illiteracy

Introduction

In 1930 the U.S. Bureau of the Census defined as illiterate any person over ten years of age who was unable to read and write in any language.

By the next census (1940) - the concept of "functional" illiteracy was adopted, and any person with less than five years of schooling was considered functionally illiterate, or unable to engage in social activities in which literacy is assumed.

In 1970, the U.S. Office of Education considered at least six years of schooling (and sometimes as many as eight) to be the minimum criterion for functional literacy. In 1990 over 5% of the adult population living in the United States did not meet that criterion.

Illiterate means unable to read and write.

Adult literacy programs try to help people who somehow made it through the educational system without learning these basics. It can also mean not well-versed in a particular subject.

If someone is a Science Fiction illiterate, they don't know or

appreciate the genre.

If someone is technologically illiterate, they probably need help sending email or accessing voice mail.

Literacy is another proper indicator of economic development.

A person in age limit of seven and above, who can both write and read with understanding in any of the language is considered as a literate in India. 

Population Census of India in 2001- 65.38%

In 2011-74.04% Increase of 9 percent in the last 10 years

It consists of male literacy rate 82.14% and female literacy rate is

65.46%.

Kerala with 93.9% literacy rate is the top state in India.

Lakshadweep - 92.3% and Mizoram -91.06% .

Bihar with 63.08% literacy rate is the last in terms of literacy rate in

India.

Free education programs to poor people living in villages and towns.

Setting up of new school and colleges at district and state levels.

Several committees have been formed to ensure proper utilization of funds allotted to improve literacy rate.

Ranking of States in India by Literacy Rate

S.No State Literacy Rate

(2011 Census)

Male Literacy Rate 

(2011 Census)

Female Literacy Rate (2011 Census)

1 Andaman &

Nicobar Islands

86.3% 90.1% 81.8%

2 Andhra

Pradesh

67.7% 75.6% 59.7%

3 Arunachal

Pradesh

67.0% 73.7% 59.6%

4Assam

73.2% 78.8% 67.3%

5Bihar

63.8% 73.5% 53.3%

6Chandigarh

86.4% 90.5% 81.4%

7Chattisgarh

71.0% 81.5% 60.6%

8Dadra & Nagar

Haveli

77.7% 86.5% 65.9%

9 Daman & Diu 87.1% 91.5% 79.6%

10 Delhi 86.3% 91.0% 80.9%

11 Goa 87.4% 92.8% 81.8%

12 Gujarat 79.3% 87.2% 70.7%

13 Haryana 76.6% 85.4% 66.8%

14 Himachal Pradesh

83.8% 90.8% 76.6%

15 Jammu and Kashmir

68.7% 78.3% 58.0%

16 Jharkhand 67.6% 78.5% 56.2%

17 Karnataka 75.6% 82.8% 68.1%

18 Kerala 93.9% 96.0% 92.0%

19 Lakshadweep 92.3% 96.1% 88.2%

20 Madhya Pradesh

70.6% 80.5% 60.0%

21 Maharashtra 82.9% 89.8% 75.5%

22 Manipur 79.8% 86.5% 73.2%

23 Meghalaya 75.5% 77.2% 73.8%

24 Mizoram 91.6% 93.7% 89.4%

25 Nagaland 80.1% 83.3% 76.7%

26 Orissa 73.5% 82.4% 64.4%

27 Puducherry 86.5% 92.1% 81.2%

28 Punjab 76.7% 81.5% 71.3%

29 Rajasthan 67.1% 80.5% 52.7%

30 Sikkim 82.2% 87.3% 76.4%

31 Tamil Nadu 80.3% 86.8% 73.9%

32 Tripura 87.8% 92.2% 83.1%

33 Uttar Pradesh 69.7% 79.2% 59.3%

34 Uttarakhand 79.6% 88.3% 70.7%

35 West Bengal 77.1% 82.7% 71.2%

- INDIA 74.04% 82.14% 65.46%

Rank CountryAdult Illiteracy

rate

1. Niger 84.3%

2. Burkina Faso 77.0%

3. Afghanistan 63.7%

4. Sierra Leone 63.7%

5. The Gambia 63.5%

6. Guinea-Bissau 63.2%

7. Senegal 62.7%

8. Benin 62.5%

9. Ethiopia 61.3%

10. Mauritania 60.1%

World Statistics institute (WSI), more than 27% people are illiterate globally. 

The main causes of this problem are social , motivational and family problems. 

Niger is the country having highest percentage of illiterate people. 84.3%

people are not able to read, write or understand.

Almost three-quarters of the world's 775 million illiterate adults are found in only ten countries.

In descending order: India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Egypt, Brazil, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo).

Of all the illiterate adults in the world, two-thirds are women. Extremely low literacy rates are concentrated in three regions: South and West Asia and Sub-Saharan Sahelian Africa.

Country Literacy rate (all)

Male Literacy

Female Literacy Criteria

world84.1% 88.6'% 79.7%

age 15 and over can read and write (2010 est.)

74% 82.1% 65.5%

age 7 and over can read and write (2011 census)

• Definition• Malnutrition is a group of conditions in

children and adults generally related to poor quality or insufficient quantity of nutrient intake, absorption, or utilization.

• There are two major types of malnutrition:• Protein-energy malnutrition - resulting

from deficiencies in any or all nutrients• Micronutrient deficiency diseases -

resulting from a deficiency of specific micronutrients

• Under nutrition is a consequence of consuming too few essential nutrients or using or excreting them more rapidly than they can be replaced.

• Infants, young children, and teenagers need additional nutrients. So do women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Nutrient loss can be accelerated by diarrhea, excessive sweating, heavy bleeding (hemorrhage), or kidney failure. Nutrient intake can be restricted by age-related illnesses and conditions, excessive dieting, food allergies, severe injury, serious illness, a lengthy hospitalization, or substance abuse.

• The leading cause of death in children in developing countries is protein-energy malnutrition.

• Two types of protein-energy malnutrition have been described—kwashiorkor and marasmus. Kwashiorkor occurs with fair or adequate calorie intake but inadequate protein intake, while marasmus occurs when the diet is inadequate in both calories and protein.

• About 1% of children in the United States suffer from chronic malnutrition, in comparison to 50% of children in southeast Asia. About two-thirds of all the malnourished children in the world are in Asia, with another one-fourth in Africa.

• Overnutrition results from eating too much, eating too many of the wrong things, not exercising enough, or taking too many vitamins or other dietary replacements.

• Risk of overnutrition is also increased by being more than 20% overweight, consuming a diet high in fat and salt, and taking high doses of:

• Nicotinic acid (niacin) to lower elevated cholesterol levels• Vitamin A to clear up skin problems• Iron or other trace minerals not prescribed by a doctor.• Nutritional disorders can affect any system in the body

and the senses of sight, taste, and smell. They may also produce anxiety, changes in mood, and other psychiatric symptoms.

• Malnutrition begins with changes in nutrient levels in blood and tissues. Alterations in enzyme levels, tissue abnormalities, and organ malfunction may be followed by illness and death.

• People who are malnourished may be skinny or bloated. Their skin is pale, thick, dry, and bruises easily. Rashesand changes in pigmentation are common.

• Other symptoms of malnutrition include:

• anemia• diarrhea• disorientation• night blindness

Overall appearance, behavior, body-fat distribution, and organ function can alert a family physician, internist, or nutrition specialist to the presence of malnutrition.

Normalizing nutritional status starts with a nutritional assessment. This process enables a clinical nutritionist or registered dietician to confirm the presence of malnutrition, assess the effects of the disorder, and formulate diets that will restore adequate nutrition.

Definition It describes a person, usually a child, who has been raised in a

way that does notprepare them well for the demands of life, which often leads to problems withbehaviour in the future:a residential school for disturbed and maladjusted children.

Causes of Maladjustment:

The five main causes of maladjusted behaviour of

adolescent are as follows:

(i) Family

(ii) Personal causes

(iii) School-related causes

(iv) Teacher-related causes

(v) Peer-group related causes

social maladjustment is a serious disturbance that will require time and resources to insure a child is able to succeed in mainstream schooling or other social environments.

Professional Treatment for Social Maladjustment in Children

Parental Interventions at Home

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