imam ali (a.s.), part ii
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After The Prophet: The Aftermath
Without a job, Ali finds a job at an orchard belonging to a Jewish person
Fatima is sick
Ali Tutors his children, along with Ibn Abbas
Ali buys one slave each week then set him free
Ali Writes the Quran according to the order the Ayahs were revealed
After the Prophet: The aftermath
Ali Under pressure to give allegiance to Abu Bakr Fatima campaigns for AliFatima gives a stirring speech at the Masjid of the ProphetFatima’s health deteriorates fastTough times:– Financially– Politically– At home
Ali during Khilaafah of Abu Bakr
Ali Finishes writing the chronology of the Quran
Fatima dies: Ali left with four children
Fatima buried at night according to her Will
Only few are notified and attend burial
Ali gives Allegiance to Abu Bakr
War of the renouncers! حروبالرده
For sake of Islam’s wellbeing, Ali gives support to Abu BakrAli begins writing Tafseer of the Quran called Mus’haf Fatima in Fatima’s honorContinues tutoring his childrenContinues to tutor Ibn Abbas after workContinues to buy then free a slave every week
Ali during Abu Bakr’s reign
Al-Hasan and Al-Husain learn to write
Ibn Abbas heads toward being scholarly
Ali the Marji' (the Reference)
Ali frees an average of one slave per week (about 100 during Abu Bakr’s Khilaafah)
Condition of the Ummah seems to stabilize
Omar appointed as Khalifa
Abu Bakr appoints Omar to Khilaafah
Ali gives support to Omar
Ali active in Omar's Council
Ali teaches and educates
Ali now married again
Ali's family expands, he teaches at home
Ali’s during Omar’s reign
Ali finishes off writing Tafseer of the Quran
Ali writes the wealth of Hadith
Ali starts writing the Ah'kaam
Al-Hasan helps his father in the writing
Omar marries Ali’s daughter: Umm Kalthoom
Ali continues to buy then free one slave per week (520) during Omar's Reign
Ali’s writings
Ali’s writings during Abu Bakr and Omar’s Khilaafah:
Corpus of Knowledge consists of the
following:
1. Quran in chorological order
2. Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)
3. Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)
4. Ah’kaam
Ali during Uthman’s Reign
Ali advises Uthman at firstAli detects a mellow ruler in UthmanAl-Hasan and Al-Husain are marriedAl-Hasan and Al-Husain in North Africa's campaign against the Byzantine. They reach Carthage in Libya to-days.Carthage battle decisive, Muslims victorious
Ali and Umm Al-Baneen
Ali Marries Umm Al-Baneen
Ali has 5 boys through Umm Al-Baneen:– Al-Abbas, 13 Years younger than Al-Husain
– One (nicknamed) Abu Bakr
– One (nicknamed) Omar
– One (nicknamed) Uthman
– Ali
Uthman in mid-term I
Uthman listens to his relative Marwan,
Ali’s advice is ignored frequently
Uthman appoints corrupt relatives as State Governors
Uthman mistreats Ibn Masood and Abu Dhar
Uthman in mid-term II
People object to Uthman’s rule and revoltAli tries to help UthmanUthman surrounded by the rebels, is defended by Al-Hasan and Al-Husain among othersAl-Hasan gets wounded defending UthmanUthman is killed by the rebellious menAli is upset to the extreme
Ali during Uthman’s reign I
Ali finishes writing Al-Ah'kaam
Ali writes the Jafr:– White Jafr
– Red Jafr
Ali compares the Quranic text he wrote with the one written during Khilaafah of Uthman. Surahs were the exact replica
Ali’s writings
Ali’s writings during:Abu Bakr,Omar, and
Uthman’s Khilaafah:
Corpus of Knowledge consists of the
following:
1. Quran in chorological order
2. Tafseer (Mus’haf Fatima)
3. Hadith (Saheefa of Ali)4. Ah’kaam5. Al-Jafr
1. White Jafr: Prophets and early times
2. Red Jafr: Rules of war in Islam
Ali during Uthman’s reign II
Worrisome conditions of the Ummah
Ali trying to diffuse discord
Continues to be the Marji’
Tutors the new children born to him
Ali continues to buy then free one slave per week. He freed 600 during Khilaafah of Uthman.
Imam Ali (a.s.) the Khalifa
Ali's administration: Exceptionally fairWants to distribute the wealth fairly but many wealthy people objectA'isha, Talha, and Zubair agitateA'isha, Talha, and Zubair revolt, claiming to avenge Uthman’s bloodBenu Umayya join the rebels full forceMu’awiya rebels in a sneaky way
Confrontation at Basra
Ali’s Forces
12,000
Includes numerous Sahaaba (said 300)– Al-Hasan and Al-
Husain– Muhammad son of
Abu Bakr
Ali’s forces Prevail
The other side:– Includes Talha,
Zubair, and A’isha– Local people of
Basrah– Most of Benu Umayya
clan– The fired governor of
Yemen who stole the treasury of Yemen
Jamal Battle
Protracted negotiationsPersuades Zubair not to fightZubair quitsThe battle: Goes fast and about to endA’isha: On top of a camel urges to go on fightingPeople rally around the camelIncapacitating the camel ends the fight
Jamal Sequence
5. Battle ends abruptly4. A’isha’s camel is incapacitated3. A’isha on camel urging to fight2. Fight with many casualties1. Zubair quitsNegotiations to stop fight fail
Jamal Battle II
Ali lets A’isha be at home in Basrah to rest40 Guards in company of A’isha on her way to MedinaBrother of A’isha in charge of the escorting guards (Muhammad son of Abu Bakr)Al-Hasan and Al-Husain escort A’isha to the boundary of BasrahThe 40 guards turn out to be women dressed as men
Jamal Battle III
Benu Umayya, forming large part of the forces– Set free after the Battle
Talha: was Killed by Marwan ibn HakamZubair: Did not participateThe casualties: Fairly highThe aftermath: Benu Umayya now join Mu’awiya to fight Ali in Siffin
Kufa the Capital
Kufa the New Capital because:– Kufa is central in the Islamic Ummah
– Center of the bread basket of the area (Iraq)
– Closer to areas of revolts
– Possibility of better support to Ali
Proved less disciplined and less reliable
Mu’awiya and Siffin
Mu’awiya claiming revenge for Uthman’s bloodMu’awiya’s forces move north to SiffinMu’awiya cuts off water supply to AliAli’s forces reach Siffin, overpower guards preventing waterAli’s side generously allows water to Mu’awiya forces
Siffin
Ali, trying to prevent bloodshed, sends negotiating delegates to Mu’awiya
Negotiations continue for one month
Negotiations fail
Battle of Siffin starts
Siffin II
Siffin Battle:– Duration: 9 Days
– Severity: Severe in many days
– Casualties: Thousands dead and wounded
Ammar Unique Role.
Siffin Sequence
6. Arbitrations to take place5. Qurans on tip of spears4. Ali almost winning3. Numerous casualties2. Ammar charges1. 9 days fighting severeNegotiations to stop fight fail
Importance of Ammar
Ammar was in Ali’s campThe Prophet (pbuh) told Ammar 30 Yrs earlier:
الباغيه الفئة تقتلك سوف عمار يا”O’ Ammar, you will be killed by the malicious
group.”Ammar along with 400 companions fought Mu’awiya bravely until Ammar was killed.A lot of Commotion was the result in Mu’awiya’s camp.
Near the end of battle
As Ali’s forces reach near Mu’awiya’s Headquarters in victory:– Mu’awiya knows how religious Ali’s side is
– Mu’awiya gives commands to lift 500 Qurans on tips of Spears (thus desecrating them)
– Mu’awiya asks for arbitration
– Commotion is the result in Ali’s Camp
Ali is forced for Arbitration by his troops
Tricking Ali’s forces
Ibn Ash’ath and other undercover agents in Ali’s camp cajoled and bribed by Mu’awiya, they work for himIbn Ash’ath and Khariji insist on their demands to arbitrateAli is forced toward ArbitrationAli chooses the brilliant Ibn Abbas to represent him
Arbitration
Ali wanted Ibn Abbas, but Khariji insisted instead on Al-Ashari to represent Ali Al-Ashari was not so brightAli had to consentMu’awiya chose Ibn Aas to represent himIbn Aas is very cunningBoth sides met a year later in a far away place to negotiate
Arbitration II
The cunning Ibn Aas tricks Al-Ashari– Ibn Aas let Al-Ashari proclaim both Mu’awiya
and Ali are to leave office then let people choose a Khalifa
– Ibn Aas followed by saying: Ali should leave office but Mu’awiya is to stay in Power
Commotion was the result because of the lies and deception of Ibn AasThey return disappointed and disillusioned
Khariji
Khariji revolt against AliAli argues with Khariji, many decide not to fight against Ali 3000 Khariji insist of fighting Ali in Nahrawan, in IraqAli Defeats Khariji in Nahrawan Looks for the crippled man the Prophet foretold: They find him after 3 day search
Nahjul Balaaghah
Nahjul Balaaghah is a collection of 54 Sermons, 212 sayings, and 48 letters by AliCollected by Al-Shareef al-Radhee Full of Gems of Wisdom, it deals with numerous subjects:– Theology– History– Human Relationship
Taught all over in universities over the past centuries
Prediction of the Prophet About Ali’s end
30 years earlier, the Prophet said to Ali:
The most evil of evildoers is the one who will wet this (beard) with the blood From this (forehead)
األشـقـيين أشقى إَّن#هذه )خِّض*ُب) ي َم-ن
بهذهثم لحيته إلى وأشار
رأسه
Ibn Muljim, the Khariji
Ibn Muljim, one of the deviators (Khariji), Along with 2 others planned to kill– Ali– Mu’awiya– Ibn Aas
These Khariji were involved in NahrawanThey planned to avengeMu’awiya and Ibn Aas escaped being killed
Ali assassinated
Ibn Muljim with a poisoned sword, was in hiding to kill AliAli in Kufa Masjid had come to lead morning prayer, it was dark with poor visibilityIt was the 19th of Ramadhan, Yr 40 HijriWhile Ali was in Sujood absorbed in prayerIbn Muljim jumped and hit Ali at the head
Ali’s assassination I
Upon being so wounded Ali said:الكعبه ورب فزت
I have won by the Lord of the Ka’baA lot of commotion ensuedTaken home Ali gave final advice to his son Al-Hasan, and other childrenTwo days later he died on Leilatul Qadr 21st of Ramadhan
Ali’s assassination II
Ali’s last words were:
ه) -ر- ي ا :ر9 ي َخ- ٍة> َذ-ر# :ق-اَل- َمAْث -ع:م-ْل: ي ف-م-نه) -ر- ي ا Cر ش- ٍة> َذ-ر# :ق-اَل- َمAْث -ع:م-ْل: ي و-َم-ن
He with the slightest act of goodness will so be rewarded
And he with the slightest act of evil deeds will so be rewarded
Ali is buried
Ali was taken to Najaf for burial, many miles from KufaBurial place remained secret, known to family and few othersYears later Imam Al-Saadiq declared the whereabouts of the burial siteA tomb was established then a town arose around itIt became the center of visitation and learning
Ali the person
Imam Ali's self was molded completely by the Islamic ideals Ali's personality was overpowering, he was an overachieverAli's brilliance and farsightedness were striking Ali set to teach, inform, and help others learn about IslamAli was an idealist, and nothing could influence him to deviate from these ideals
Ali the person II
Ali's ideals had to be in a head-on clash with the opportunist, demagogues, and power-hungry,
Ali stood in the face of deceit, duplicity, trickery, hypocrisy, greed, and treachery, of corrupt Benu Umayya
Ali was a compulsive perfectionist when it came to Islam
Ali stood for justice and freedom of choice, and the Holy Book and Sunnah
Ali assassinated III
Ali lived to be 63 year old, just as the Prophet (pbuh)– He designated Al-Hasan as the 2nd Imam
– He gave advice to Al-Hasan as written in Nahjul Balaaghah
After Al-Hasan’s agreement with Mu’awiya, the family returned to Medina to resume teaching Islam
Ali’s Shrine in Najaf
Imam Ali’s Shrine: Multitudes of visitors every year.
Inside it reflects reverence that uniquely affects the heart.
KhilaafahA birds-eye view
Khilaafah means the phenomenon of succession to Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
This phenomenon is viewed in certain ways as explained in the next two slides:
Khilaafah: A birds-eye view #1
• VIEW POINT I • The phenomenon, the circumstance, the
mode of choice and selection of the Khalifas are to be taken as they are
• This view is taken by the Sunni
Khilaafah: A birds-eye view #2
VIEW POINT II– The phenomenon would have been
remarkably different had the wishes of Prophet Muhammad been observed.
This view is taken by the Shi’a
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