immigrant incorporation in suburban america · 18/04/2007 · immigrant incorporation in suburban...
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Audrey Singer, Immigration Fellow
Twenty-first Century Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburban America
Annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers
April 18, 2007
New metropolitan geography of immigrant settlement
Following opportunities, more immigrants are locating in suburban areas
Many new areas of settlement outside the traditional Southwestern states and large metropolitan areas
The 1990s was a time of extraordinary growth of the U.S. immigrant population
New Metros: changing destinations in the 1990s
Washington, DC and Dallas-Ft. Worth have nearly as many immigrants as Houston or San Francisco (greater than 1 million)
The same number of immigrants currently live in Salt Lake City as Cleveland (115,000)
More immigrants live in Atlanta than Long Island, Philadelphia, or Detroit (612,000)
New Contexts: suburbia is the dominant landscape
Most of the foreign-born in Atlanta and Washington, DC live in the suburbs (94 & 91 percent), but the same is true for only 56 percent of Chicago’s and 49 percent of San Francisco’s
More immigrants now live in suburbia than in central cities (52% vs. 48% nationwide)
The fastest growing immigrant populations are in 21st Century Gateways which are largely sprawling, lower density, and suburban in form
States with the most recent growth are in the Southeast
Percent Foreign Born
Percent of foreign born who entered since 2000
30 or above
1.09 - 4.54
4.55 - 12.40
12.41 - 15.91
15.92 - 27.24
U.S. = 12.4
BostonRiverside-San BernardinoDallas-Fort WorthWashingtonHoustonSan Francisco-OaklandChicagoMiami-Fort LauderdaleLos AngelesNew York
16.021.617.719.921.429.517.536.534.727.9
684,165827,584
1,016,2211,017,4321,113,8751,201,2091,625,6491,949,6294,407,3535,117,290
Top 10 metropolitan areas, 2005
%FB Millions
10.3 13.5 13.9 14.2 11.6 10.3 9.7 9.6 14.1 19.8 35.731.1
13.6%
11.6%
6.9%
5.4%4.7%
6.2%
12.4%
14.7%
11.1%
7.9%
13.2%
8.8%
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
Pop
ulat
ion
in M
illio
ns
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Per
cent
of T
otal
Pop
ulat
ion
Population Percent of Population
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
Immigration is at an all time high
Total Foreign Born and Share Foreign Born in the United States, 1900-2005
Source: U.S. Census Bureau
1900
Few cities have maintained their status as gateways throughout the 20th century
31.288,991Milwaukee33.896,503Detroit29.6104,252Buffalo19.4111,356St. Louis34.1116,885San Francisco32.6124,631Cleveland35.1197,129Boston22.8295,340Philadelphia34.6587,112Chicago37.01,270,080New York
Houston
59.5215,739Miami19.5257,325Phoenix
36.8285,541San Francisco24.4290,436Dallas25.7314,227San Diego
36.8329,757San Jose
26.4516,10521.7628,903Chicago40.91,512,720Los Angeles
35.92,871,032New York
2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Perc
ent f
orei
gn b
orn
Former
Former gateways are no longer major destinations
FormerBaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis
Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Perc
ent f
orei
gn b
orn
Continuous
Continuous gateways have always attracted more than their fair share of immigrants
ContinuousBostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York
Bergen Passaic NJMiddlesex-Somerset NJNassau-Suffolk, NY
San Francisco
Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Perc
ent f
orei
gn b
orn
Post-WWII
Post-WWII gateways became destinations during the past 50 years
Post-WWIIFort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles
Orange CountyRiverside-San Bernardino
San DiegoMiami
Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Perc
ent f
orei
gn b
orn
Emerging
Emerging gateways experienced very recent and rapid growth in their foreign-born population
EmergingAtlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach
Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Perc
ent f
orei
gn b
orn
Re-Emerging
Re-Emerging gateways are once again major destinations for immigrants
Re-EmergingDenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa
Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
Year
Perc
ent f
orei
gn b
orn
Re-Emerging
Former
Continuous
Post-WWII
Emerging
Emerging gateways represent a new context for immigrant integration
Percent of Foreign Born in Cities by Gateway Type, 1900-2000
FormerBaltimoreBuffaloClevelandDetroitMilwaukeePhiladelphiaPittsburghSt. Louis
ContinuousBostonChicago Jersey CityNewarkNew York
Bergen Passaic NJMiddlesex-Somerset NJNassau-Suffolk, NY
San Francisco
Post-WWIIFort Lauderdale HoustonLos Angeles
Orange CountyRiverside-San Bernardino
San DiegoMiami
Re-EmergingDenverMinneapolis-St. PaulOaklandPhoenixPortlandSacramentoSan JoseSeattleTampa
Pre-EmergingAustinCharlotteGreensboro-Winston SalemRaleigh-DurhamSalt Lake City
Six types of metropolitan immigrant gateways in 2000
EmergingAtlanta DallasFort WorthLas VegasOrlandoWashington, DCWest Palm Beach
The social science literature shows a surprising lack of comparative metropolitan studies
Roger Waldinger wrote in 1989 that in the past, the study of cities was largely the study of immigrants, however now much research on immigrants is about
“…people who just happen to live in cities; but how the particular characteristics of the immigrant-receiving areas impinge on the newcomers is a question immigration researchers rarely raise” (Waldinger 1989: 211).
A new wave of immigration studies is illuminating the fact that immigrants are in new destination areas
PLACE-FOCUSED
• rural areas, “the South,” “the Suburbs”
INDUSTRY-FOCUSED
• Carpets, poultry, meatpacking, mushrooms, technology
ORIGIN COUNTRY-FOCUSED
• Mexicans in New York, Salvadorans on Long Island, Chinese in Monterey Park
21st Century Immigrant Gateways:Why we are doing the book
Nine Gateways in Book 10.3%
Other 21st- Century Gateways
9.9%
Remainder of U.S. Immigrants
79.8%
Percent of U.S. foreign-born, 2000
21st Century Immigrant Gateways
19.9%17.9%12.6%9.9%7.7%
53.5%56.2%62.5%
61.5%63.8%
26.6%25.9%24.9%28.6%28.5%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2005
21st Century Gateways Established Gateways Remainder of US
The 9 metropolitan areas featured in the book are located in states on the perimeter of the United States
[_
[_
[_[_
[_
[_[_
[_
[_Austin
Dallas
Phoenix
Atlanta
Portland
Charlotte
Sacramento
Washington
Minneapolis
_
EmergingRe-emergingPre-emergingPost-WWIIContinuousFormerBook Chapter Metro
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-emerging
1970
1980
1990
2000
Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways still dominate, but Emerging and Re-Emerging are growing faster
Number Foreign Born by Gateway Type, 1970-2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Former Continuous Post WWII Emerging Re-Emerging Pre-Emerging
Per
cent
% Change in Total Population % Change in Population without Foreign-Born
Population growth in Continuous and Post-WWII Gateways depends more on immigration than in Emerging Gateways
Growth rates are greater in suburban areas, yielding more immigrants in absolute terms
Foreign Born in Cities and Suburbs, 37 metro areas (in millions)
6.9
9.9
10.5
5.0
7.9
13.1
15.7
4.9
- 3 5 8 10 13 15 18
1980
1990
2000
2005
Central CitiesSuburbs
Foreign born in cities and suburbs, (millions) 1980-2005
Dallas
All but one metro has Mexican immigrants at the top of the list, but after that they vary in origin countries
Atlanta Washington
Minneapolis
El Salvador: 13% Top Ten: 46%
Mexico: 14% Top Ten: 60%
SacramentoMexico: 26% Top Ten: 67%
PortlandMexico: 29% Top Ten: 67%
PhoenixMexico: 65% Top Ten: 82%
CharlotteMexico: 34% Top Ten: 63%
AustinMexico: 55% Top Ten: 78%
Mexico 59% Top Ten: 79%Mexico: 28% Top Ten: 58%
7 of the metros in the book were top refugee resettlement areas, differing from the top foreign-born destinations
23,072▲▲ Phoenix1520
18
12
10
9
8
7654321
Refugee Rank
10
31
29
16
30
712236312
FB Rank
37,436▲▲ Sacramento34,292▲▲ Portland25,867▲▲ Dallas
40,149▲▲ Atlanta
41,239▲▲ Twin Cities
41,795▲▲ Washington
42,565San Jose48,573Seattle50,714Orange County63,322Chicago
114,606Los Angeles186,522New York
Refugees Resettled, 83-04Metropolitan Area
Post-WWII 112,128 Post-WWII 138,831
Continuous 92,814
Continuous 225,680Re-emerging 72,647
Re-emerging 157,376
Emerging 35,550
Emerging 76,168
Former 28,079
Former 74,471
Pre-emerging 16,391
Pre-emerging 8,088
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
1983-1989 1990-1999
All gateway types doubled the number of refugees resettled in the 1990s, except for Post-World War II gateways
Refugees Resettled in Metropolitan Areas by Gateway Type, 1980s and 1990s
Local efforts may be compounded by the large number of recent arrivals and local governance
THE INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANTS: The Policy Context
Social networks will ensure further immigration
No uniform set of policies and programs to aid in the social, economic, and political incorporation of immigrants
The “grey zone”: local responses to federal failures, i.e., day labor, language policies, occupancy policies, local police enforcement
Goals of the project
Generate new knowledge about suburbs as the current context for immigrant incorporation
Explore the underlying dimensions of foreign-born growth in 21st century gateways
Provide in-depth, comparative, interdisciplinary analysis of 21st century gateways
Help local leaders understand their area’ s transformations in a broader context
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