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International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2018; 6(6): 15-21
E-ISSN: 2321-2187
P-ISSN: 2394-0514
IJHM 2018; 6(6): 15-21
Received: 06-09-2018 Accepted: 08-10-2018
Taj Yousaf Khan
Phytoecology Lab, Department
of Botany, University of
Peshawar, Pakistan
Lal Badshah
Phytoecology Lab, Department
of Botany, University of
Peshawar, Pakistan
Asghar Ali
Govt AKL Post Graduate
College Matta, Swat, Pakistan
Correspondence
Taj Yousaf Khan
Phytoecology Lab, Department
of Botany, University of
Peshawar, Pakistan
Ethnobotanical survey of some important medicinal
plants of area Mandan district Bannu, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Taj Yousaf Khan, Lal Badshah and Asghar Ali
Abstract The present study was conducted to assessed knowledge about important medicinal plants through semi
structured interview and questionnaire in area Mandan district Bannu Pakistan. A total of 4 study trips
were arranged during 2017 and 2018.Asteraceae was the most leading family followed by
Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae and Solonaceae. They used Herbs (29 plants, 61.70%). Shrubs (7 plants,
14.89%) and Trees (11 plants, 23.40%). Similarly part used as whole plant (15 plants, 31.91%), leaves
(16 plants, 34.04%), flower (2 plants, 4.25%), fruit (7 plants, 14.89%), seed (9 plants, 19.14%), shoot (2
plants, 4.25%), bark (2 plants, 4.25%) and gum and branches (1 plant, 2.12%). They used medicinal
plants at different percentage as stomach disorder (6 plants, 12.76%), laxative (4 plants, 8.51%) and
condiments (2 plants, 4.25%). Similarly fodder and fuel (7 plants, 14.89%), Diarrhea and dysentery (5
plants, 10.63%) and diuretic (3 plants, 6.38%).It is concluded that this study will provide a folkloric
claim base for researchers and also assess in treatment of local diseases.
Keywords: Important medicinal plants, diseases, families, Bannu
1. Introduction
Medicinal plants are important in curing of various health problems in remote area, where
modern facilities are lacking [1]. Millions of the people in developing countries commonly
derive their income from different wild plant products [2]. People are using a number of plant
species for the treatment of diseases from ancient time [3]. Most of the plant species of a
particular area can be used as hunting material, foodstuff, fuel, source of income and medicinal
purposes [4]. Plants not only provide food, shelter, fodder, drug, timber, fuel but also provide
different other services such as regulating different air gases, water recycling and control of
different soil erosion [5].About 80% of populations of the developing countries used plants as
medicine for the curing of different diseases [6, 7]. In Pakistan new taxa of vast medicinal
importance have been reported from various places [8]. In Pakistan about 12% of the total flora
are used as medicine [9]. The knowledge of medicinal plants getting power in Pakistan as a lot
of work has been approved out in different medicinal localities of the country [10, 11]. The study
area Bannu is ancient city of KP. It is bounded by Peshawar and Kohat on south and Dera
Ismail Khan on north. Total area of Bannu is about 1,227 km2 and altitude about 371m (1217
feet) from the sea level. Climatically Bannu is semi-arid with hot and dry summer and cool
winter. The average temperature in June is around 36.6 oC while in January 11.7 oC. (Fig 1:
map) The peoples of the area also used different plant species for the cure of various diseases.
The study was carried out to explore important plant species which used by the local peoples
as medicine and about to get threatened either due to overgrazing, deforestation or unwise uses
of available resources.
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Study duration and data collection
The ethno botanical survey was conducted from start of July 2017 to the end of Jun2018. A
total of 4 trips were arranged for data collection. The ethno botanical information were
obtained from local people through semi structured interviews and questionnaire. The plants
were classified into various ethno botanical categories.
2.2 Herbarium specimen preparation
The plant specimen were collected, preserved, identified and mounted on standard herbarium
sheets and were deposited in the Herbarium, Department of Botany University of Peshawar.
Different apparatus was used during collection and preparation of complete herbarium
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine specimens like News halves, press straps, field notebook,
diggers and clippers, maps, camera and GPS etc.
2.3 Identification
The collected plant specimens were identified through
taxonomist and flora of Pakistan [12, 13]. For further references
the specimens were deposited to herbarium Department of
Botany University of Peshawar. KP. Pakistan.
3. Results
The current study of ethnobotanical uses of plants of area
Mandan District Bannu was carried in which 47 plants species
belonging to 28 families were recorded. (Table 1). The results
were obtained through semi structured interviews and
questionnaire. The inhabitant used approximately 47 plants
species for the cure of various diseases e. g., 6 plants used for
Stomach disorder (12.76%), 4 plants used for Laxative
(8.51%), 2 plants for Condiments (4.25%), 7 plants for
Fodder and fuel (14.89%), 5 plants used for Diarrhea and
dysentery (10.63%) and 3 plants used for diuretic (6.38%).
(Fig 2). On the basis of part used 15 plantswere used as a
whole plant (31.91%), 16 plants used for Leaves (34.04%), 2
plants used for Flower (4.25%), 7 plants for Fruit (14.89%), 9
plants for Seed (19.14%), 2 plants used for Bark (4.25%), 2
plants for Shoot (4.25%) and 1 plant used for Gum and
branches (2.12%). (Fig 3). The habit was found as Herbs (29
plants, 61.70%), Shrubs (7 plants, 14.89%) and Trees (11
plants, 23.40%). (Fig 4).
Table 1: Ethnobotanical survey of some important medicinal Plant of area Mandan District Bannu, Pakistan.
S.
N Species Local name Habit Part used Ethno botanical uses References
Family Amaranthaceae
1 Amaranthus viridis L. Ranzaka Herb Leaves It used for gastro intestinal problem. And
also used as fodder. [25, 28, 30]
Family Arecaceae
2 Phoenix dactylifera L. khajera Tree Whole plant Fruit is laxative, leaves used for mates,
Ropes and basket. [32, 34]
Family Asphodelaceae
3 Aloe vera L. Burm. f. Zargia Herb Leaves
The decoction of leaves is used as anti-
arthritis backache. Extract of leaves is used
for hepatitis and dermatitis.
[29, 30, 33]
4 Calotropis procera Aiton Spalmaka Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. It is also used
as expectorant and anthelmintic.
[5, 20, 23, 24,
25]
Family Alliaceae
5 Allium cepa L. Piaz Herb
Vegetable
bulb and
leaves
It is used as flavouring agent and condiment.
Its juice is used in the cure of irritation
caused by scorpion.
[19, 29, 27]
Family Asteraceae
6 Taraxicumofficinale F. H.
wig Zairgulae Herb
Flower and
fruit It is used in the cure of kidney and liver. [5, 19, 23]
7 Xanthium strumarium L. Aghzikay Herb Leaves Its leaves are used in malaria fever. [20, 19, 5]
8 Conyza canadensis (L.)
Cronquist Kharbita Herb Leaves
It is used as stimulant homeostatic and also
used in diarrhoea and dysentery. [31, 19]
9 Helianthus annus L. Surajmuki Herb Seed and
flower
It is used as laxative and diuretic. Its oil is
best for cooking. [30, 31]
Family Apiaceae
10 Coriandrum sativum L. Danya Herb Seed and
leaves
It is used in condiments. Also used as
diuretic and anti-dyspepsia [5, 19, 22]
11 Ammi visnaga L. Sparkiye Herb Seed It is used as diuretic astringent and
antispasmodic. [19, 34]
12 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Sop Herb Seed It increase milk production in women. It is
used as condiment and also as analgesic. [29, 5, 19]
Family Brassicaceae
13 Brassica compestres L. Oiray Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. Its oil is used as
tonic. [20, 19]
Family Cannabaceae
14 Cannabis sativa L. Bhang Herb Leaves It is used as expectorant and also used in
fever and pain. [25, 19, 20]
Family Chenopodiaceae
15 Chenopodium album L. Sorma Herb Leaves It is used as fodder. [19, 5, 25]
Family Convolvulaceae
16 Convolvulus arvensis L. Perwtye Herb leaves It is used as purgative and also used in skin
disease. [21, 25, 20, 19]
Family Cucurbitaceae
17 Cucurbita pepo L. Kado Herb Fruit It is used as vegetable and also used in heart
and stomach problem. [31]
18 Momordica charantia L. Karela Herb Fruit It is used as vegetable and also used in
diabetes and blood pressure. [27, 20, 23, 5]
Family Caesalpiniaceae
19 Cassia fistula L. Gardanali Tree Wood and
seed
Wood is used in furniture. Seed is used for
abdominal pain in babies. [24, 5]
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine Family Euphorbiaceae
20 Euphorbia Prostrata Aiton. Wermgu Herb Shoot It is used in skin diseases like itching and
ring worm. [34, 30, 31]
21 Euphorbia helioscopiaL. Parpary Herb Shoot It is used as cathartic and anthelmintic. It is
also used as laxative. [20, 19, 32]
22 Ricinus Communis L. Arhand Shrub Seed It is used for sexual disorder. Its oil is used
in treating constipation. [25, 19, 20]
Family Fumaraceae
23 Fumaria indica (Hausskn.)
Pugsley Serguly Herb Whole plant It is used for asthma and paralysis.
[25, 23, 20, 19,
5]
Family Meliaceae
24 Melia azedarach L. Bakanra Tree Whole Plant
It is used for fuel and furniture. Fruit and
leave are used as anthelmintic. Bark is used
for teeth curing.
[24, 20, 5, 19]
Family Mimosaceae
25 Acacia modesta Wall. Palosa Tree Gum and
brunches
Gum is used for dysentery and tonic.
Branches is used for tooth brush. It is also
used for fuel and furniture.
[29, 24, 25]
26 Acacia nilotica L. Kikar Tree Whole plant
It is used as fuel and fodder. It is used in
diarrhoea and dysentery and also used as
expectorant.
[20, 24, 25]
Family Moraceae
27 Morus alba L. Spin toot Tree Whole plant
It is used as fodder and furniture. Fruit are
delicious and tasty. It is also used as
laxative, purgative and emollient.
[5, 19, 20, 22,
24]
28 Morus nigra L. Tor toot Tree Bark and
fruit
Fruit is nutritive and used as laxative. Berk
is used as expectorant and inhibit tumour
formation. It is also used as anthelmintic and
astringent.
[20, 24, 19, 5]
29 Ficus carica L. Toghu Tree Whole plant
Fruit is edible and use for stomach disease. It
is also used as laxative and demulcent. It is
also used for fodder and fuel.
[23, 19, 24]
Family Myrtaceae
30 Euclyptus maculate L. Lochi Tree Leaves It is used as expectorant and antiseptic. Also
used as flavouring agent. [20]
Family Lamiaceae
31 Mentha arvensis L. Podina Herb Leaves
Its leaves used as salad. It is useful in
diarrhoea and dyspepsia. Decoction is used
in mouth wash.
[20, 29]
32 Mentha longifolia L. Velona Herb Leaves
It is mostly used for stomach disorder, Its
dried powder are used for stomach ache and
carminative
[30, 20, 5]
33 Ocimum basilicum L. Baberai Herb Whole plant
It is used as ornamental. Seed is used for
diarrhoea. Its extract is used against ear
ache.
[28, 25, 22]
Family Oxalidaceae
34 Oxalis carniculata L. Terwika Herb Whole plant It is used as anti-diabetic. It is also useful in
case of fever and stomach ache. [19, 5, 20, 25]
Family Plantaginaceae
35 Plantago lanceolata L. Chendy cut Herb Leaves Seed It is used as purgative. Leaves are boiled in
water and used for chest infection [5, 19, 20, 25]
Family Punicaceae
36 Punica granatum L. Anar Tree Fruit and
bark
Fruit is edible which compensate iron
deficiency. Berk is Berk is used for nasal
congestion and also used for dysentery.
[25, 19]
Family Poaceae
37 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers Baruwa Herb Stem and
leaves
It is used for ornamental purposes and also
used as fodder. [25, 26, 19]
38 Avena sativa L. Jawdar Herb Seed and
stem
It is used as fodder. Seed is used as nerve
tonic. [24, 28]
Family Rhamnaceae
39 Ziziphus nummularia L. Karkanra Tree Whole plant
It is used for fuel and furniture, branches
used for hedging and fencing. Fruit is used
as tonic and digestive.
[32, 22, 23]
Family Solanaceae
40 Datura innoxia Mill. Batura Shrub Leaves It is used as anti-inflammatory and
Laxative. [20, 30]
41 Datura incanum L. Makoo Shrub Leaves It is used as anti-diabetic [32, 34]
42 Solanum nigrum L. Tor Makoo Herb Leave and
fruit
It is used as vegetable and fruit. The leaves
in the form of paste are applied to skin to [20, 21, 19, 5]
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine cure eczema
Family Spindaceae
43 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq Sanaty Shrub Whole plant It is used as fodder and fuel. Leaves are used
as astringent. [20, 24, 24]
Family Tamaricaceae
44 Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.
Karst Ghaz Shrub Whole plant It is used as fuel. It is honey bee plant [25, 30]
Family Zygophyllaceae
45 Peganum harmala L. Spelany Herb Seed and root
It attract honey bee. It is used in pain of
heart and lice killing. It is also used as
superstitious.
[22, 5, 25, 28]
46 Fegonia indica Hadidi spelaghzy Herb Whole plant It is used as anti-inflammatory. Its extract is
used for diabetes and blood purification. [29, 30, 5]
47 Tribulus terrestris L. Makundy Herb Fruit It is used in urinary disease cough and heart
diseases. [20, 21, 25, 19]
Fig 1: Map of the research area
Fig 2: Percentage of medicinal Uses Fig 3: Percentage of Plant part used
Fig 4: Percentage of Plant habit used
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine
Chenopodium album L. Calotropis procera Aiton Fegonia indica Hadidi.
Taraxicumofficinale F. H. wig. Tamarix aphylla L. Karst Amaranthus viridis L.
Fumaria indica Hausskn. Plantago lanceolate L. Mentha longifolia L.
Peganum harmala L. Cannabis sativa L. Ricinus communis L.
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International Journal of Herbal Medicine
Oxalis carniculata L. Solanum nigrum L. Allium cepa L.
Convolvulus arvensis L. Acacia nilotica L. Conyza Canadensis L.
Plats
4. Discussion
The uses of plants species for the treatments of disorder is
very ancient and this knowledge has been transferred from
generation to generation orally and practically [14]. It has been
reported that about 6,000plant species with potential
medicinal activities are widely distributed in which 600-700
species are being used for medicinal purposes [15]. According
to Hocking (1985) 84% rural population of Pakistan still
practicing from practitioners of traditional drugs [16], either
due to lack of health facilities [17], or experience of elders
from several decades [18]. The present study provide the local
uses of plants species about treatments of various diseases.
The main focus of this study was to assemble knowledge
about the local uses of plants that are used as remedies to treat
diseases. Such as leaves of the Amaranthus viridis used for
the gastro intestinal problems, leaves of Xanthium strumarium
used in malaria fever, flower and fruit of
Traxaxicumofficinale used for the cure of kidney and liver.
Similarly seed of Helianthus annus used as laxative, seed of
Ammi visnage used as diuretic and antispasmodic, leaves of
Canabis sativa used as expectorant and also used in fever and
pain etc.
5. Conclusion
Hopefully this study will create extensive interest in
protecting and preserving important medicinal plants in
District Bannu, KPK Pakistan. The peoples of the study area
were uneducated about the sustainable and wise uses of plant
species as medicine for different aliments. They were
deprived regarding proper collections of plants for health care
needs and marketability. At present time the spread of
knowledge from herbalists to the public had been enormously
decreased. However due to contribution of ethnobotanical
research, awareness in the local community and overall global
trend toward recovery of the spread of knowledge herbalist to
the public has been introduced. Furthermore the present study
proved that most of the indication prescribed which are
related to the society diseases such as diarrhea, asthma,
stomach diseases, diabetes etc. which will be definitely
helpful for the society members in developing country like
Pakistan.
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