ifrc sru sd chf post disaster steel frame shelter
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POST DISASTER POST DISASTER
STEELSTEEL--FRAME SHELTERFRAME SHELTER
Experiences and lessons learnedExperiences and lessons learnedSteel Days Conference
Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.
November 8, 2011
• Present two applications of steel technology in post-disaster transitional shelter
programs
• Review application of steel technology
Objectives
• Review application of steel technology
• Provide recommendations and perspectives regarding the use of steel in
transitional shelter
• US-based American NGO, based in Maryland/DC
• Development agency with humanitarian response capacity, largely in transitional
shelter
CHF International
shelter
• Working in transitional shelter since 1999
• Transitional shelter programs in: Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Pakistan, Georgia, Peru,
Haiti, Afghanistan, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Iraq, and Colombia.
Disaster Context
Sri-Lanka 2005
Haiti 2010
…Sri Lanka context
On December 26, 2004 a major tsunami hit the Southern and Eastern costs of Sri-
Lanka. National authorities reported 30,196 deaths, the displacement of one and
a half million people and the destruction of nearly 100,00 houses.
In 2005 CHF implemented the 9 months Recovery Assistance for Southern Sri-In 2005 CHF implemented the 9 months Recovery Assistance for Southern Sri-
Lanka Program or RASSL providing 1,068 four-truss metal transitional shelters.
Shelters were built in the Galle and Matara districts, where villages were densely
populated and the land use pattern consisted of rural and semi urban settlements.
…Haiti context
On January 12, 2010 a 7.0 Mw earthquake hit Haiti killing more than 220,000
people and destroying over 105,000 homes. The devastation was widespread in
Port Au Prince (PaP), its surrounding areas, as well as communities located in
Ouest Department of Haiti.
In February 2010 CHF International launched the Community Livelihoods and
By February 2011 CHF had provided 5,140 transitional shelters, out of which
2,000 were cold formed/light gage steel frame shelters built for the semi-urban
and rural settlements in Petit Goâve, and Léogâne.
In February 2010 CHF International launched the Community Livelihoods and
Economic Assistance through Rubble Removal and Shelter (CLEARS) program. The
Program was designed to provide a range of context-driven and flexible shelter
solutions in earthquake affected areas.
Shelter DesignsShelter Designs
Similarities and Differences
FEATURES SRI- LANKA HAITI
Construction
period
February- October 2005 (9months) March 2010- February 2011 (12 months)
Why steel-
frame
shelters?
Rapidly assembled and reusable material that can
be utilized in housing construction or re-
construction.
Multiple hazards including earthquakes and aftershocks, heavy
rains (March-May), hurricanes and high winds (June-November)
and infestation (termites etc). Opportunity to pilot an
innovative technology where all shelter construction materials
must be imported.
Sri Lanka vs. Haiti
Design type Locally developed and produced, 3.75 m wide,
5.40 m long (20 m2) structure consisting of a light
weight, four-truss metal frame with metal roof
sheeting that did not require skilled labor for
assembly. This model was first introduced by CHF
in 2003 when implementing an innovative
transitional shelter pilot project for 212 IDPs
living in transitional centers in Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
Pre-fabricated unit, produced in the United States, including
cold formed/light gage steel components for a transitional
housing unit in Haiti that is approximately 3 m wide, 6 m long
(18 m2 ) and 2.15 m high to bottom of truss with a 0.30m eave
overhang around the perimeter. 29ga galvanized steel roofing.
Production and assembly required local capacity building.
Meets Sector
Standards
Meets SPHERE standards for an average family
size of 5 persons
Meets SPHERE standards for an average family size of 5 persons
Total Shelters 1,068 steel-frame 2,000 steel-frame (part of a larger initiative that also included
3,140 wood –frame shelters)
Sri Lanka Steel ShelterSri Lanka Steel Shelter
Intermediate shelter structures consisting of vertical metal frames with plastic
Assumptions
Intermediate shelter structures consisting of vertical metal frames with plastic
sheeting applied to the sides, and corrugated metal roofs. Shelters that allow the
most vulnerable affected families’ privacy, reasonable comfort and a reusable
building resource that can be utilized in housing construction or re-construction.
� A 0.15 m high, concrete and rubble mix foundation was incorporated in the design
to provide a dry interior floor.
� The bottom section of the wall was constructed with concrete blocks to a height of
0.6 m.
� The section between the masonry and the roof edge was covered by tarpaulin.
� Additional reinforcements, including heavy anchors for each column and J-hooks
attaching roofing sheets to perlins.
Sri Lanka Technical Specs
� Construction of a 5 square meter covered food preparation area adjoining the
shelter.
� Electrical reticulation of the shelter to include 2 plug points and 2 light points
(Due to the steel framing and the openness of the shelters, all wiring was shielded
in an electrical conduit). This was a Government requirement resulted to comply
to local standards
� Installation of gutters and a 500-liter water tank for harvesting of rain water
Sri Lanka Upgrades and Add-ons
� Installation of gutters and a 500-liter water tank for harvesting of rain water
� Reinforced USAID tarpaulin walls by adding supportive plywood boards to provide
additional security and more robust shelters.
� Reduction of heat radiation from the metal roof sheets by the application of
‘MACFOIL’™ heat insulation sheeting to the underside of the roof sheets (CHF
considered painting the roofs of the shelters white to increase the reflectivity of
roofs and reduce the heat transfer; however, we were concerned that the paint
would leach into the rain catchment system incorporated in the roofs. The system
was not intended to be used for potable water, but it would be difficult to ensure
that some of the water does not get used for drinking or food preparation).
� Frames were locally produced, in workshops in the Galle area and easily adapted
by local communities. Modifications and upgrades made later using steel as a
material, and local production sources, resulted in quick and easy design changes,
which beneficiaries could do themselves
� Community consultation resulted in other improvements, including: upgrading of
the walls from plastic sheeting to plywood, giving each family greater control over
Sri Lanka
Modifications and Upgrades
the walls from plastic sheeting to plywood, giving each family greater control over
where they could put windows or other apertures.
� Beneficiaries completed some of their own upgrades, but were less inclined to
complete significant changes to the “box” structure of the steel frame
CHF’s steel-frame shelter in Sri-Lanka carried the approval of the affected
Sri Lanka Beneficiary Satisfaction
CHF’s steel-frame shelter in Sri-Lanka carried the approval of the affected
communities, held up well in the Sri Lankan weather and was easily
assembled and disassembled. It became a favorite among the affected
communities.
Haiti Steel Shelter
Transitional shelter that provides a durable shelter solution that allows households
to regain a sense of normalcy. Shelters that are likely to be exposed to Multiple
hazards including earthquakes and aftershocks, heavy rains, hurricanes and high
Assumptions
hazards including earthquakes and aftershocks, heavy rains, hurricanes and high
winds and infestation (termites etc). A transitional shelter model that demonstrates
risk reduction techniques in anticipation of the reconstruction phase.
In 2010 CHF responded to the Haiti earthquake by using both wood-frame and steel-
frame shelters that were constructed in urban and semi-urban environments,
respectively. The primary reasons for proposing the integration of steel frame
shelters in the Haiti context included:
�Timber was not a locally produced commodity and was imported, allowing for
Haiti Steel as a Shelter Option
�Timber was not a locally produced commodity and was imported, allowing for
reasonable exploration of other imported materials and designs;
� High local hazard risk required a long lasting, multiple hazard-resistant
(primarily earthquake, hurricane resistant) solution;
� Given the durability of the material, the shelter frame is easily convertible to a
permanent solution with some small adjustments.
Criteria Wood-frame shelter Steel-framed shelter
Advantages �Culturally known material, assembled using
commonly found tools and inputs
�Familiar procurement mechanisms
�Lower cost of materials
�More flexible application in urban
environment
�Hurricane Resistant to 120 miles per hour
�Earthquake resistant
�If upgraded properly, the unit could become a
permanent solution
�Viewed as a more “permanent” shelter by
beneficiaries
Disadvantages �Limited time span in extreme weather
conditions, climate sensitive material
�Pest-vulnerable
�Not a locally produced or widely used commodity
�Thermal conductor, transmits heat into living area
�Relatively unknown construction material
Haiti Steel vs. Wooden Shelter Model
�Pest-vulnerable
�Viewed as “temporary” by beneficiaries
�Relatively unknown construction material
�Assembly requires tools, equipment and considerable
add-ons that increase price and delivery time.
�Pre-fab sizing prevents use in congested urban
settings
Construction Complexity Despite simple structural design features,
consistent capacity building and oversight was
required to assure proper construction and
handling of shelter materials.
Because the shelter was a pre-fabricated design, a
significant amount of training and mobilizing was
required to establish appropriate fabrication systems.
Costly transportation of containers from customs as
well as transportation of units to installation points.
Quality (durability and
structural integrity)
�3-4 years �20 years
Material availability �Imported material but locally available. �Not available in the local market, nor produced
locally
Semi-Skilled Labor �Existing in country (carpenters and masons) �Critical need for training and capacity building in
assembly line systems and use of power tools
� Pre-fabricated cold formed/light gage steel transitional shelter, approximately 3
m wide, 6 m long (18 m2 ) and 2.15 m high to bottom of truss.
� 29ga galvanized steel roofing.
� Concrete foundations and flooring.
� Wood frame doors and windows
� Factory-grade plastic sheeting as initial wall cover
Haiti Technical Specs
� Components were shipped pre-cut, from an American company in 40 containers
of 50 shelters per container.
� A prefabrication facility was set up to assemble the structures in each town, with
220 local labourers working in Léogâne and about 30 in Petit Goâve.
� Different teams offloaded the containers, assembled the parts, loaded and
Haiti Construction and Delivery
� Different teams offloaded the containers, assembled the parts, loaded and
offloaded pre-fabricated structures and installed the shelters on site.
� The program trained approximately 100 local workers, both men and women to
become proficient with the use of drills in the assembly of metal parts. Once the
shelters were installed, an additional 6-8 three man crews of masons were used to
install the cement floors.
� In total, this project provided income and jobs to the local community for 250 –
300 people.
NOTE ON TIMEFRAMES: CHF was able to start producing wood-frame shelters one
month after the program started, however It took 5 months to start delivering steel
frame shelters due unforeseen challenges such as customs, logistics, the need for
capacity building, transportation, powered tools, spare parts, etc. The following chart
shows CHF’s shelter delivery rate from which conclusions can be drawn.
Haiti Construction and Delivery
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500WFS
SFS
� Steel-frame shelter cost was roughly 2- 2.5 times higher than the wood- frame shelter.
� Basic core materials costs were equivalent to wooden shelters. However, assembly
and installation of the unit required additional inputs that added significant cost,
including:
�Customs fees
Haiti Steel Frame Cost
�Customs fees
�Storage
�Onsite labor/assembly
�Concrete foundations
�Technical assistance and training
�Equipment rental
�Power tools and generators
�Flatbed transportation
�Bracing materials, tarp fasteners
�Doors and windows (wood frame)
Steel Shelter Outcomes
Steel frame shelter are conceived as a transition towards a permanent solution, and
therefore a higher investment for the use or more durable materials are incorporated
when improving or expanding the shelters. This trend responds to CHF’s initial
assumptions for using steel frame shelter due to its potential to become a permanent
solution. Some examples include:
� Porch addition
� Room or kitchen addition
Upgrades and Modifications
� Room or kitchen addition
� New siding material
� Electricity and plumbing
As of October 2011, based on the program’s final evaluation:
•The improvement rate of a steel frame shelter is 23% at an average cost of $100.
•Nearly 5% of the steel frame shelters were upgraded for an average cost of $375.
•Higher improvements and expansions rates are found in steel-frame shelters; the level
of investment is 4 times higher when compare to the wood frame shelter.
Significant steel shelter beneficiaries have disassembled or expanded their shelter unit
to meet personal needs or preferences. This has resulted in varying degrees of
structural instability or improper use and extension of steel components.
� Households did not have access to power tools or generators following the
completion of the shelter unit by CHF teams.
� Improvisation in construction and assembly frequently created dangerous or non-
Disassembly and Re-Use
� Improvisation in construction and assembly frequently created dangerous or non-
hazard resistant shelter features
Recipient households frequently converted their steel framed shelters into
productive enterprises, including restaurants, bars, beauty salons, grocery stores,
and repair shops. Often they also maintained a residence in the unit simultaneously
Livelihoods…
CHF’s steel shelter program in Léogâne created a new steel market throughout the
region. Through observation and consultation, CHF learned that beneficiary
households were creating a market value for their shelter based on demand from
other non-shelter beneficiaries, resulting in:
� Increased vulnerability for households who sell their home
� Misuse of materials in rebuilding, often creating new structural hazards
Market Impact
� Misuse of materials in rebuilding, often creating new structural hazards
� Shelter components supporting commercial interests rather than household
interests
October 2011
Steel Transitional Shelter
in in
Emergencies
In order to assure safety and beneficiary comfort, shelter designs must include:
� Features to mitigate extreme temperatures created by thermal conducting
frames
� Training for households regarding use and addition of electricity, plumbing,
and water services
� Proper wall materials that provide security, privacy, and that mitigate extreme
climatic effects
Lessons Learned
climatic effects
Shelter recipients are likely to adapt or change their shelter (or move it).
Therefore, agencies using steel must:
� Provide easy to use, simple technologies that are transferrable and
structurally applicable
� Raise awareness on site placement, and provide a guide or catalogue of
possible adjustments and modifications, including locally available BOQs and
technical guidelines
With correct use and application, steel technologies have a place in transitional
shelter provided that:
� Technologies and supporting inputs are available locally, easily accessible, and
familiar to the local community
� Households are adequately trained in the disassembly, adaptation, and
modification of steel shelters through extensive training, construction
modules, and consistently available guidance
Lessons Learned
modules, and consistently available guidance
Steel is a valuable material, with much benefits when use in construction.
Depending on the social-economic environment it shall be expected that at some
point shelters will be traded for non shelter purposes. To mitigate this possibility,
agencies should:
� Conduct a thorough market evaluation of the local availability, costs, and
market volatility of steel for shelter construction
� Educate households who receive shelter on the economic value and potential
of their shelter asset
CHF recognizes the potential for using steel, and recommends that the use of
steel is supported by the following :
� The humanitarian community and the steel industry work jointly as
partners in the design and evaluation rather than just suppliers and
buyers.
� There is an investment on research on steel-framing sheltering to draw
Recommendations
� There is an investment on research on steel-framing sheltering to draw
lessons learned from past or current experiences for an improved future
response.
� A minimum of cultural sensitiveness and climatic appropriateness is
incorporated in the shelter design.
� A cost-effective and long-lasting to permanent solution is offered to the
beneficiaries and the donor community.
At CHF, we believe there is future for the steel industry in humanitarian response
therefore we keep on innovating ….
Two stories steel-frame shelter in Ravine Pintade, Port-au-Prince, November 2011
THANKS
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