identifying and developing a curriculum model for teaching

Post on 03-Oct-2021

3 Views

Category:

Documents

0 Downloads

Preview:

Click to see full reader

TRANSCRIPT

Thinking and Children, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies (IHCS)

Biannual Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, Fall and Winter 2020-2021, 303-326

Doi: 10.30465/FABAK.2021.6089

Identifying and Developing a Curriculum Model for Teaching

Philosophy to Children

(An Exploratory-Sequential Mixed-Method Research)

Morteza Abedini Nazari*

Seyedeh Esmat Rasouli**

, Saeed Saffarian Hamedani

***

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to identify and develop a curriculum model for

teaching philosophy to children. The study was a mixed exploratory-sequential study. The

statistical population of the study in the qualitative part included all the academic and

education experts, out of whom 21 people were selected as the sample size using purposive

sampling method. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included all elementary

school teachers in Tehran, among whom 420 people were selected as a sample using

random cluster sampling method. In order to collect the data, in the qualitative part of the

research a semi-structured interview, and in the quantitative part a researcher-made

questionnaire were used. The method of data analysis in the qualitative part was theoretical

coding, and in the quantitative section Pearson correlation and factor analysis were

employed using SPSS-v21, Smart Pls-v3 and Lisrel-v8 softwares. The results showed that

teaching philosophy to students includes three general dimensions of constituent factors

(philosophical mentality, philosophical dialogue and philosophical education), influencing

factors (curriculum, teacher and management) and influenced factors (critical thinking,

* PhD Student of Philosophy of Education, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran,

m.abedini1964@gmail.com

** Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran

(Corresponding Author), esmatrasoli@yahoo.com

*** Associate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari,

Iran, snhrm3000@gmail.com

Date received: 28/08/2020, Date of acceptance: 20/12/2020

Copyright © 2010, IHCS (Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies). This is an Open Access article.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of

this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box

1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

304 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

wisdom and self-efficacy). The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the

proposed model has a good fit.

Keywords: Curriculum Model, Philosophy Teaching, Students, Mixed Research.

����� � ��� ��� ���� � ������� ����� � �� � �� !"��� # � � $ ) �&��# ' ( �(������ * �&��+�,��- � ���� ./ &01+2 3 4� - �1399 �305 – 326

������ �� ��� ���� ���� ������ ����� ����� � ����� !

)����"� ���#"�� �$%��� &'�()(

<�=� ��+>? � �@�� *

���(/ B&"� �>1(**� ���>&� 3 +/ C >1�(***

*�%+,

���� ��� �� ����� ����� ���� ������ �� !" #$%� % �$���&'�� (�)��) .��� #+$"�,�)� - %./ �" 0�� �) ��� �!"�1� ���21)" �+3��4 ���+�� - %.+/ �� -+5� �+��) �+��)

(�6�,7 � � 2�"� % 8��9("�:� ����� % ����� ��%�/���;� �%� �" <���1�" �� �) ��+�6 �&;�� 21 �� ���.���' ?�51�" ���;� ("�&@ A��' ����� �3��4 B�;) -5� �� �+��) (�+;�3�

CD�� "�1�"�$ ����� ��%�/% �E' ("�E ����� �+��;� �%� �" <���1�" �� �E�� #�� �" �) ��+�6�'�7 ����F �"420 ��� .���' ?�51�" ���;� ("�&@ ���� ��:&� �%���6� <�"� � �� -+5�

�,��F� �" ���)�;�� � .�+' <���1+�" �17�� ��� ���&2��/ �" B�;) -5� �� % �1��$ ��17�� A�� �%�<�"��$�:� �%� �" �1��6�� ��:� ��"I6�) ���) -5� �� � ��+�&� <�"� ��"��+/

B�;) -5� �� % ��� J�+� �" <���1+�" �+� �+) ��� ����@ A�� % (����/ � 1�,; ��+ �"K�"SPSS-v21 BSmart Pls-v3 %Lisrel-v8 .���++' A+�� �++) �"� (�+2� - %.++/ �" A+9�� L$�+1�

(�+)��) �+� ����� ����� <�+& � A�M+2 A+�"�@ �+�) �+3� �+� A��+' B��+��� N+�& O)N�6 B(����� N��� R��3 % ����� ��6% �"I6��S� A�"�@ (N$�$�+� % R+�3� B���� ������)

* N��� % R��3 ����� ��1)� ��U2�"� B��V�" �"�� <� 2�"�B ���� ��"%("�$" B���� BB m.abedini1964@gmail.com

** ��$��1�"1��� J��@ <%�6���V�" �"�� <� 2�"� BB ���� ��"%B ���� B"�$"B(W�X�� Y�&�$��) ( esmatrasoli@yahoo.com

*** ���2�"� B�1��� J��@ <%�6��V�" �"�� <� 2�"�B ("�$" B���� B���� ��"%B snhrm3000@gmail.com ��Z$ ��N��$ :07/06/1399�� BZ$ I/��$ :30/09/1399

Copyright © 2018, IHCS (Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies). This is an Open Access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International, which permits others to download this work,

share it with others and Adapt the material for any purpose

306 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

�$I/��S� A�"�@ % A+�� �" A+9�� L$�+1� .N+�" (������)��7 % ��&���7 B����1�" �M�) ���$a ����@�"�� �" <�' �b"�" W�� �) �"� (�2� .N�" �"���7�� ����D� �

*-���%�� :�' �,�)� - %./ B("���� -�"� B����� ����� B���� ������ �� !"

1. ���1�

���7�� Y�� �� ���� % c�@Vd" (%K�"�%� �'� % C�"�4 C$�� ce� % ���f �+� g�+9N��� ����� JK�1�� ce� #$" ��+� �+ N+�" A�� Y�h ��%�/ % (��2$��" �$�+�"�

����� "� ce� #$" �� � & �; % ���6��� <�%�+�" B#�+; �"�� . ��%�+/ % ���+�� ���%� � N�" �V �+����� ��+� "� �M� % We�1�" g�9 �� �"�+h �+��� ��+ �+ �

)Murris, 2008; 667�� .( �) ���d8��9 ("�:� R+E� ��E1!�+�� �+�;4 �" �+) ���%�� #$" ��N��� % R��3 ���3��4 � �"(���" ��%�/�� � +'%�) #+ O �"�"� % �+2$��" 8��9

N�" ���;1@" B���F��) B����� % ��1389.( ��@ �M&$" Rj� �1'I6�� ��+� #+$" �+� ��F �) "� �"��"�;� ("� �1� �+� �"�"� �+M� k�+��;@ % ��%� ��+� lV7 % �M�1� �S%��+� �+"O

�� �1��"�% A7� % W�1&) (�M�" �� % �' m����,� ��13� (� �� ��F- %./ L$�1� ��" ��+ �) �"� (�2� �1��6 c��9% ��X�� A� B�M� <�$�/ N�hV7 �+M�� B�&1+��� �M$K���1� ��

�M�$n <�$�/ % N�3h"%�) N�" �3�,d �" J�:� % #��"�h J�; ��+1�� �+� R)�� W�9" % � �M� B�&3$ .N�" l��9 K�� �U&$" �� (���" B ���1���&17��� �� #$"���&� % N�" �"�+�" ("�+

BW�1&) A��h o$"�' (��) R "�� �� "� �M�1� �%� ��� lV7 % �+$%��� �+6��� B�M'�� <��) � B(���"%��� %1396 m68.(

" �M$ B�1�"� #�; �������� ��'���� �� �+) (�+�"�4�� % (�+)��) �+� "� (�+M�" #+$" R "�����&) "� ��7 Y��p�/ ��M�" � AM'(� W�,�� �� % <�"�B % ���+�1�" c"�+M� BWe�1�"

�1�%�@�� % ���hV7 B�& � ��%�/ ��7 �� "�»Teaching Philosophy for Children« N+�" R�:@ B(�����4) B(�����4 % ��/1396 :81� (���� .( �+� ����� ���� �+� "� (�+)��) ��+&3�

����� N��� �2$��" Y����� (��2$��"�" % � N+�4 �+$�d �+� �+4% �"�+� �+;�@ �%�N��� #1�$� ��)�&�"�Gorard, 2017: 5.( #$��+$�4 B(�+)��) �+� ��+��� ���+�� ������

N+�" (�+)��) �� ����1�" �M� <.$% �� �M� ��E��E� ����� �� ��M$%� �+) Lipman #+$"

� � A$"%" �� "� ������ �1970 ��) s�D�% A+��M % �$���M+' �� L$�� �� .��+�� ��+7 t++@�� B�++ $� ��++��" (�++�"�4�� % (�++)��) �++&3$ (� (�++,d�5� �++�:� R++) W�++,h"

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 307

��1�6 ���+d �+� mN+�" <�+' C+�"�4 �$�+� % �M$��" �3��4 �� ������ #$" �� ;2u �+)R �� n$�K� BN��� % R��3 J�:� �� (�&)"102 W�+,�� �+����� #+$" ��+� �+� B���� ��2)��U�" % <%�6 � �9 % ��' �+��"� N+�!�3� �&��� #$" �� N��1&$" ���U� �3��4 �� W�3� #;

��b�h) ���D�� %B 1390 :84 .( �$�:� % ���V� �" �7�����%�� #$" �� N��� % R��3 ("�"��/ �+� (� ����� % ����� �)

-�"��; �"�� �M�� (�1����� ("�%� �� �E& �� ("����<�%� � N+�; " Kb�+� ���+F �� ("%"��N�" )Goering, Shudak, & Wartenberg, 2013.( �)"�u �+� ��+F ��+��� �+) ��+'

�@�;U� % N+$�� R+ "� ���+31� c�@�+��� �$�� ���" �) ��"� <"�; �� "� C��&� �" �")��� �� �"�� R Hand, 2018 �+E�� B(�+)��) �"�� ����� ����� .( (��+� ����+'� �+� "�

��7 ���6��$ % �M� �� N,�� - �+� �u (� �" (��� <�6� �&3$ �+� ��+$ % �&+2$��" % �+���6�� N7�&'"�� � $� (��� �� �$�2 .�&)#$" B�E&$" �� (%K�" ��E��E� �&����� �&$"�� �@�+;14"

N����� % ���U� �!�; �'� % �d�,�" % �� .N�" ("� $� c�����" �� N,�� B�+U�1� ��) �"�� ����� �� (�' ��6�����6 (�; (�) B�17�&' c"�S" �) cK+@ -$"K+�" % w+��

c��++E� �++ $� �$�++' % ���++U� ��++ % �@�++;14" ��++ -$"K++�" B��++����)��7 ��++ A��h W�+,�� �+� "� W��1�" �@�+;14" c"�+S" N+�" #+M;� B��"� - ��d�+@ % �17�&+' ���+$������'�� �1'"� )Topping, Trickey, & Cleghorn, 2019( ��+��� ����� ��$"K� ��;4 �" . �+�

�� �17�&' �&��� �� (�)��)����� �) N�6 ("� �$�d �" A+��3 % �!�+9" �+M� B�E+2!�u �+� A+;@ �� �"�"% "� # O ���17�� B�+&) 8,+� K+�� �@�+;14" �+&��� �� �+&$"�� ���+��

R�;F n�"�M�� ���6 �� (�)��) ��% ��' �� � �+6���7 % R:&+� N)��+2� ��%�+/ ���� �E�����U�" )Haynes, 2002: 12.( �+1��$ ��+��� �+) N+�" (� �" �)�+� K+�� �+��U ��+

�� cI! (� w$�� �" (�;�3� R �) N�" ��� �� �F&� % ���� �@���� �"�+� R % ���� �+� .N+�" �&���+� ���+�� ("���� -�"� �D� �+) ���+d �+M� -$"K+�" t+@�� ��+��� �+3!

-�"� �&��� �$�� ���� �� ("������ ���F �� �� % ��'<��' �� "� �E�� ��"�� �7�� ��+ �� �&'� �M� �$�4)����Bialystok, Norris & Pinto, 2019.( ����� �+� (�+)��) �+� �����

-�"� �� (������ ������� "� �E�� ("���� ��"% ���+��&3� % ���$�&3� %�;�h �+� �" % �+$�;� R "�+� "� �+M� ��%�/ ��&��$� B<"� #$" �+���%� C��+' B�$�+��)� % �%e� B��+b�h B���+�

B���3;�"1392 �+� ���+����&3� (�p; ����� �� ��M$%� �7�� <.$�� % ����� Ch"% �� .(�� n;) �"��" � �&)�&&�,� "� <���%� �6��� C$�h% % cVM2� ��� (� �+� �+$�d #$" �" %

308 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

���' ��"% �6��� �� ���$�&3� %�;�h B���+�@" % (�$�+�" B�+��,@ B��34��)2017� .( #+$" �<�"� (�2� ��7 c�3!�D� �� (���� �&��� �) ��" ���+�1�"�M� �� (�)��) �"�� ����� �����

��!x� % ��"��+&3� ��Sa+ (�6�+&!�� B�+E3 BN+�hV7) (� ��+ B��+;� <�+')��"�1399 .()���;�1398 �) �"� (�2� �&��� #$" �� ���� �� K�� ( ��+��� �+����� �"�+4" �+S" ("K+����) �"��(�) c��E� ��("���� -�"� ��M� �� �� ��$�.�'�� �%�� �+) N+�" R+E� #+$" � ��+�� ��+4�� �+2 %./ c�+���" % ��+:� ���+,� ���+��

c��E� � � �M�� B<��!��$M� ���"�� �"�$# <���� � ��� �3�� % � +'����� N+�"�� % c��E� ������ � ����� (�)��) ����� ��) n;) �E�� �� ("� "�� "� ��7� 6�+���

�$<�& <���� )�&&)Lipman, 2017: 10(. O�+5" �� �+) ���"�+� �" �+M$ BRE� #$" �� A�� NE4 -+�"� �+� ��+��� ����� 8��&� Y��' % A+�"�@ �$�+��&' BN+�" �+4� �+&����� ("��+��

-�"� �� ����� ����� �) N�" �$� ��f1��� �"�h ��S� N "� ("���� �+&��� #+$" �� .�& � #$�1;E� �" 8��&� ���6��$ o�� �) ����13� N��� % R��3 (�FF51� �+$�/ N+���) ��+

�� ?��� �25� �%�+6 �� 8+��&� ���6��+$ o�+� % ��' B�+M$K�� ��+y�) B�+�"%� �+���� ��y� <�6� �&3$ BN�" �����" c�,��&� �� Jz� ����� �� ?��D� (�@�;14" B��+�

���6��$ �'�� �����" % lV7��� � "�7 ��;@ % -5� cI! BJ%"�� #+�� ����) % ���+�� B("��M; 1399�" � $� �M$ .( @���" �+) � B�+���� �+25��S" % ���+��&;�"� B��+,E� ��

N���) ��) -�"� N����� % R�3� ("��+�� R+E� N+�" �+� �+���� ��+, � B �+'�� )Barber,

Whelan & Clark, 2010 )�+1U� % �����u A�U� B�;!�� .(1397� ( �+��"� (�+2� �+��� ���;4 �" �) ��"�d c��"K!" -+�"� �+� ��+��� ����� ���� ������ C+D�� ("��+�� B�$"�+1�"

-�"� �� ���� �� �4��� ���� % ("���� �+� ��+��� ���+�� ���� ������ ��"�d �� �3��4-�"�("���� B �+��������� �+� o,�� c��"K!" % M�" �+� o,�+� c�+�"K!" c"K+�EU % c�+�� %

(�;�3� � 1�$�' N�". ��@ % ��)I� 8!�D� �� �4� ���1M� B(�)��) �� ����� ����� N�; " Rj� �+$�� �+) �"

�;� c��9 V7 �� �M� B�) N�" #$" ��;� �4� (� �� �@�+� �+ % AM+' � �� % ���6<��' �Sx� w$�� �"�� .��"� ���� N�3h�� % �1�� �� �'�� �) �� �$�� �M� 8��&� �� N+�

�+� �+M� 8+4�� �+) "� �$�E1+9�� % N�3h�� % �M� ��+) �$�+��&' ���+' B���+F��) B����� % �� ���;1@"1389 �+� �S�+� A�"�@ �$���&' �� � N�" ��9�� ���� ��� "I! m(

B#$"���+&� .�+$�;� �+b"�" (�+)��) �+� ��+��� ����� �"�� �$� !" B(�)��) �� ����� �����

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 309

��@ ./ B0���� N�; " Rj� �+�!�� �$���&' �� ��2) �� �) �2 % ���+�� �+� �S�+� ��+ ++7�� % ��"�++� ��++4% ��"��++{� (�++)��) �++� ��++��� o,�++� -�++� % R++) ��++ - %.++/ �

c��++9 $%�++ N++E4 ��"�++h" K++�� �++&��� #++$" �� �++1��6 �S�++� A++�"�@ |�++�"�� �!�++� #�$���&' <�"�� c��9 <�' " �+3� � ����9�� ���� ��� �� (���� "I! B��" �$�+��&' �

��!�� (�+)��) �� ����� ����� 8��&� W�� �) �& � Z��/ W"�� #$" �� ����� ����� �� }N�" �!�� �u

2 . �� ��� !

0�+� �" - %.+/ #+$" ���) N;�h .��� �!"�1� ���21)" 0�� �" �,�)� ���� - %./ s�d �+� c�%�� ����� ���) �%� #$" �" <���1�" .��� ���&� <�"� �+) �+��$ �� �)�+�" c�+@Vd"- %./ �� �M&$" �$ % ��"� ��4% - %./ ���� <�$�/ ���� �+� ~�,�" �� �1��6 c��9 ��

��E+2� ��"��+{� ��X+�� #�+�, �+� C��4 c��9 �� �) ��:� ?�u��u n$ ("��� 0����N�" #�� B��)"� � B(����'�) ���2�") B���@�;�" n�4� % <�"�1397�3��4 .( ���+�� �� -5� �)�� ���) ����" � � 2�"� % (���&'��) ����� % �+) �+���� ("�+E �E+' ��%�/

21 ("�+&@ �+� 0�,+'" A+9" �+� �+4� �+� % �&;�� ���6 ���;� �%� �� �E�� �" ��� �+��;�-5� A��' ����� �3��4 B�;) -5� �� .���' ?�51�" ���) ���) (�+;�3� C+D�� �$"�+1�"

����� ��%�/% �E' ("�E " �) ����� �E�� #�� �420 �+��;� <��+' �" <���1+�" �+� ��� ��+�6�'�7 -+5� �� <���1+�" ���+� �"K+�" .���' ?�51�" �;) -5� ���;� ("�&@ �� ����F �"���) �� �1��$��17�� �;�� �,��F�6 W"x� �) ��� (��� c�� ��30 �90 J�+U�" �+��h� �+'

W%�+++4)1.( C+++;4 c�+++@Vd"<�+++' ��%� - %.+++/ -+++5� #+++$" �" �" <���1+++�" �+++�J�� �"K�" MAXQDA .���' A�� �� - %.+/ �;) -5� �+� ��+:&� �%���+6� <�"� �+ �"

���&2��/ ��� �" �+� �+) �+' <���1+�" �,��+F� �" A+9�� �� �+) �" �+1��6 �+� �17�+� ��+��� ����� �17�� ��� ���&2��/ .�' A�;M B("�E �E' �$"�1�" (�;�3� �" �U&��:�

A��'49 �� �$�6�&$K6 L&/ ��d�� c�M�! �" K+�� % �+�;@ % ��:� ���,� �%�� �� �) �'���,��F� L$�1� #$%�+ B(���+21)" �,��+F� (�+1� ���+� % ��� ��"I6�) ��) ���21)" ��

BN�" �)O �� J�e .N�" <�' ���&2��/ C$�� (��� ��- %./ % �1+'"� ��y� A� �� �6�� 6 % 8+�D� (�' #'%� NE4 � ��' c��9 �+$� ���&+2��/ ��+ �+� J�+E�" C+�� �"�+�

�������.N�" <�$��% c���,� �

310 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

c"�:��" B���) -5� �� �$"%� #��3 NE4 ����" �&+'� �+� #+$" <��+� % (�+FF51� �" B�$�$�/ -U&� �"�� % � � 2�"� �"I+6�) %� #�� �$�$�/ �%� �+) �+' <���1+�" �$�+$�/

c�,��� �� �4� �� �"I6�) %� �" A9��8/77 �$�/ � ���� �) ��� N��� �9��$ 8+��&� �.��� �� K�� �;) -5� �����&2��/ �$"%� #��3 ��:&� <��+� % �$"�+1� B�� �� �$"%� �"

���&2��/ �� �� �$"%� �� .�' <���1�" - %.+/ o+�� C+$�� �" A,h � �" �+�� �+&u B�+6� .N��6 �"�h ����� ���� � � 2�"� (�6�,7 �7�� % ���;� ��y@" �� �$"�+1� �+$"%� �

J�� n;) �� % ��!� �%� n$ 8!�h �� CVR %CVI A��+' (�+6�,7 �" ��� <� n;) �� %�,��F� ��y@" ����+��� �" ��� �&u B� � 2�"� (�6�,7 B<���' �" ���&+2��/ �"�+1� B�+

W"x� �:�W"x� sV9" �$ % ����" �� J�� .N��6 �"�h ����� ���� � CVI �+) �"� (�+2��; W"x� "I+6�S" A+�"�@ % (�+)��) �+� ��+��� ���+�� �� �+D�� �" (� �$I+/�S" % � �+:�<��� 8$�+� #+$" ("K��) ���"���7�� �,��&� N�3�% �" (��� ~���� % (��� g�"% B(���

W"x� �" n$ � �"�� �" �e�� � 0.79 R m(��� �"�+�� �+M&$" �+� �+4� �� #�&uCVR �"�+�W"x� �; �e�� � 0.62 ���+� �� .N+'"�� (�+' �I+� �+� ���� �!"x� �� ��� N�� ��

J�� n;) �� "�6"% % "� ; �$"%� 0�� %� �" K�� <��� �$"%� �"K+�"Smart-Pls 2 �+' <���1+�" -U&+� N+E4 B#�+&p; .��� "�6"% % "� ; �$"%� � ���� B<��� N�� �� �$���� L$�1� �)

��/ �$�$�/�,�)� �$�$�/ % ��,�%�) ���!� 8$�� �" ���� ���&2 #+$" �$��+�� .�+' <���1+�"%� �e�� - %./ �� ��f1� �; �"�� 8$��7/0 �) ��� N�� �� (�+2� <�+& � (��+� �+$�/

�"K�"<�"��" 6 ���&+2��/ �"�+� <�+' �+)O �+$"%� % �$�+$�/ 8$"�+� �$� W%�4 �� .��� ���A�"�@ % (�)��) �� ����� ����� W%�4 �� (� �" �$I/�S" % �"I6�S"2 A��h .N�" <� �2�

'�>D1. (F'� < � GHI " >�+���

J+�/ '�F(

1 �6.$% �;' �:� ��J"�) �$"�1�" (�;�3� #�� �� (�)��) �� ����� ����� �� }��"

2 ����� ����" t@�� ���"�@ �u �;' �:� �� ����� �� (�)��) �� #�� (�;�3� �$"�1�" ��}��'

3 ����� ����" �� ����/ �;' �:� �� ����� �� (�)��) �� #�� (�;�3� �$"�1�" J"�)}��"

4 �� �$� ��) % ��� �u ������� ("� ����� �� (�)��) �� #�� (�;�3� �$"�1�" }��) ���� <���/

5 ����� ���� <���/ NE4 (� N7�� �$�) <�&&) A�E� A�"�@ ����� �� (�)��) �� �#� (�;�3� �$"�1�"

J"�)}��"

6 ����� (R�"K� �� ��f1�) <���"���� A�"�@ ����� �� (�)��) �� #�� (�;�3� �$"�1�" }�&�"�)

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 311

<�"� A�� �%��$�:� �%� �" �1��6�� ��:� ��"I6�) ���) -5� �� � <�"� ��"��+/(���� �" B���9� ���� �� <%V@ B�;) -5� �� % ��� ���&� �+�:� �$� B(�+���/ � 1+�,;

J�+� �" <���1�" �� ���21)" ����@ A�� % ���$a ����@ A�� ��+ �"K�"SPSS-v21 BSmart

Pls-v3 %Lisrel-v8 .�' �1��6 <�E� �+��) -+5� %� �� �� - %.+/ �+$"�4" A�"�� AM+' �� �+�) c��+F� B�+;) %1

(�2� :N�" <�' <�"�

!0 1K���� � L�� !I�� .

312 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

3�"��� . �'

�1��$ "I! BN�" �,�)� ���� - %./ �M&$" �� �4� �� �+��) -5� %� A��' �2 %./ �� �� �;) %�1��$ "�1�" �) �'�� �+1��$ ��+3� J�+6 � % - %./ ���) -5� �� ~���� �� ��+

�� �b"�" - %./ �;) -5� �� ~����.��' N)�' �17�&' N�3;4 c�@Vd"���) -5� �� (�6�&&) <��;+' W%�+4 �� - %./2

:N�" <�' �b"�"

'�>D2. K���� �1� KM? �4N �0 B1�&D � �OP�

J+�/ �>��0 GHI " ' Q40� !R � B&( �������

1 c�"�% ����� % ��%�/ 4

2 (�� & �� <� 2�"� 4

3 (����� - %./ % ������ �$K� '����� c�"�% ����� % ��%�/ 3

4 <� 2�"� ���N |��� 2

5 <� 2�"� ���"�7� 2

6 <� 2 %./ c�3!�D� ����� % ��%�/ 2

7 BR�3� � 2&) % |�&'��) Ab��� '����� 2

8 <� 2�"� E'�� 12E�� 1

9 <� 2�"� �"�� ("�E W�;' 1

:C;4 21 ���

<�"� A�� �"�� ��"I+6�) 0�+� �+� �" ��:� ���,� K�� % �,��F� �" <��� N�� �� �� c��,@ �) N�" <�' <���1�" :�" ��"��� ��"I6�) B ���+� ��"I6�) % ���+51�" ��"I+6�) .

�++1��$ B�+��� �++��) A++�� �++&$"�� �" �++7� �+���� �� BA++�� % �++$KU �" A++9�� ��++ W�� R� �+�� B(��+� ��"I+6�)) � �+) (�"� �+���/ �+� % N+��6 �"�+h ��+9" ��+ ���

N+�� �+� c��,d .�' �52� (���� ��"I6�)) <� �+2� A+��h �+$� W%�+4 �� <�+���� .�'��

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 313

'�>D3. G4� +/ 4N ( G&1� GHI " S1�� -� !C I �+ T� </�UV>�

</�UV>��? M4��

</�UV>�</�R

- ? </�UV>�

A�"�

@<�

& � A

�M2

N�& O�����

8!�j ��) �D&� % A�@ �� R�����" % �d"�@ �12�� � c%�yh % � ��) ��N�"

J�' �� �1�7 ��h� % �$�� �� ��) J�U�" �"

J�,� W"�� �$� "� #'%� % �E$�� �" <�$�/ % ���" �) N�" RE� #� �"��

R&) ��) ������ % W"%� (%�� J��) �� �M&$" �"R&) �� �1�"��� |���" "�$�'

R�"� �� ��3� V��) ���� "� %" �'�� �1'"� �3� �D�� n$ ���� �6"

R&) �� A��) "� ("� $� c�$�:� R�"� �� J�e R�$�:� c�,S" �"��

��6 % N�6�����

R � �� (�2� N����� ��7 c�f! % c�;�) �%� NE4 ��

�� N,�� ���" #d�� % �;@ #� �"�� �"���7�� ��12�� N�; " �" �E�� gD�N�"

�� ��4% �� �9�7 AM2� (�$�&'� % (�1�%� �"�� �) �1h% |���" "�$�' �$��� �1�"��� R&)

c%�yh % ���6 R�;F �� �) J�&� �hV@ "� �" �,��4 �; c�@Vd" � C;4 R&) ��%�

% �$�4 K�u ("� $� �� �1�6 % 8!�D� �� J�"� �hV@R&) ����" �$��

��"� � |���" �&&) �� ��) R �� �%��1� �$��@ % c�$�:� �� �"��" �M&$" �"R&M��

% R��3 N��������

-�"� �"�� "� ���6��$ ��E'��" .R&) �� (��� ("����

.R&) �� (��� ("���� -�"� �"�� "� ����� �" ��

.R�h"% ����� �e"% �� �� B��7

.R�"� �� ��7 �1��� ��) ���!�� "� �;3!" J"��� ���6��$

.��"� ��4% ���6��$ % �!��� A� �"�� �%��1� ��E "� �) J��13�

.N�" N$�!%" �� #� �"�� N���

�"I6�

S" A�"�

@

���� ������

.N�" <�' ��"�d �;����j ���6��$ |��" �� ���� ������

B|��" �� ���� ������.N�" <�' �b"�" ������ �� % c�� ��e�d ���6��$

.�&M$ J #��� "� ("���" -�"� % (�;�3� �� ���� ���� ������

.��' �� ��"�d ("���" -�"� �hV@ |��" �� ���� ������

.N�" <�' �52� ���� ������ �� ����'��" <��

R�3�

-�"� A�3 �$��"� �� BR�3� ("�&@ �� #�.R � �� N�; " ("����

���� ����� �" -�� ("���� -�"� N�hV7 ��%�/ �� R�3� ("�&@ �� #�.R � �� N�; "

314 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

.R � �� N�; " ("���� -�"� ���� �'� �� BR�3� ("�&@ �� #�

.��"� N�; " ����� ("���� -�"� #�� ~�,�" ����E� ����� B#� �:� ��

-�"� �hV7" ��� ��%�/ ��.R � �� N�; " ("����

.J�� �� cI! |�� |V) �� ����� t��,� s�d �"

N$�$��

("���" -�"� �� ����� w$�� ��%� �" �,��4 �; N$�;� B����� N$�$��.��"�

�e c"K�EU % c���M�" ����� N$�$�� R "�� "� (�;�3� w$�� �"�� J�� .��%"

��)� �hV7" N��� �� BN$�$��.��"�

.�&) �� A;@ <�&&) N$�� % W�3� � 1$"� n$ ("�&@ �� BN$�$��

�$I/��

S� A�

"�@

����1�" �M�

.��"� ��4% #� �� (�6���6 ��E'%� �� �!��� A� �$��"�

.J�"� (� A� �� �3� N�hV7 �� BAM2� �� �E4"�� J� &

.R2) �� �2�� A,h �" B� ��) J�U�" �"��

�"��.R�b�h ���" R�;�;F

.R1� N9�� ��U$" �M� �� B�$�4 ��E1�3h�� �� �E4"�� ��

��&���7

�" 8!�D� �17��� <�' �"�� A� Ab��� �$�4 <���1�" �� R&).

.R&) �� W�1&) �3!�D� (�$�4 �� % R�:& A,h �" "� ��7 c�3!�D� (���

.R � �� J�U�" ������ �V ���6��$ ��

��.J�"� �E�" N$�� �� �3� <�"�; BR1� ��3� �) ��@����

.R�h"% ��7 c�h % �3� ~��� ��

R&) �� <���1�" #$�� ��E'%� �"

������)��7

.R&) A� "� (� R�"� �� �) R1� #X;D� BR&) �� s�D� "� �@���� �1h%

.R&) �;� � � A� <"� #1��$ (��� � "� A$��� A�

��7 ��.J�"� ���) ��;1@"

.J�' �;� o�� �,4 R��� �6��� ��

R�h"% ��7 ��E�$��"� ��

1.3 !1�R� WN 0 � � G�� < � �+ ( �0 �>0

!0 2. ������� �>�

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 315

!0 3. ������� )<�>� ( �>� � �?� <��? !1�� ! ��� �>���

!0 4. ������� )<�>� ( �>� <��? S+�� -� � �?�/�UV�1Y � ! ���

!0 5. ������� )<�>� ( �>� <��? S+�� -� �+U��1Y � ! ��� � �?�

AM' �� l�� RE� ��"%"�� �� �) ��!%" �� �$���&' �� �) �$���S "� (�+2� �+� �+& �. (�; ��d �+) �� e�+� �5+2� �+' B �+3� �" J�+U�" A+�� �"�+1� �+��) 9 �+$� �+!���

�2) �� .�' ��"�" �� !" ���E�� �" ce��� l�� �b"�" �� ��'.

!0 6. '> K���� � �T

316 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

N)�+' �" A+9�� �17�&+' N+�3;4 c�+@Vd" Bl�� c�@Vd" �� <%V@ �� (�6�+&&) �&� �:� �" �) �"� (�2� - %./ �;) -5�20% ������� �" �+$� � 30 BW�+�33% #�+�31

�40 BW��28% #��41 �50 % W��19% �e��50 K+�� N�+�&4 �:� �" .����� W�� 41% �"������� % (� � 59% .����� ���

��!�� �"�51�" ��:&� �� .�+' <���1+�" ���+21)" ����+@ A�� �" ����� ����� �� ����!�� �$���&' �+) N+��$ (�+&�;d" �!a+�� #+$" �" �+$�� "�1�" B(�)��) �� ����� ����� ��

�� <�"� ("��4�� �� <�"� �"�3 �$� B���,@ �� �$ ��� ��) �� A�� �"�� "� � �+:� ���� �� �" ��+:&� #$�� }��7 �$ �&1� 8��&� ����@ A�� �"�� (� ��f1� #�� �D�"� % ���;� <�"��")

�7�'KMO �7�+' B�"� (�+2� L$�+1� .�+' <���1+�" N���� (���� %KMO �" �+16�K�0.6 k�,$�� �$���� % <����� (�2� "� n$ �� n$�K� � �+��;� R+U� N+$��) �" �)�+� �+) ����7�' |��" �+� ����@ A�� �"�� <�' �$���&' �� �+&3� gD+� .�+'�� ��"�0.000

�� ����@ A�� �"�� - %./ ��f1� (��� 8��&� <�& � (�2� K�� N���� (���� �"�� .�+'����!�� �$���&' ��"�� (�)��) �� ����� ����� �� % �+��) -+5� �" A+9�� L$�+1� |�+�

���&2��/�17�� ��� � �%� B(� �" �'�� �49 ����+@ A+�� <�+' �$�+��&' �7�+' .�' J�U�" ���21)" (�+�� �" �) �"� (�2� ����@ A�� �" A9�� L$�1�49 (�+$�6) �7�+'

B��4��9 ��!�� N�" �$���&' A��h ��9" ��!x� �+�!�� #+$" ����� �� � W%�+4 �� �+ �+$:N�" <�' ��"K6

'�>D4. G"M� G�� </ Z < � G��� [-� Z < �3 ���� G?

�- ( G�� \1�� 1 �/�>� 4(� ]��R��

A�M2 A�"�@ <�& �

����� N�& O 3.45 0.77

����� ��6 % N�6 3.24 0.83

����� N��� % R��3 3.30 0.84

�"I6��S� A�"�@

���� ������ 3.24 0.89

R�3� 3.17 0.83

N$�$�� 3.31 0.86

�$I/��S� A�"�@

����1�" �M� 3.29 0.71

��&���7 3.19 0.78

���"��)��7 3.29 0.79

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 317

�+� (�+2� l�+� W%�4 B��+��� N+�& O �+�!�� (��+�3� �"�+�")% #� ��+�� �+) �+ �N�6 % A�"�@ �3� �" ����� N��� R��3 % ����� ��6 �+� ��+��� ���+�� <�+& � A�M2

8+++�� )77/0(45/3) B83/0(24/3 ) %84/0(30/3 �+++� % #� ��+++�� B#�+++&p; .�+++'���"��") 8+�� �+� �"I+6��S� A+�"�@ �+3� �" N$�$�+� % R�3� B���� ������ ��!�� (���3�

)89/0(24/3) B83/0(17/3 ) %86/0(31/3 <%V+@ .N�" % #� ��+�� B#$"�+� (��+�3� �"�+�") ��++&���7 B���++�1�" �++M� �++�!�� 8++�� �++� �$I++/��S� A++�"�@ �++3� �" ��++����)��7 %

)71/0(29/3) B78/0(19/3 ) %79/0(29/3 ��.�'�� ��!���3� �� ����� ����� <�' �$���&' �� B��+��� N+�& O <�+& � A�M+2 A�"�@

N�6�� ����� N��� R��3 % ����� ��6 %��!�� #$" .�'�� �"I+6��S� A+�"�@ �+3� �� �+ :�" �&��,@ B���+�1�" �+M� A��' K�� �$I/��S� A�"�@ �3� �� % N$�$�� % R�3� B���� ������

������)��7 % ��&���7 �� l�� <�' �$���&' A�"�@ |��" �� �) N�" A+�� �+� ("�+ �� (�+)��) �+� ��+��� ���+�� �$�+E� W�+� �) N7"��/ <�' �$���&' W�� ���$� ����@

:N�" <�' �b"�" �$� AM'

!07. �/�>� 4(� _+��` B� I /� K���� </ 4N ( '>

318 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

�+) ��+d (�; .N�" <�' <��%� ��"��&3� �$���� <"�; �� ���� 8$"�� B�$� W%�4 ���� �:�V� .N�" <�' �1��6 �"�h ��$I/ ���� � ���� �; B��'

'�>D5. T�Z B1�`� � </�� �� �+� $ ��1� _+��`

�1� �1� _+�` /�>$ t B1�`�

���� ������ ← A�M2 A�"�@ <�& �

0.57 5.97 �' ��$�

R�3� ← 0.55 5.87 �' ��$�

N$�$�� ← 0.75 9.21 �' ��$�

A�M2 A�"�@ <�& � ← ����1�" �M� 0.86 13.64 �' ��$�

← ��&���7 0.88 15.22 �' ��$�

← ���"��)��7 0.90 14.96 �' ��$�

����� ��:&� �� N$�E� ���7�' �" <�' �b"�" W�� 8��& N�3�% W�+� ��"�+� �� �7�' #$" �� ~���� c�@Vd" �) �' <���1�".N�" <�' �b"�" �$� W%�4 �� �

'�>D 6. WN 0 '> �V>�-��? < �

WN 0 � � WN 0 [-��? < �

�"��� ��U� ��

Chi-square/df 2.33 �" �1;)3

RMSEA (��%��� ��D7 #� ���� �2$�) 0.060 �" �1;)0.1

CFI (�1��$ A$�3 �6���"��) 0.98 �" �16�K�0.9

NFI (<�' J�� �6���"��) 0.97 �" �16�K�0.9

GFI (��"�� �$�M��) 0.94 �" �16�K�0.9

AGFI (<�' A$�3 ��"�� �$�M��) 0.92 �" �16�K�0.9

l�� W%�4 <�"� �+� <�+' ��"�+� ��+�� �"��+;� �+� (�+2� "� �+ �+) �+�� ��; .�+ ��7�' �7 �� - % %�RMSEA �� (�2� ��"�+� �+�� #+$" �� <�+' �+b"�" W�+� B�& �8��&�<�"� �� �� �� �b"�" � .�&)

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 319

4�5%"� � 67� . ��%8

���� - %./ �� �) �� ����� ����� ���� ������ �� !" #$%� % �$���&'(�)� .��+� �"� (�2� - %./ ���) -5� A�� �" <��� N�� �� L$�1� �)N�6 B����� N�& O % ��+6

(�+)��) �+� ��+��� ���+�� <�+& � A�M+2 �� ��!�� �" ����� N��� % R��3 % ����� B���+�1�" �+M� % �"I+6��S� ��+ �+�!�� �" BN$�$�� BR�3� B���� ������ B#�&p; .�&1�

��7 % ��&���7��!�� �" ���"��)�� �$I/��S� �� .�'��

���+2� -�+� % R+) c�+3!�D� L$�+1� �� ���� ��� ���) -5� �" <��� N�� �� �U�1� �+� �+�;4 (� �" .N+�" ��; �&��� #$" �� �1��6 c��9 - %.+/ �+� ("�+ % (�+�M$�"

) ("��M; 2017 �+� �+&1,� ���� ������ �) ������ �U�1� #$" �� �2 %./ �� �) ��) <��'" (J�E��-�"� ����1�" �M� ����� �� ���� - %.+/ #+$" �� B#�+&p; .N+�" �Sx+� ("����

���+�1�" �+M� ��,E� �� �$"K�� ��S� ���� ������ <�&&)"�4" ("�&@ �� K�� R�3� �) �' ("�&@-�"�) R���) % (�;%" .��"� ("����2017 w$��+ n,+� �+) ���"� (�2� �2 %./ �� K�� B(

-+�"� �+M� <�+� �+� ��V�" W�9" |��" �� (�;�3� ��+�� .N+�" �"I+6��S� ���1+��� ("<%V@ �+&j �+&��� #+$" �� �� $� ��� �� B#$"�� )("��+M; % <�"�207 �+) �+��"� (�+2� (

� B(�U� m(�p; ���"�@ ������)��7 % �4 -+�"� �+� ��+��� ���+�� ��,E� �� ("��+��.�&1� �Sx�

�+� B(�)��) �� ����� ����� �� �S�� A�"�@ �$���&' W�,�� �� �+����� ("�+ � ���+�� �����#1��6 �:� �� �� � ��) ��E �" J�; �+9�&@ B�+��� �+����� �" A+�,h B��+ B"�+1� -�� R�3� % B��6�' �%� Bw$�� �"�dW�9" B� � ������� % ������ ���� �+� n+$ �"�" % ����� ����" R� ��� �b"�" �$�d �� % � �$��&� 8!�h ��+��� #���y� �"�"� ��E��1�"�

N++��� �++� ("�++1� B�++ $� ��++� �" % %�++MU&) BlV++7 B��++�� B���++�1�" �++M� � ++'%�) ��-++�"� ("��++�� B�++1U� % �++����u A++�U� B�;!�++�) ��++) n++;)1397 .(" �� B�1++�"� #++$8��9 <���@ #$" �� ("�:� �� �+) N+�" ���6 #$�16�K� B(�)��) �"�� ����� ����� �) ��"

N+$�� ��+ �� % ����1�" �M� ��;@ ����� % ����� (��) ������) �"�� �V ��1�"�c��E� (��� e�� % �+��;� B������ #$" .N�" <�' �1'"��� K�; c��h % ��%"� BWe�1�" ��

�&'%� ������ � $� �� ��" N�" N��� �� ����� �����) �" �)�+�" c%�� ������) ����� �� ) ("��6�+' �+� �+ "�7 �� ������ #$" �M&$" (� % ��"� ��+M� ��+) (�+'��7 �+ �+&) n+;

J�U�" �+&&) A+� (�'��7 "� Ab��� % �& � B���+�� l��+9 �+25�"�7 % #; �+�)1396 .(

320 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

��@ #$" �� (���� % ("�:� 8��9<� (�+)��) �+� ����� ����� �) ��" B �+� �+E�� �+� �+�"�� �&) n;) % (�'��7 n$ �� "� (�E4 R+2u .�+&&�,� �+$�4 �"�+�" B|�+�" #+$" �+� �+E��

�� <�$" �&�"� N+�" #+M;� �+) �+&&) N+��$�� ("� $� �" "� �$� (�+2& O �+� �+E�� ��+D7 <�+$" ���6��$ o�� B����� #$"���&� B�'�� #M;���j :� % �+ �+$� ��+ �+M�� BN+��� ��+���

B#�� #$" �� .�&) A�1&� ��"�$� ?��U �� "� �& O R� ��� �$�� ��)� �+� ���+h �$�� (�;�3�N�6 % ����� ��E�� N$"� -�"� �6%�&'�� |V) �� ("���� B�2��)2007.(

�+U�1� �� �4� �� - %./ #$" J%� N;�h �� % �+� n+$ �" - %.+/ �+��) -+5� ��� ��&����� W�+� B�+ $� ��� �" ����� ����� �"�� �!�� ��4% �� �'���� K)"�� % |�"

��@ .�$��6 �b"�" (�)��) �� ����� ����� 0�+��� ���+2� �+) �+2 %./ (�&)� �M&$" Rj� �+� �+��� �+�� �" A+9�� �+U�1� ����� NE4 �!% ��"�� ��4% �'�� <�' J�U�" ����

�1��6 c��9 ���2� -�� % R) c�3!�D� L$�1� �+� �+&��� #$" �� B�;!�+� �+�� �+� ("�+)�1U� % �����u A�U�1397 �+�;4 �" �+) ���"� (�2� ���� �� �) ��) <��'" ( c�+�"K!"

��"�d �� ����� ����� ���� ������(�)��) -+�"� ��+ ���� �� �4� B ��+ ���� % ("��+�� -++�"� �++� ��++��� ���++�� �++��� �++����� �++�"�d �� �++3��4("��++�� B++�"K!" �++� o,�++� c�

���������� % N+�" (�+;�3� � 1+�$�' % c"K�EU % c���M�" �� o,�� c��"K!" �%�+� �� . �+� �+��� ��� �U�1� �� ��; �4��7 c�3!�D� �&�2�/ % (�+�M$�" - %.+/ �+� ("�+

("��M; )Erickson et al, 2017 �+����� �+) ����+�� �U�1� #$" �� �2 %./ �� �) ��) <��'" ( ����J�E�� �� �&1,�-�"� ����1�" �M� ����� �� ���� �� B#�+&p; .N+�" �Sx� ("����

��+,E� �� �$"K+�� ��S�+ ���� ������ <�&&)"�4" ("�&@ �� K�� R�3� �) �' ("�&@ - %./ #$"-�"� ����1�" �M�.��"� ("����

�1��$ �� N$�&@ �� �+� N+��� ��+&3� �+� �+4� �� K�� % N��� ����� �� "� R+�3� ("�+ �+����� �+���% �+) N+��"� �+&��" �+&���7 ��;& "� B���+�� B�K+$� Bc��+2� B���,�1+2/

���7��� -�"� 8�j� % (�"� N+�3h�� (���+2) -!�u �� �"�� ("���� N+E4 ���+&) ��+ N���� �3�� % o��;�3� .��"� <�E@�� "� ���4% �� �) �N����h ��52 �� ���h % �+

�7 �3� % c�h ~��� �+ � �+��" "� ��+7 �+�"%� % ��+M� ��+�� gD+� ��"�1� % �'�� � .�� ��"� ���������6 �� "� ��7 �1��� % �'���� �� �"�+� �+&��� �+ �+$�;� � ������+� �"

N���� �3�� % �'� % ���4% �� -+�"� ��+&3� % ��M� ��%�/ ("��+�� �+' R "�+� �) B��++;� <�+'1393.( �++��) % (�++;%" �++&��� #++$" ��) ROthman & Kassim, 2017 �� (

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 321

�+M� <�+� �+� ��V+�" W�+9" |�+�" �+� (�;�3� w$�� n,� �) ���"� (�2� �2 %./-�"� �+� ����� ����� ������ �� N$�$�� ��S� ��F7 �� .N�" �"I6��S� ���1��� ("����

�� (�)��) )("��+M; % ��+MU��� - %.+/ �� ("�1397 �$�+� �+���13� �+) ��+) <��+'" (��� �'��� �� ��"� N+��!�7 �"�+� �;�;+9 % 8��&� ��4 ��U$" m �+'K� �" J�+:� ��+U$"

8��&� % �!�1&)��7 m8��&� ������� ��17�� ��U$" m �+��$�4 N)��2� ~�,�" R1��� ��U$" m�$I/ ��D3�" % 8��&� N$�$�� n,� ?�51�" B�6.$% N$�� % �3�� �1$�$�� �� lV+7

��7 m ��U$" �� J�;1 " 8+��&� ������+� �+& �� % % ���+!�&M % c�+��M�" (��+) R "�+��M$K�� o$"�' �� ����� �� �3�� % �'� �+� % ����� �� N�hV7 -+�"� �� <.+$% ("��+��

<���@ #$" �� (���� �&��� #$" �� �) ���d �� .�'�� <�&&) n;) �) ��"������ �"�4" �� ��+ ��M �� % |�"�� �� �����&;�"� �� "� �+� |�"�� ("�$�� �����&;� "� R+�3� ��+1�� ("�+

�� % �"� ���f ("��+�� -+�"� N+����� N+$�E� ��+25� ��+,E� "� )Zeichner, 2008 �" A+�� m B("��M; % ��;�1397 :5 �+� ��+��� ���+�� �� ���� ������ ��S� #��, �� B#�&p; .(

�� (�)��)�$�:� �� ("�- %./ % � �+) <��+'" ��4�� �� �+���13� �+) � o$"�+' ��+U$" �++M� n++$� B(��++2$��" �"�++� ?�++�D�lV++7 �$�++;& "� % �$�++2 % ("��++�� -++�"�

c��+E� 8+�) �"�+� (�6����6��$ % �6�+&&$��� ���+�� % �+2$��" % �+M� g�+9 ��+ N�hV7 �+� J�+U�" �+��� 81) �$�d �" B �+����� #$"���+&� m��+�6 % g�+9 �+��� �K+$�?��� 81) ��!� % <�' �+� �&���+� % ���� ���� +� �� �+&�"�e� <�+h (��+� N+�hV7

�&'�� �S�� ����� ("��6�' B��%�6 ����"�� % �����)1395.( �+�$��� % �+��� �+�� �" A+9�� �+U�1� �+� �4� �� ���+2� c�+3!�D� L$�+1� �+� (�

c��9 �� �&��� #$" �� �1��6 �+U�1� #�+&u ("�+ �+) ��+) ��+�6 % R+�3� B�+��� �+�������!�� �" BN$�$�� �+) �&1� (�)��) �� ����� ����� �� �"I6��S� �� �+� �� �+:� #1��+6

; "�N � $n �" "$# ��!��� �� �+������ +$K� �+ � +'����% � �+� 6��+M���� �+ ��, "�� '���� �+E�� �+� 8+��&1� � �+� ("�+ �+� �+��"� �+�"��$ �+ � �+M�� % 17�&+'� (�+)��) n;) ��;�.

322 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

9��%) �'

B(�1� 1. 3 ���� G? G��� [-� Z

</�UV>�

(>�?) �? M4��

</�UV>�(G�F ) </�R

(WN 0) - ? </�UV >� GHI " >�

�>��0

("�E �E' �$"�1�" CD�� ("���� -�"� �"�� ����� �

����

<�& � A�M2 A�"�@

����� N�& O

% �d"�@ �12�� � c%�yh % � ��) ��

��) �D&� % A�@ �� R�����"N�" 8!�j I10, I6, I5,

I1, I7

�� �1�7 ��h� % �$�� �� ��) J�U�" �"J�'

I13, I14, I15

�E$�� �" <�$�/ % ���" �) N�" RE� #� �"��J�,� W"�� �$� "� #'%� %

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

R&) ��) ������ % W"%� (%�� J��) �� �M&$" �"R&) �� �1�"��� |���" "�$�'

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

"� %" �'�� �1'"� �3� �D�� n$ ���� �6"R�"� �� ��3� V��) ����

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

c�$�:� R�"� �� J�e R�$�:� c�,S" �"��R&) �� A��) "� ("� $�

I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

����� ��6 % N�6

��7 c�f! % c�;�) �%� NE4 �� (�2� N�����R � ��

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

gD� �� N,�� ���" #d�� % �;@ #� �"��N�" �"���7�� ��12�� N�; " �" �E��

I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

"�� �) �1h% AM2� (�$�&'� % (�1�%� ��� �9�7 |���" "�$�' �$� �� ��4%

R&) �� �1�"���

I10, I8, I1, I3, I4

R�;F �� �) J�&� �hV@ � c%�yh % ���6R&) ��%� C;4 "� �" �,��4 �; c�@Vd"

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

K�u ("� $� �� �1�6 % 8!�D� �� J�"� �hV@R&) ����" �$�� % �$�4

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

R �� �%��1� �$��@ % c�$�:� �� �"��" �M&$" �"R&M�� ��"� � |���" �&&) �� ��)

I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

����� N��� % R��3

-�"� �"�� "� ���6��$ ��E'��" ("����(��� �� .R&)

I2, I6, I10, I20

�� �" �� ("���� -�"� �"�� "� ���(��� �� .R&)

I11, I9, I10, I14, I5

.R�h"% ����� �e"% �� �� B��7 I6, I1, I14

�1��� ��) ���!�� "� �;3!" J"��� ���6��$I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 323

.R�"� �� ��7

% �!��� A� �"�� �%��1� ��E "� �) J��13�.��"� ��4% ���6��$

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

.N�" N$�!%" �� #� �"�� N��� I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

�"I6�S" A�"�@

���� ������

���� ������ �;����j ���6��$ |��" ��.N�" <�' ��"�d

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

c�� ��e�d ���6��$ B|��" �� ���� ������.N�" <�' �b"�" ������ �� %

I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

�� ���� ���� ������ ("���" -�"� % (�;�3�� #��� "�� .�&)

I10, I8, I1, I3, I4

�� ���� ������ ("���" -�"� �hV@ |��".��' �� ��"�d

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

<�' �52� ���� ������ �� ����'��" <��.N�"

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

R�3�

-�"� A�3 �$��"� �� BR�3� ("�&@ �� #�.R � �� N�; " ("����

I2, I6, I10, I20

-�"� N�hV7 ��%�/ �� R�3� ("�&@ �� #� �� N�; " ���� ����� �" -�� ("����

.R �

I10, I6, I5, I1, I7

("���� -�"� ���� �'� �� BR�3� ("�&@ �� #�.R � �� N�; "

I13, I14, I15

-�"� #�� ~�,�" ����E� ����� B#� �:� ��.��"� N�; " ����� ("����

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

��� -�"� �hV7" ��� ��%�/ �� ("�N�; " �� .R �

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

s�d �" |�� |V) �� ����� t��,�cI! �� .J��

I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

N$�$��

��%� �" �,��4 �; N$�;� B����� N$�$��.��"� ("���" -�"� �� ����� w$��

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

J�e c"K�EU % c���M�" ����� N$�$�� �"��.��%" �� R "�� "� (�;�3� w$��

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

��)� �hV7" N��� �� BN$�$�� .��"� I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

� BN$�$�� % W�3� � 1$"� n$ ("�&@ �N$�� .�&) �� A;@ <�&&)

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

�$I/��S� �

���1�" �M�

��E'%� �� �!��� A� �$��"� #� �� (�6���6.��"� ��4%

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

�� �3� N�hV7 �� BAM2� �� �E4"�� J� & I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

324 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

.J�"� (� A�

.R2) �� �2�� A,h �" B� ��) J�U�" �"�� I10, I6, I5, I1, I7

.R�b�h ���" R�;�;F �"�� I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

�� �E4"�� �� ��U$" �M� �� B�$�4 ��E1�3h��.R1� N9��

I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

���6��$ ��, "�

�" 8!�D� �17��� <�' �"�� A� Ab���

�$�4 <���1�" �� R&). I13, I14, I15

�� % R�:& A,h �" "� ��7 c�3!�D� (���.R&) �� W�1&) �3!�D� (�$�4

I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

���6��$ ��.R � �� J�U�" ������ �V I10, I9, I1, I13, I11

�3� <�"�; BR1� ��3� �) ��@���� ��.J�"� �E�" N$�� �� I13, I14, I15

.R�h"% ��7 c�h % �3� ~��� �� I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

R&) �� <���1�" #$�� ��E'%� �" I13, I14, I15

������)��7

"� �@���� �1h% #X;D� BR&) �� s�D�.R&) A� "� (� R�"� �� �) R1�

I6, I8, I10, I17, I4

�;� � � A� <"� #1��$ (��� � "� A$��� A�.R&)

I10, I8, I1, I3, I4

.J�"� ���) ��;1@" ��7 �� I2, I6, I10, I20

.J�' �;� o�� �,4 R��� �6��� �� I13, I14, I15

��E�$��"� ��R�h"% ��7 I12, I5, I14, I2, I11

:�"� ����

#+�� m����+�) B��+)"� � m�+��" B(����'�) ���2�" )�"K+$K@ B���@�;+�" n+�4� % ��+'� B<�"�1397 .(�&��� A�"�@ �$���&'- %./ .(��� �� �$�'��� N���7 ��� B<�%�2� �� 18)71 :(123 -156.

�;d�� B����� l��9 �25�"�7 % R$�� B#; �� )1396 ��+ N��2�/ ��U� .(�)��) �� ����� ����� .( B���1�� J��@ �� #$��2)9 B(104 -90.

R�:@ mV�E� B(�����4)�,$�� B(�����4 % (���" B��/1396 .( �+� (�+)��) �� ����� ����� ������ �25��S"c%�yh % �!a�� A� �$��"� ��%�/ -�"� �� �hV7"("����- %./ . B�1��� �� 32 :81 -101.

)�;�" B(���"%��� % R��) B�$%��� �6��� m#$��� B�M'�� <��1396 .( <��+' �+� ����� ����� �25��S"�� ����1�" �M� �� %�)%�&) ���� -�"� �b"�+1�" <�%� ("���� B�17�&+' �+��&2�"%� ���&�+F� .5)2 :(

67 -78.

%!�&' (�)*+ ,�- .����/� 0� 12 3��!4 .��� ) ...(7& ./�-'�8 .9 ! �+)�� ( 325

C��' m�; B�$��� )���+F3� B���3;+�" % �+�@ B�%e� m�+�$ B��+b�h m�"�+,@ B�����1392 .( �+���� �+2 %./ 0�+;14" <��' �� (�)��) �"�� ����� ������ �"�4" �25��S" ���+U� ��+ -$"K+�" ��

���1����� ("�17� B�1��� ���&2�"%� ���&�F� .30)9 :(80 -105. )�"�,@��+� B�+1U� % ��@�++;� B�+����u A+�U� m"�+�$ B�;!�+�1397 .( �++�"�d c�+�"K!" �$�+��&'

������ (�+)��) �+� ����� ����� ���� ?�+&� (�1+��E' �$"�+1�" Y�%� (�+;�3� <�6�+$��" W�+� �����F B���) % �M� .9)2 :(71 -92.

����++�B ) ��;!�++� B�++�%�6 ���++�"�� % �++���;�1395R$"�"��++/ .(++ �� ���6��++$ � ���++$ ��<�"K BJ�� 8�+�� B�+��&2�"%�% �+1��� J��@ �2 %./ �;�@ -$�; #����Eu % �@�+;14" ��+

#$���&� (�&� % J��@ L$%� % �3�� #;U�" B("�E B("�$" � & ��. ) <��� B��;� <�'1393N��� .( R�3� m���;!� <� $�4 � 1�$�' ���� �" (�;�3� �� BR+�3� �'� .(�;!�

284 :44 -42. ��;� <�'B ) <���1399 (�+)��) �� ����� ����� �25��S" ����� .( ("��+�� -+�"� ���+�1�"�M� �+�

�$�/ R2' .% �M� ���) B11)1 :(5831. )�� B���D�� % ��$ B��b�h1390����� .( #$�12& 1$% % ������ ��+��� �"�+� (�+)��) )P4C( �+M� .

% B���) <� 2 %./ J��@ �����" % c�3!�D� B� & ��2)1 B(107 -91. )���+ B���+ �� % ���,� B�%�� c"��� m�;� B��;�1397 �+b"�" .( ���+��&;�"� �"�+� �!�+� �

B����� N$�$�� ���&�F� .�$"�1�" |�"�� ("�$��6)2 :(204 -223. )|%��� B���;�1398 .(c��E� �� (�)��) �"�� ����� ������ �"�4" �25��S" A��"�� � ��+ ��+M

-�"�("���� .% �M� ���) B10)2 :(263 -286. ���;1@" m�� ��E4 B���F��)�,$�� B����� % J"�E' B��1389<"� .( B(�$�U+2�"� ����1�" �M� ��%�/ ��

�� ��K� �2!�u B�M'K/ J��@ �� ����� ��"�$" ��U� .���1��/ �&�!�� �����10)5 :(110 -120 . #�� ����� m�" N�"�) B�����R'� m���!"�,@ B���,|�,@ % ����Vj B��� �"��7 <�"� B(��+�" ��/

)�,&h1399��%�&� �" <���1�" �� ��%� N���) ����" �� !" �b"�" .( ���+��&;'� �� ��+E��� ��+ B����� N$�$�� ���&�F� .|�"��8)1 :(1 -30.

Barber, M., Whelan, F., & Clark, M. (2010). Capturing the leadership premium: How the

world's top school systems are building leadership capacity for the future. McKinsey. Bialystok, L., Norris, T., & Pinto, L. E. (2019). Teaching and learning philosophy in Ontario

high schools. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 51(5), 678-697. Borjali, M., Abbasi, M., Asadian, A., Ayadi, N. (2017). Effectiveness of group logo therapy on

the anxiety of death and life expectancy of patients with stomach cancer, Jundishapur Sci

Med J. 15 (6), 635-646. Erickson, H. L., Lanning, L. A., & French, R. (2017). Concept-based curriculum and instruction

for the thinking classroom. Corwin Press.

326 ���� �� � ���������� �� ��� �������� ��� !� 1399

Ghanizadeh, A. (2017). The interplay between reflective thinking, critical thinking, self-

monitoring, and academic achievement in higher education. Higher Education, 74(1), 101-

114.

Goering, S., Shudak, N. J., & Wartenberg, T. E. (Eds.). (2013). Philosophy in schools: An

introduction for philosophers and teachers. Routledge. Gorard, S., Siddiqui, N., & See, B. H. (2017). Can ‘Philosophy for Children ‘improve primary

school attainment? Journal of Philosophy of Education, 51(1), 5-22. Hand, M. (2018). On the distinctive educational value of philosophy. Journal of Philosophy in

Schools, 4(2), 4–19. Haynes, A. (2002). Children as philosopher. Rutledge Flamer, London and New York, 47. Lipman, M. (2017). The Institute for the Advancement of Philosophy for Children (IAPC)

program. History, Theory and Practice of Philosophy for Children: International

Perspectives, 3-11. Murris, K. S. (2008). Philosophy with children, the stingray and the educative value of

disequilibrium. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 42(3‐4), 667-685. Othman, M. S., & Kassim, A. Y. (2017). Teaching Practice of Islamic Education Teachers

Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in Primary School in Malaysia: An

Overview of the Beginning. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and

Social Sciences, 7(3), 401-415.

Topping, K. J., Trickey, S., & Cleghorn, P. (2019). A Teacher's Guide to Philosophy for

Children. Routledge.

Wilson, A. L., & Harris, S. R. (2018). Collaborative Occupational Therapy: Teachers'

Impressions of the Partnering for Change (P4C) Model. Physical & occupational therapy in

pediatrics, 38(2), 130-142.

top related