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I E E E 802.16 OF D M A PH Y
Wen-bin Lin
g925629@oz.nthu.edu.tw07-19-2006
mailto:g925629@oz.nthu.edu.twmailto:g925629@oz.nthu.edu.twmailto:g925629@oz.nthu.edu.tw -
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Contents
W iM A X I ntroduct ion OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure
OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation
OFDMA Ranging
Channel Coding and Control
Reference
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802.16 History
The initial 802.16 standard in 2002, operates in the 10-to-66-GHzfrequency band and requires LOS towers.
The 802.16a extension, ratified in March 2003, allows use of 2 to 11GHz frequency. It boasts a 50 km range and 74.7Mbit/sec. datatransfer rates and doesn't require LOS transmission.
Additional 802.16 standards are in the works:
802.16bQuality of service
802.16cInteroperability, with protocols and test-suite structures
802.16dFixing things not covered by 802.16c, which is the standardfor developing access points
802.16eSupport for mobile as well as fixed broadband (802.16-2005)
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802.16 Application
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802.16 PHY
SC
OFDM-256
(S)OFDMA
FFT: 128, 512, 1k, 2k
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802.16 Duplexing
Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
Licensed band
FFD SSs may be H-FDD
Time division duplexing (TDD)
Licensed and license-exempt band
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OFDM Transceiver
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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction
OF D M A Symbol D escript ion, Paramet ers, and F rame St ruct ure OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation
OFDMA Ranging
Channel Coding and Control
Reference
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OFDMA Symbol Description (1/2)
Based on OFDM modulation
Designed for NLOS operation < 11 GHz
Frequency domain description
Subcarrier Type: Data, Pilot, null (guard and DC)
Number: 128, 512, 1024, 2048 (at least one)
Subchannel
A set of subcarriers forms a subchannel
The subcarriers may and may not be adjacent
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OFDMA Symbol Description (2/2)
Time domain description
Created by IFFT operation of freq. domain symbol
Cyclic prefix
Extension before the time domain symbol Collect multi-path and maintain orthogonality
Causes SNR loss
CP
Ts
Tg Tb
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Basic Parameters
Useful symbol time1/f = 89.6usTb
Frequency spacingFs/NFFT = 11.16kHzf
Sampling frequencyFloor( n*BW/8000 )*8000Fs
FFT size128, 512, 1024, 2048Nfft
Guard time ratio1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32G
Sampling factor8/7, 28/25n
# of used subcarriersNused
bandwidth1.25, 5, 10,20BW
DESCRIPTIONVALUEITEM
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Basic Terms Definition
Slot
The minimum possible data allocation unit
Requires time and subchannel allocation mode information
Data region Two-dimensional allocation of a group of subchannels, in a group of
OFDMA symbols
Segment
A subdivision of the available subchannels
Permutation zone
A number of OFDMA symbols which use the same permutation formula
A subframe may contain more than one zone
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Slot Data region
Subchannel offset
Symbol
offset
No. of OFDMA symbols
No. ofsubchannels
Segment Permutation zone
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OFDMA Data Mapping DL, PUSC
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OFDMA Data Mapping UL
Two steps mapping:
1. Draw the data regionhorizontally (gray sha-dowed zone)
2. Mapping the slotvertically (slot index)
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Subchannel Permutations
Partial usage of sub-channels(PUSC)
Partial employment of cellplanning, 1/3 for the right handexample
FCH stands for frame control
header c.f. Full usage of sub-channels
(FUSC)
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Subchannel Permutations
AMC permutation
Enables efficient resource allocation with optimal transmit power andmodulation/coding scheme for each SS in a cell
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OFDMA Frame Structure (TDD)
DL subfram UL subfram
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FCH and DL_MAP
Frame control header
Contains the DL_Frame Prefix, and specifies the length of the DL-MAPmessage
Transmitted using QPSK rate 1/2 with four repetitions using themandatory coding scheme
sent on four subchannels with successive logical subchannel numbers
DL_MAP Transmitted with QPSK modulation at FEC rate 1/2.
Repetition 0, 2, 4, or 6
The length and FEC is described in the DL_MAP prefix
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Multiple Zones In a Frame
Zone transition is indicated in the DL-Map by the STC_DL_Zone
The maximum number of downlink zones is 8 in one downlink subframe
the maximum number of bursts to decode in one downlink subframe is
64 If the BS allocates more bursts or zones, then the SS is required to
decode the first bursts/zones until the limit is reached
PUSC zone first
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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction
OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure
OFD M A Subcarrier A llocat ion OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control
Reference
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Preamble
The first symbol of the downlink transmission is the preamble
Three types of preamble carrier-sets
Defined by allocation of different subcarriers
Modulated using a boosted BPSK with a PN code DC subcarrier is always set to be zero
10128
42512
861024
1722048
Guard-band leftand right
FFT Size
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Preamble
Frequency domain description
Non-zero pilot tones every 3 subcarriers (DC subcarrier is notmodulated)
(NFFT guardband*2)/3 bit predefined sequenced is modulated n = 0 for segment 0
n = 1 for segment 1
n = 2 for segment 2
Time domain description 1, the first OFDMA symbol
Implicitly repeats itself 3 times within the basic OFDMA symbol time
n = 0 example
3*
0...567
n preambleCarrierSet n k
k
= +
=
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Downlink FUSC (1/4)
71
12
71
12
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Downlink FUSC (2/4)
There are two variable and constant pilot set
Mapping all pilot first, where the remaining subcarriers are used todefine data subcarriers
Allocate data subcarriers (48 subcarrier/subchannel ) Partition the remaining subcarrier into groups of contiguous form
Each subchannel consists of one subcarrier from each of theses groups
The exact allocation is according to a permutation formula:
( , ) { [ mod ] }modsubcahnnel k s k subchannels subchannels
subcarrier k s N n p n N PermBase N = + +
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Downlink FUSC (3/4)
constant pilot setvariable pilot set
Nsubcarriers
fpilot allocation
GP0 GP1 GP47
S0 S1 SNsch
remaining subcarriers
divide into groups
extract one fromeach group
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Downlink FUSC (4/4)
SubchannelIndex
Subcarrier index belongs to the corresponding subchannel
For PermBase = 2
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Downlink PUSC (1/4)
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Downlink PUSC (2/4)
1. Dividing the subcarriers into Ncluster physical clusters containing 14adjacent subcarriers
2. Renumbering the physical clusters into logical clusters
3. Dividing the clusters into six major groups (2048 example)
G0: 0-23, G2: 40-63, G4: 80:103
G1: 24-39, G3: 64-79, G5: 104-119 4. Allocate the pilot subcarrier first, the remaining subcarriers are used as
data subcarriers
(( 13* _ ) mod ) L P cluster C RS C DL PermBase N = +
time
Increasing index
datapilot
SC
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Downlink PUSC (3/4)
Nsubcarriers 2 OFDMA symbols
PC0 Physical clusters(14 subcarriers)PC1 PCNcluster
LC0 LC1 LCNcluster
Divide clusters intomajor groups
Renumbering sequence
LC0~23 LC24~39 LC64~79 LC80~103 LC104~119LC24~39 LC40~63
G0
Logical clusters(14 subcarriers)
S0 S1 SNsch
Same process asFUSC permutation
G23 G0G23 G0 G23 G0G23 G0 G23 G0G23
D li k PUSC (4/4)
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Downlink PUSC (4/4)
Allocation Example
FFT size: 2048
Major group: G0
PermBase: 2
su
bchannelin
dex
subcarrier index
UL b i ll ti (1/3)
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UL subcarrier allocation (1/3)
UL b i ll ti (2/3)
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UL subcarrier allocation (2/3)
Tile based allocation
The subchannel is constructed from six uplink tiles, each tile hasfour subcarriers
The allocated frequency band shall be divided into 420 tiles Divide the 420 tiles into six groups, containing 70 adjacent tiles
each
Tile
(s,n
) = 70n
+(Pt
[(s+n)mod
70]+ UL_IDcell)mod
70
time
Increasing index
pilot data
UL b i ll ti (3/3)
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UL subcarrier allocation (3/3)
Nsubcarriers
T0
S0 S1 SNsbc
divide subcarriersinto tiles
divide into groups
extract one from
each group
T1 TNtiles
G0 G1 G5
3 OFDMA symbols
Tile inde
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Tile indexSu
bchannelindex
Increasing index
time
A subchannel
Mini Subchannelization
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Mini-Subchannelization
An uplink subchannel is composed of six tiles, while minisubchannelization will be created by:
Concatenating multiples of 2, 3, or 6 subchannels
Allocating traffic for more than one SS on this concatenation
There are 4 possible mini-subchannelization
AAS Support (1/2)
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AAS Support (1/2)
Indicated by IEs in the DL and UL broadcast maps
AAS zone
A contiguous block of OFDMA symbols
Defined permutation Defined preamble structure
May contain an optional Diversity-Map scan zone (D-Msz)
AAS frame structure
Consists of subchannels
PUSC, FUSC, oFUSC permutation
Two highest numbered subchannels of DL frame may contain D-Msz
AMC permutation
The first and last numbered subchannels of AAS DL zone may contain D-Msz
A 2 bin by 3 symbol tile structure is used
AAS Support (2/2)
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AAS Support (2/2)
Optional Diversity Map scan(1/2)
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Optional Diversity-Map scan(1/2)
AAS-DLFP (Down Link Frame Prefix)
A robust transmission of the required BS parameters
Enable SS initial ranging
SS paging and access allocation
QPSK-1/2, 2 repetitions
Start with an AAS DL preamble
Specified the permutation of AAS UL Zone
Transmitted in a D-Msz may not carry the same information Supports the ability to transmit a compressed DL-MAP IE
Not randomized
Optional Diversity-Map scan(2/2)
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Optional Diversity-Map scan(2/2)
AAS preambles
Training information in both UL and DL AAS zone
Preceding all data allocation and AAS DLFP in AAS zone
Made exclusive for UL(1-D) and DL(2-D) Length is specified in the AAS_DL_IE
Either time or frequency shifted
AAS DL preamble
Formed by concatenating the original preamble sequence
Used for the burst is a subset of basic preamble
Occupies 9 subcarriers in AMC allocation
AAS UL preamble
Similar with AAS DL preamble
Contents
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Contents
IEEE 802.16 Introduction
OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure
OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation
OF D M A Ranging Channel Coding and Control
Reference
Back up
OFDMA Ranging
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OFDMA Ranging
The MAC layer shall define a single ranging channel Ranging channel
One or more groups of 6 adjacent subchannels
PUSC
Tile structure
8 adjacent subchannels for optional (AMC mode)
The indices of the subchannels that compose the ranging channelare specified in the UL-MAP message
1. Initial ranging
2. Periodic / BW request ranging
In the process of user code detection, the BS gets the channelimpulse response of the code, thus acquiring for the BS vastinformation about the user channel and condition
Initial / Handover Ranging
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Initial / Handover Ranging
The initial ranging code For initial network entry and association
Initial-ranging transmission shall be performed during two or fourconsecutive symbols
Initial Ranging Structure
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Initial Ranging Structure
The BS can allocate two consecutive initial ranging slot, the SStransmits two consecutive ranging code within 4 symbol time
Periodic / BW Request Ranging (1/2)
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Periodic / BW Request Ranging (1/2)
Periodic-ranging transmissions Sent periodically for system periodic ranging
Bandwidth requests transmissions
For requesting uplink allocations from the BS Sent only by SS that have already synchronized to the system
Two ways to perform the ranging:
Modulate one ranging code on the ranging subchannel for a period of
one OFDMA symbol
Periodic / BW Request Ranging (2/2)
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Periodic / BW Request Ranging (2/2)
Modulating three consecutive ranging codes (starting code shall alwaysbe a multiple of 3) on the ranging subchannel for a period of threeOFDMA symbols
Ranging Codes (1/2)
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Ranging Codes (1/2)
Pseudo noise code produced by a PRBS Polynomial: 1+x1+x4+x7+x15
Initial seed: [L] 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 s0 s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6 [M]
s6~s0: UL_PermBase
BPSK transmission
Code length: 144 bits
Ranging Codes (2/2)
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g g ( )
Selection There are 256 available ranging code
Each BS use a subgroup of these code
The group of codes will be between S and (S+N+M+L+O) mod 256(cyclic manner)
0 1 2 14 15 25 26 39 40
N M L
57
S
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IEEE 802.16 Introduction
OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure
OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation
OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Cont rol Reference
Channel coding
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g
Repetition
R = 1, 2, 4, or 6
Group-wise of the encoded and interleaved block
Lower code rates of 1/4, 1/8, and 1/12 by repetition of 2, 4, and 6 of aR=1/2 encoded block
Randomization
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Randomizer
Generator polynomial = 1 + x14 + x15
The randomizer sequence is applied to information bits
Initial value for HARQ: [M]011011100010101[L]
MSBLSB
Encoding
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g
Mandatory: convolutional encoding (Tail biting) Optional: ZTCC, BTC, CTC
Concatenation
Performed in order to make larger blocks of coding where it is possible. Not exceeding the largest supported block size for the applied
modulation and coding
For CTC, the concatenation, interleaver, and HARQ support are
defined separately
Convolutional Coding
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Forward Error Correction convolutional code with w/wo puncture
Tile biting encoding
Block turbo code
Convolutional turbo code
Low density parity check code
Rate = K = 7G1 = (171)oct
G2 = (133)oct
Interleaving
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Interleaver All encoded data bits shall be interleaved by a block interleaver with a
block size
Two-step permutation
1. ensures that adjacent coded bits are mapped onto nonadjacentsubcarriers.
2. insures that adjacent coded bits are mapped alternately onto less or moresignificant bits of the constellation
Input order
output order
Modulation (1/3)
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Subcarrier randomization In all permutations except uplink PUSC and downlink TUSC1, the pilot
signal are boosted 2.5 dB over common data tones
The pilot signal are generated by a PRBS with the polynomial x11 + x9 +
1
Modulation (2/3)
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Data modulation
QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM(optional)
Re-modulated with the random sequence used to generate pilot signal( 2*(1/2 - wk) )
Power is normalized to unit
UL ACK Channel
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Provides feedback for Downlink ARQ One ACK channel occupies half subchannel
3 pieces of 4x3 uplink tile in the case of PUSC
3 pieces of ex3 uplink tile in the case of optional PUSC
1 for NACK, while 0 for ACK (ACK encoding)
Channel Quality Measurements
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Implementation of the RSSI and CINR statistics and their reports ismandatory
RSSI Measurements
Not necessarily require receiver demodulation lock
Offer reasonably reliable channel strength assessments
CINR Measurements
require receiver demodulation lock
Provide information on the actual operating conditions, including interference,noise levels, and signal strength
As channel behavior is time-variant, both mean and stand deviationare defined
RSSI and CINR Measurements
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Unit of mean and standard deviation
Quantized: 1dB
RSSI: dBm (-40 ~ -123)
CINR: dB (-10 ~ 53)
Relative (absolute) accuracy
RSSI: dB
CINR: dB The estimation methods are both left to individual implementation,
while the standard give the possible methods:
2( 4)
1( 2)
Contents
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IEEE 802.16 Introduction OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure
OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation
OFDMA Ranging Channel Coding and Control
Reference
Reference
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IEEE Standards 802.16-2004
802.16-2004/Corrigendum D3
802.16-2004/Corrigendum D5
802.16e-2005
Intel Technology vol.08
Standardization and Specifications of Standardization and
Specifications of WiBro PHY Fixed, nomadic, portable and mobile applications for 802.16-2004
and 802.16e WiMAX networks
Summary
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IEEE 802.16 Introduction Comparison with 802.16d(2004)
Duplexing
OFDMA Symbol Description, Parameters, and Frame Structure
Basic term definition
Frame and FCH introduction
OFDMA Subcarrier Allocation
FUSC, PUSC AAS support
OFDMA Ranging
Initial ranging, periodic ranging
Ranging code
Channel Coding and Control
Randomization, channel coding, modulation
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Thank you
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