immunology

1. Complement

System2. Phagocytes (neutrophils,

macrophages, mast cells)

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Lymphocytes: T and B Cells

cells of innate immunity

Cells of adaptive

immunity.

Lymphocytes are usually defined by where they

undergo their “ basic training” ---

Thymus- derived. Bone marrow derived.

T – lymphocytes/ T cells B – lymphocytes/ B

cells

Natural killer T/ NKT cells.

Lymphocytes can also be defined by the type of

receptor they display on their cell surfaces

TCR BCR / Ig neither

- T cells - B cells - Natural killer

cells

- NKT cells

The T cell can be identified by the presence of the

CD-3(cluster of differentiation ) molecule which is

associated with TCR on the T cell surface.

Two other CD molecules are used to identify CD3+

T cell subsets , CD 4 + and CD 8 +

CD 4 + T CELLS

It accounts for approx. 2/3rd of mature CD3 + cells.

Also known as Helper T ( Th) cells.

CD 4 molecules displayed on the surface of these

cells recognize a non peptide binding portion of

MHC class II molecules, thus are restricted to the

recognition of

p MHC class II complexes.

T helper 1(TH1)- regulation of cellular immunity.

-Interferon – y, IL- 2.

T helper 2 (TH 2)- helps B cell in isotype switching.

- Production of antibodies.

- IL- 4, IL-5,IL-6,IL-10.

Interferon – y inhibits TH 2.

IL-4 & IL-10 inhibits TH 1.

CD 8 + T cells

Comprises approx. 1/3rd of all mature CD3 + T

cells.

These are ‘restricted’ to the recognition of p MHC I

complexes.

Also known as –

A) Cytotoxic T ( Tc) – identification of cells infected

with

intracellular organisms, viruses

and

bacteria and eliminate such

cells.

B) Suppressor T ( Ts ) – Down regulation of immune

response.

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Large lymphocytes ( 5 – 10% of peripheral blood

lymphocytes ) which develop in the bone marrow.

They have an ability to kill virally infected cells and

tumor cells without prior sensitization ( no need for

antigen recognition)

Receptors - KARs and KIRs

THYMOCYTE DEVELOPMENT: +VE/-VE

SELECTION

T CELL ACTIVATION

CD 4+ T cell

APC = e.g., Macrophage

CD4MHC

Class II

Peptide

Antigen

TCR

1st signal.

Formation of

pMHC: TCR: CD

2ND signal.

Costimulatory

Molecules.

+

1

2

CD 4 + CELL MATURATION.

TH 1

TH 2

CD 8 + T CELL MATURATION

p MHC CLASS I: TCR: CD8 +( 1st signal)

expression of IL – 2 receptors

IL – 2 secretion by primed CD4+

( 2nd signal)

cytotoxic T Lymphocytes

cell lysis