immunity how you protect your cells, your self. the immune system systemic responses to substances...

IMMUNITY

HOW YOU PROTECT YOUR CELLS, YOUR SELF

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

SYSTEMIC RESPONSES TO SUBSTANCES (ANTIGENS) RECOGNIZED AS FOREIGN NON-SELF

ANTIGENS HAVE A PROTEIN BASEEXAMPLES OF: INFECTIOUS AGENTS: VIRUSES, BACTERIA,

FUNGI, PARASITES ?PRIONS? ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS: POLLENS,

FOODS, BEE VENOMS

OTHERS: DRUGS, VACCINES (HORSE SERUM, EGG ALBUMIN, OTHER PROTEIN BASES)TRANSPLANTED

ORGANS/TISSUES: BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, SOLID ORGANS, BONE MARROW, SKIN

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS

GENETIC SITE THAT CONTROLS RECOGNITION OF SELF/NON-SELFHLA ANTIGENS/MHC COMPLEX ON

UPPER SHORT ARM OF CHROMOSOME 6

• A, B, C, D LOCI WITH MULTIPLE ALLELES• A, B, C LOCI FOUND ON ALL CELLS

EXCEPT RED BLOOD CELLS• D LOCUS ON B LYMPHOCYTES,

MARCHROPHAGES, EPITHELIAL CCELLS, ETC.

IN HUMANS, INHERITED FROM PARENTS—TESTING DONE TO DETERMINE PATERNITYHAPLOTYPE: THE IDENTITY OF THESE LOCI ON ONE OF THE TWO CHROMOSOMESEVERYONE HAS TWO HAPLOTYPES—ONE FROM EACH PARENT

NATURAL IMMUNITY

NO HARM/INURY FROM CERTAIN AGENTS IN THE ENVIRONMENTOTHER ANIMAL SPECIES HAVE—

CAN THESE JUMP SPECIES???

HOST DEPENDENT—THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO DO NOT DEVELOP AIDS EVEN WITH KNOWN EXPOSURE—GENETIC DIFFERENCE??

PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

ANTIBODIES PASSED FROM MOTHER IN UTERO; TRANSMITTED VIA BREASTMILKADMINISTRATION OF IMMUNE SERUM: HUMAN ANTIBODIES (FROM ANOTHER) GIVEN IN FORM OF IM INJECTION: TETANUS ANTITOXIN, HEPATITIS B IMMUNE GLOBULIN

ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

ANTIBODIES FORMED BY THE HOST AFTER EXPOSURE TO AN ANTIGEN ACTIVE INFECTION WITH THE ANTIGEN

—COLDS, FLU, CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, HEPATITIS B, RUBELLA

IMMUNIZATION WITH THE ANTIGEN TO STIMULATE ANTIBODY FORMATION

DPT, RUBELLA, POLIO, HEPATITIS A, HEPATITIS B, ETC.

THE CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

IMMUNE RESPONSE

ANTIGEN—A PROTEIN SUBSTANCE CAPABLE OF INDUCING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE WITH FORMATION OF ANTIBODYIMMUNOCYTES: LYMPHOCYTES: FROM STEM CELLS—SMALL,

ROUND TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL WHEN MIGRATE THROUGH LYMPHATIC TISSUE,

MATURE AND DIFFERENTIATE TO T-CELLS B-CELLS

FIGURE 6-4

ANTIGENICITY & IMMUNOGENICITY

ANTIGEN --REACT WITH ANTIBODIES DUE TO THEIR STRUCTURE—INNATE CAPACITY TO CAUSE A REACTIONIMMUNOGEN—CAN INDUCE A REACTION BUT NOT NECESSARILY—DEPENDENT ON OTHER VARIABLES

B-LYMPHOCYTES (B-CELLS)

WHEN ENCOUNTER AN ANTIGEN, THEY MATURE TO PLASMA CELLSPLASMA CELLS PRODUCE ANTIBODIES CONFER HUMORAL IMMUNITY (FIG 6-8) MEMORY CELLS—ALWAYS HAVE THE

ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE THAT FOREIGN ANTIGEN AND MAKE NEW ANTIBODIES TO DESTROY IT

BOOSTER VACCINATIONS ASSURE MEMORY CELLS ARE STILL AVAILABLE BY INTRODUCING THE ANTIGEN

IF ANTIBODY TITERS ARE NEVER MEASURED, THERE IS POSSIBILITY THAT ONE HAS NOT RESPONDED TO ANTIGEN EXPOSURE

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

ANTIBODIES (AKA) IMMUNOGLOBULINS SERUM GLYOPROTEINS—

MANUFACTURED BY PLASMA CELLS 5 CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

(TABLE 6-2) IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE STRUCTURE OF EACH IS DIFFERENT (FIG 6-

10) BINDS TO ANTIGEN—CELL MEMBRANE

FUNCTION OF ANTIBODIES

NEUTRALIZE BACTERIAL TOXINSNEUTRALIZE VIRUSESOPSONIZING BACTERIA (PROMOTE PHAGOCYTOSIS)ACTIVATE COMPONENTS OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

ACTION OF ANTIBODIES ON ANTIGENS

AGGLUTINATION OF THE ANTIGENPRECIPITATION NEUTRALIZATION

DETERMINED BY CLASS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIGEN

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES/IMMUNE COMPLEXES FORMED PHAGOCYTOSIS CAN OCCUR PLASMA PROTEINS CAN DESTROY THE

ANTIGEN

SECRETORY IMMUNE SYSTEM

RWESPOND TO ANTIGENS THAT INVADE THROUGH NON-CIRCULATORY ROUTESLUNGS, ORAL (GI), SKIN, MUCOUS

MEMBRANEFIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

T-LYMPHOCYTES (T-CELLS)

MIGRATE THROUGH THE THYMUS GLAND TO BECOME SPECIFICRECOGNITION OF SPECIFIC ANTIGENS—DIRECT DESTRUCTION OF THOSE ANTIGENS THEN THEY DISAPPEAR—HAVE NO

MEMORY CELL FORMATION—NO ANTIBODIES THAT REMAIN IN BODY

RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

TYPES OF T-CELLSLYMPHOKINE-PRODUCING CELLSCYTOTOXIC CELLSHELPER T CELLSSUPPRESSOR T CELLS

ACTION OF T-CELLS

DIRECT CELLULAR KILLING OF TARGET CELLS (VIRALLY INFECTED CELLS, TUMORS, ORGAN GRAFTS) DIRECT BINDING WITH THE TARGET

CELL

DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY PRODUCE LYMPHOKINES THAT

INFLUENCE THE FORMATION/ACTION OF MACROPHAGES

MEMORY CELLS—ACCELERATED RESPONSE TO SECOND ANTIGENIC CHALLENGE CONTROL OF HUMORAL AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE BY PRODUCTION OF HELP AND SUPPRESSOR CELLS

TO HAVE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE, THE ANTIGEN PRESENTED MUST HAVE AN HLA CLASS/MUST BE WITH MOLECULES OF CLASS I OR II HLAFIGURE 6-16

FIGURE 6-18

IMMUNE RESPONSES ACROSS THE LIFESPANINFANTS HAVE UNDERDEVELOPED IMMUNE FUNCTIONELDERS LOSE T CELL FUNCTION (NOT # OF) BUT MAINTAIN CIRCULATING ANTIBODIESDEMONSTRATE DECREASED

DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY RESPONSE

BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS

A,B,O,AB WITH Rh, AND OTHER MINOR ANTIGENSSAME PRINCIPLE, DIFFERENT SYSTEMANTIGEN—ANTIBODY RESPONSE—”TRANSFUSION REACTION”SIMILAR SELF-NON-SELF RESPONSE

STRESS AND DISEASE

THE STRESS RESPONSEFIGURE 9-1TABLE 9-1FIGURE 9-2FIGURE 9-3

PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY