanistan
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• The current water uses in Afghanistan are
1.8 MAF while the future uses are
estimated as 3.6 MAF; the additional water
use is estimated as 1.8 MAF
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Agriculture in Afghanistan has been heavily dependant on springs, karezes and rehats. At present the groundwater use is minimum as the karezes need maintenance. It is estimated that present groundwater use is 0.2 MAF which would increase to about 0.5 MAF with investments in rehabilitation of irrigation system
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Incremental surface water use for future
condition is estimated as 1.5 MAF.
• Afghanistan is presently using less than
10% of water of Kabul River Basin while
the future use would be within 20%.
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Pakistan is using more than 90% of the water of Kabul River Basin which may reduce to 80% in future.
• IBIS-Pakistan’s total present water use is estimated as 148 MAF;
(106 MAF surface water + 42 MAF GW)
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Surface water inflow at rim station is estimated as 144 MAF
• Pakistan faces water shortages in Rabi season and at the start of Kharif season. Thus, additional diversion by Afghanistan in Kabul basin would negatively affect Pakistan during the Rabi and early Kharif
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• The magnitude of impact on inflows is
1 – 1.5%
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• The impact on canal diversions will be less or negligible in the years in which escapages to sea are higher than the required. However, in the years in which escapages to sea are less than the required, the impact will be either on canal diversion or environment
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Detailed studies on cropping patterns and
resulting demand pattern and system
operation (combined Afghanistan+Pakistan) are
required for determining the exact magnitude
of impact and its time of occurrence
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Afghanistan intends to build storages to bring additional area under cultivation. The storage operation (filling and release) can be done in a manner so that harm to Pakistan’s agriculture is minimized e.g. if filling of storage is done in July-September period, the negative impact on Kharif sowing in Pakistan may be obviated
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Pakistan can mitigate the impact by
building new storages so that extra water
flowing to sea is stored and utilized
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
• Improving irrigation system efficiencies may also help
• Research and use of improved seed varieties and irrigation practices that require less water and are drought resistant
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• In view of the relatively low uses in
Afghanistan (current + future) as
compared to Pakistan, it would not be
possible to ask Afghanistan not to develop
its water use in Kabul basin
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• The sharing of water use should be according to the rule of equitable utilization which requires that watercourse nations shall participate in the use, development, and protection of an international watercourse in an equitable and reasonable manner with a view to attaining optimal and sustainable utilization and benefits consistent with adequate protection of the watercourse. [Article 5 of UN Convention on the Non-Navigational uses of International Watercourses;May 21, 1997]
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• Pakistan should point out that additional
water use in Afghanistan would negatively
affect agriculture in Pakistan, specifically
in drought years
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• Pakistan may emphasize that Afghanistan should inform Pakistan on its development plans. The proposal of Pakistan-Afghanistan joint commission for harmonious development of water resources would be a useful starting point
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• Afghanistan should carry out development
in an efficient manner (from the water-use
point of view) so that harm to Pakistan is
minimized.
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• Afghanistan may be asked to submit the master plans and feasibility studies of the projects for review by Pakistan for arriving at agreed figures of water uses with efficient water use methods. In case there are differences, these may be resolved by the experts of the two countries
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• In case of storage projects Afghanistan
should agree to build only that magnitude
of storage which is consistent with its
irrigation and power needs in the Kabul
basin
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• The storage filling period should be
outside Kharif sowing season in Pakistan
( March to May)
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• Afghanistan should rehabilitate its karezes
and rehats to bring these to fully functional
level so that surface flow diversions for
agriculture are minimised
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• There should be regular monitoring of the
facilities in Afghanistan and information of
monitoring supplied to Pakistan. Pakistani
experts would visit the facilities in Afghanistan
for confirmation of the operation of the facilities
in the agreed manner
How to Take-up the Matter with Afghanistan?
• Pakistan should highlight that it has also
right to develop hydropower and irrigation
facilities in the Chitral/Kunar basin in its
territory but it will be done in a manner that
uses in Afghanistan on the same river
(Kunar River) are not adversely affected
THANK YOU
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