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ECE-3316 : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory Manual
NAME:
REGISTRATION #:
SECTION:
Last Revision: M ar cℎ, 2015Version: 2.2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents i
1 Basic BJT Current Mirror 1
2 Wilson BJT Current Mirror 5
3 Widlar BJT Current Mirror 9
4 Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier 13
5 Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier 18
6 Differential Amplifier 22
7 Multistage Amplifier 28
8 Negative Feedback in Amplifiers 33
9 Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator 40
10 Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement 44
11 KHN Biquad Filter 49
12 Single Amplifier Biquad Filter 53
13 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 57
14 Phase-Shift Oscillator 60
15 Triangular and Square Wave Generation 63
16 Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 66
i of i
LABORATORY SESSION # 1Basic BJT Current Mirror
1.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
1.2 Procedure
1.3 Observations and Results
1. Does the output current vary with the change in the output voltage?
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 1
Figure 1.1: Basic BJT Current Mirror
Table 1.1: Variation of IOIRe f
with VO
For Q1Simulated Rr e f Ir e f VBE VCE1
Practical Rr e f Ir e f VBE VCE1
For Q2
RLOutput Voltage At Output Current Thru Transfer Ratio = % Error =
Q2,VO(V) Q2, IO(µA)IO
IRef
[|IO − IRef |
IRef
]× 100
Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical100Ω470Ω1 kΩ
3.3 kΩ4.7 kΩ10 kΩ11 kΩ15 kΩ
Basic BJT Current Mirror 2 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 1
1.4 Questions
1. What is the minimum voltage required at the collector of Q2 so that Q2 operates in active mode andbehaves like a current mirror?
2. What is the maximum value of RL that can be connected to this circuit for it to operate as a currentmirror?
3. Explain why a big dip in the value of output current IO is observed when RL = 15 kΩ is attached?
4. Plot V − I characteristics of the transistor Q2 on the graph-paper provided in figure 1.2 and calculatean approximate value of output resistance Rout?
5. The value of output resistance Rout for the current mirror as found out in question 4 can be catego-rized as: [Tick one]
Low
Moderate
High
6. Why is high output resistance desirable for a current source?
7. What factors need to be improved upon in this implementation of Basic BJT Current Mirror?
Basic BJT Current Mirror 3 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 1
Vo (V )
Io (µA)
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Figure 1.2: Graph Paper for Io ~Vo plot of Basic Current Mirror
Basic BJT Current Mirror 4 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 2Wilson BJT Current Mirror
2.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
2.2 Procedure
Table 2.1: Reference Current and Resistor Values
Simulated RRe f IRe fPractical RRe f IRe f
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 2
Figure 2.1: Wilson BJT Current Mirror
Table 2.2: Variation of IOIRe f
with VO
RLOutput Voltage At VCE3 Output Current Thru Transfer Ratio =
Q3,VO(V) Q3, IO(µA)IO
IRefSimulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical
100Ω470Ω1 kΩ
3.3 kΩ4.7 kΩ10 kΩ11 kΩ15 kΩ
Wilson BJT Current Mirror 6 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 2
2.3 Observations and Results
1. Does the output current vary with the change in the output voltage?
2.4 Questions
1. How does the Wilson BJT current mirror compare with the basic BJT current mirror in terms of trans-fer ratio IO
IRe f?
2. What is the minimum voltage required at the collector of Q3 so that the Wilson current mirror oper-ates in active mode and behaves like a current mirror?
3. Explain why a big dip in the value of output current IO is observed when RL = 15 kΩ is attached?
4. Plot V − I characteristics of the Wilson current mirror on the graph-paper provided in figure 2.2 andcalculate an approximate value of output resistance Rout?
5. The value of output resistance Rout for the current mirror as found out in question 4 can be catego-rized as: [Tick one]
Low
Moderate
High
6. Why is high output resistance desirable for a current source?
Wilson BJT Current Mirror 7 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 2
Vo (V )
Io (µA)
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Figure 2.2: Graph for Io ~Vo plot of Wilson Current Source
7. What is the maximum load that can be connected to this Wilson current source?
8. Design a Wilson current mirror that produces an output current of 1mA.
Wilson BJT Current Mirror 8 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 3Widlar BJT Current Mirror
3.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
3.2 Procedure
3.3 Observations and Results
1. Does the output current vary with the change in the output voltage?
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 3
Figure 3.1: Widlar BJT Current Mirror
Table 3.1: Reference Current and Resistor Values
Simulated RRe f IRe fPractical RRe f IRe f
Table 3.2: Variation of IOIRe f
with VO
RL
Output Voltage At VCE1 Output Current ThruQ1,VO(V) Q1, IO(µA)
Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical100Ω1 kΩ
3.3 kΩ4.7 kΩ10 kΩ33 kΩ47 kΩ56 kΩ70 kΩ100 kΩ
Widlar BJT Current Mirror 10 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 3
Vo (V )
Io (µA)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Figure 3.2: Graph Paper for Io ~Vo plot of Widlar Current Source
3.4 Questions
1. What is the minimum voltage required at the collector of Q1 so that the Widlar current mirror oper-ates in active mode and behaves like a current mirror?
2. Explain why a big dip in the value of output current IO is observed when RL = 100 kΩ is attached?
3. Plot V − I characteristics of the Widlar current mirror on the graph-paper provided in figure 3.2 andcalculate an approximate value of output resistance Rout?
Widlar BJT Current Mirror 11 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 3
4. The value of output resistance Rout for the current mirror as found out in question 3 can be catego-rized as: [Tick one]
Low
Moderate
High
5. Why is high output resistance desirable for a current source?
6. What is the maximum load that can be connected to this Widlar current source?
7. What is the advantage of using Widlar current mirror?
Widlar BJT Current Mirror 12 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 4Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier
4.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
4.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 4
Table 4.1: Biasing Currents and Voltages for Common-Emitter Amplifier
VoltagesVB (V ) VC (V ) VE (V )
SimulatedPractical
CurrentsIB (µA) IC (mA) IE (mA)
SimulatedPractical
Table 4.2: Effect of Ce on A and fL.
Ce vo vs i g A =vovs i g
0.7 × vo fL
100 µF10 µF1 µF
100 nF10 nF
Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier 14 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 4
Figure 4.1: Biasing of Common-Emitter Amplifier
Figure 4.2: Attching AC Signal Source to Common-Emitter Amplifier
Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier 15 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 4
(a) Step 1 (b) Step 2 (c) Step 3
Figure 4.3: Setting-up AC Analysis
Figure 4.4: fH Calculation from AC-Sweep Plot
Table 4.3: Effect of RL on A, fH and fT .
RL vo vs i g A =vovs i g
0.7 × vo fH fT = A × fH
1 kΩ10 kΩ100 kΩ
Table 4.4: Variation of A with f .(Use Ce = 100 µF and RL = 10 kΩ)
f Vo f Vo f Vo
Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical10 Hz 10 kHz 10 MHz
100 Hz 100 kHz 100 MHz1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz
Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier 16 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 4
4.3 Observations and Results
1. How does the variation in Ce affect A and fL? Narrate your observations with reference to table 4.2.
2. How does the variation in RL affect A and fH ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 4.3.
3. How does A change with f ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 4.4.
4.4 Questions
1. Verify that the transistor Q1 is properly biased to operate in Active-Mode from the voltage and cur-rent values obtained in table 4.1.
2. What is the range of voltages available for output swing in the circuit biased as shown in figure 4.1?
Frequency Response of Common Emitter Amplifier 17 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 5Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier
5.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
5.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 5
Figure 5.1: Emitter-Degenerate Amplifier
Table 5.1: Effect of RL on A, fH and fT .(Use Re = 100Ω)
RL VO Vs i g A =VOVs i g
0.7 ×VO fH fT = A × fH
1 kΩ10 kΩ100 kΩ
5.3 Observations and Results
1. How does the variation in RL affect A and fH ? Narrate your observations with reference to tables 5.1and 5.2.
Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier 19 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 5
Table 5.2: Effect of RL on A, fH and fT .(Use Re = 200Ω)
RL VO Vs i g A =VOVs i g
0.7 ×VO fH fT = A × fH
1 kΩ10 kΩ100 kΩ
Table 5.3: Effect of Re on A, fH and fT .(Use RL = 10 kΩ)
Re VO Vs i g A =VOVs i g
0.7 ×VO fH fT = A × fH
10Ω20Ω50Ω100Ω
2. How does the variation in Re affect A and fH ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 5.3.
3. How does A change with f ? Narrate your observations with reference to table 5.4.
5.4 Questions
1. How does the Miller’s Effect influence the gain ~ bandwidth tradeoff in emitter-degenerate amplifiers?
Table 5.4: Variation of A with f .(Use Ce = 100 µF ,Re = 100Ω and RL = 10 kΩ)
f VO f VO f VO
Simulated Practical Simulated Practical Simulated Practical10 Hz 10 kHz 10 MHz
100 Hz 100 kHz 100 MHz1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz
Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier 20 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 5
2. Out of common-emitter and emitter-degenerate, which configuration will generally exhibit a greaterbandwidth?
3. Out of common-emitter and emitter-degenerate, which configuration will generally exhibit a greatergain?
Frequency Response of Emitter Degenerate Amplifier 21 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 6Differential Amplifier
6.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
6.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 6
6.3 Observations and Results
1. How does the variation in RE1 and RE2 affect the linear region? Narrate your observations with ref-erence to steps ?? to ?? and corresponding graphs.
Differential Amplifier 23 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 6
Figure 6.1: Widlar Current Mirror for Biasing Differential Amplifier
Figure 6.2: Differential Amplifier
Differential Amplifier 24 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 6
(a) Attaching DC Voltage Source (b) Setting-up DC Analysis
Figure 6.3: Performing DC Analysis on Differential Amplifier
−Vid (mV ) +Vid (mV )
ICQ3,Q4ICQ1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125
Figure 6.4: Graph for Determining Linear Range without Re
−Vid (mV ) +Vid (mV )
ICQ3,Q4ICQ1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Figure 6.5: Graph for Determining Linear Range with Re = 200Ω
Differential Amplifier 25 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 6
−Vid (mV ) +Vid (mV )
ICQ3,Q4ICQ1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Figure 6.6: Graph for Determining Linear Range with Re = 400Ω
−Vid (mV ) +Vid (mV )
ICQ3,Q4ICQ1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Figure 6.7: Graph for Determining Linear Range with Re = 600Ω
−Vid (mV ) +Vid (mV )
ICQ3,Q4ICQ1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250
Figure 6.8: Merging Figures for Linear Range with Re = 0Ω − 600Ω
Differential Amplifier 26 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 6
6.4 Questions
1. Calculate the range of biasing voltages, VCMM IN and VCMMAX , that can be applied to the differentialpair shown in the figure 6.2.
Differential Amplifier 27 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 7Multistage Amplifier
7.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
7.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 7
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
Ad =VO/Vid
Figure 7.1: Graph paper for plotting Ad ~ f
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
Acm = VO/Vicm
Figure 7.2: Graph paper for plotting Acm ~ f
Multistage Amplifier 29 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 7
Table 7.1: Configuration of Individual Stages
Stage # Transistors Used Configuration
1 Q1 & Q2 Differential Amplifier with Resistive Load and Differential Output
2
3
4
Table 7.2: DC Currents of All Transistors
Transistor Hand Analysis Pspice
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
Multistage Amplifier 30 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 7
7.3 Observations and Results
1. How does the differential and common-mode gain relate with eachother. Refer to the plots in figures 7.1and 7.2.
7.4 Questions
1. Calculate the gain of individual stages of the multistage amplifier shown in figure 7.3.
Multistage Amplifier 31 of 72
ECE-3316
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Figure 7.3: Multistage Amplifier
Multistage
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LABORATORY SESSION # 8Negative Feedback in Amplifiers
8.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
8.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 8
8.3 Observations and Results
1. Which type of gain is observed to be greater and why?. [Tick One]C losed − loop Gain Open − loop Gain Bot ℎ ar e S ame
Negative Feedback in Amplifiers 34 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 8
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
A = VOUT/Vs i g
Figure 8.1: Graph paper for plotting A f ~ f
(a) Step 1 (b) Step 2
Figure 8.2: Setting-up Transient Analysis
Negative Feedback in Amplifiers 35 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 8
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 8.3: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~t
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
A = VOUT/Vs i g
Figure 8.4: Graph paper for plotting A~ f
Negative Feedback in Amplifiers 36 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 8
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 8.5: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~t
2. The bandwidth obtained in circuit with feedback was greater or lesser than in the circuit withoutfeedback and why?
8.4 Questions
1. Is the output voltage obtained in A-circuit clipped from top and bottom and why?
Negative Feedback in Amplifiers 37 of 72
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Figure 8.6: Amplifier with Negative Feedback
Negative
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Figure 8.7: Equivalent A-Circuit of the Amplifier in Figure 8.6
Negative
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LABORATORY SESSION # 9Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator
9.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
9.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 9
Figure 9.1: Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Second Order LCR Resonator
9.3 Observations and Results
1. How does the frequency response of the low-pass filter change by changing the value of the qualityfactor, Q?
Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator 41 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 9
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
T = |VOUT/Vs i g |
Figure 9.2: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707,Q = 1,Q = 0.5
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
T =VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Figure 9.3: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707 from Practical Data
Table 9.1: Component Values for Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Second Order LCR Resonator
Filter Type CornerFrequency,fo = 1
2π√LC
QualityFactor,
Q = 2π foCR
Resistor, R Capacitor, C Inductor, L
Low-Pass 100 kH z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ
Low-Pass 100 kH z 1 1 kΩ
Low-Pass 100 kH z 0.5 1 kΩ
Low-Pass 100 H z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ
Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator 42 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 9
Table 9.2: Frequency Response of Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Second Order LCR Resonator
Frequency, f Magnitude,T =
VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Attenuation,−20log T dB
Frequency, f Magnitude,T =
VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Attenuation,−20log T dB
100 H z 1 kH z
10 kH z 100 kH z
1 MH z 10 MH z
2. Is the value of inductor obtained as calculated in procedure practical?
9.4 Questions
1. Draw the figure of a high-pass filter implemented using LCR resonator.
2. Calculate the value of capacitor, C and inductor, L for a corner frequency fo = 100 kH z with qualityfactor Q = 1√
2and resistor R = 1 kΩ for a high-pass filter.
Passive Filters Using Second Order LCR Resonator 43 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 10Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement
10.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values QuantityOpAmps 741/358 2Resistors Multiple 5Capacitors Multiple 2Power supply DC ±15V 1Function Generator Available 1Oscilloscope Available 1DMM Available 1
10.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 10
10.3 Observations and Results
1. How does the frequency response of the low-pass filter change by changing the value of the qualityfactor, Q?
2. Is the value of resistors and capacitors obtained as calculated in procedure practical?
Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement 45 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 10
Figure 10.1: Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Antoniou Inductor Replacement
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
T = |VOUT/Vs i g |
Figure 10.2: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707,Q = 1,Q = 0.5
Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement 46 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 10
100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M 1G f (H z )
T =VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Figure 10.3: Graph paper for plotting T ~ f with fo = 100 kH z and Q = 1√2≈ 0.707 from Practical Data
Table 10.1: Component Values for Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Antoniou Inductor ReplacementCircuit
Filter Type CornerFrequency,fo = 1
2πCR
QualityFactor,Q = R6
R
Resistor, R6 Capacitor,C = C6 = C4
Inductor,L = CR2
Resistor, R
Low-Pass 100 kH z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ
Low-Pass 100 kH z 1 1 kΩ
Low-Pass 100 kH z 0.5 1 kΩ
Low-Pass 100 H z 1√2≈ 0.707 1 kΩ
Table 10.2: Frequency Response of Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Antoniou Inductor ReplacementCircuit
Frequency, f Magnitude,T =
VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Attenuation,−20log T dB
Frequency, f Magnitude,T =
VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Attenuation,−20log T dB
100 H z 1 kH z
10 kH z 100 kH z
1 MH z 10 MH z
Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement 47 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 10
10.4 Questions
1. Draw the figure of a high-pass filter implemented using LCR resonator with L replaced by AntoniouInductor Replacement circuit.
2. Calculate the value of capacitor, C and resistor, R for a corner frequency fo = 100 kH z with qualityfactor Q = 1√
2and resistor R6 = 1 kΩ for a high-pass filter.
Active Filters Using Inductor Replacement 48 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 11KHN Biquad Filter
11.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
11.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 11
Figure 11.1: High-Pass Filter Implemented Using KHN Biquad
Table 11.1: High-Pass, Bandpass and Low-Pass Filters Implemented Using KHN Biquad
Frequencyf
Magnitude|VO1 | =
VO1pe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Magnitude|VO2 | =
VO2pe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Magnitude|VO3 | =
VO3pe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Frequencyf
Magnitude|VO1 | =
VO1pe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Magnitude|VO2 | =
VO2pe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Magnitude|VO3 | =
VO3pe ak/Vs i gpe ak
10 H z 100 H z
1 kH z 10 kH z
100 kH z 1 MH z
KHN Biquad Filter 50 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 11
4 k 8 k 12 k 16 k 20 k 24 k 28 k 32 k f (H z )
VO1,VO2,VO3
Figure 11.2: Graph paper for plotting VO1,VO2,VO3~ f with fo = 10 kH z
10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M f (H z )
VO1,VO2,VO3
Figure 11.3: Graph paper for plotting VO1,VO2,VO3~ f with fo = 10 kH z from Practical Data
KHN Biquad Filter 51 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 11
11.3 Observations and Results
1. Does the KHN Biquad circuit provide the outputs of high-pass, bandpass and low-pass filters simulta-neously around a central frequency fo?
11.4 Questions
1. Design a High-Pass filter using KHN Biquad circuit. Calculate the values of resistors R, R2 and R3when fo = 10 kH z, Q = 15, K = 2, R1 = R f = 10 kΩ and C = 1 nF .
KHN Biquad Filter 52 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 12Single Amplifier Biquad Filter
12.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
12.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 12
Figure 12.1: Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Single Amplifier Biquad
12.3 Observations and Results
1. What is the corner frequency, f3 dB obtained from the AC sweep performed in step ?? of "Procedure" asplotted in figure 12.2?
Single Amplifier Biquad Filter 54 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 12
f (H z )
VOUT
Figure 12.2: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~ f with fo = 4 kH z
10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k 1 M 10 M 100 M f (H z )
VOUT
Figure 12.3: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~ f with fo = 4 kH z from Practical Data
Table 12.1: Frequency Response of Low-Pass Filter Implemented Using Single Amplifier Biquad Circuit
Frequency, f Magnitude,T =
VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Attenuation,−20log T dB
Frequency, f Magnitude,T =
VOUTpe ak/Vs i gpe ak
Attenuation,−20log T dB
100 H z 1 kH z
10 kH z 100 kH z
1 MH z 10 MH z
Single Amplifier Biquad Filter 55 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 12
12.4 Questions
1. Draw the figure of a High-Pass filter using Single Amplifier Biquad circuit. Use the values of resistorsR3 = R4 = 10 kΩ and take fo = 4 kH z and Q = 1√
2. Calculate the value of C1 and C2.
Single Amplifier Biquad Filter 56 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 13Wien-Bridge Oscillator
13.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
13.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 13
Figure 13.1: Wien-Bridge Oscillator
13.3 Observations and Results
1. Does the amplitude of the output signal, VOUT remain constant or keeps increasing?
13.4 Questions
1. Draw and design a Voltage Limiter circuit to the oscillator designed in Procedure to limit the outputvoltage, VOUT to ±8V .
Wien-Bridge Oscillator 58 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 13
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 13.2: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~t
Wien-Bridge Oscillator 59 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 14Phase-Shift Oscillator
14.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
14.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 14
Figure 14.1: Phase-Shift Oscillator
14.3 Observations and Results
1. Does the amplitude of the output signal, VOUT remain constant or keeps increasing?
14.4 Questions
1. Draw and design a Voltage Limiter circuit to the oscillator designed in Procedure to limit the outputvoltage, VOUT to ±8V .
Phase-Shift Oscillator 61 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 14
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 14.2: Graph paper for plotting VOUT ~t
Phase-Shift Oscillator 62 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 15Triangular and Square Wave Generation
15.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
15.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 15
Figure 15.1: Triangular and Square Wave Generation Using Bistable Multivibrator and Integrator
15.3 Observations and Results
1. At what threshold voltages, VT H and VT L, does the square wave change from L+ to L− and vice versa.Refer to figure 15.2 for the answer.
15.4 Questions
1. Calculate the values of resistor R and R2 when R1 = 20 kΩ and C = 0.01 µF . Take the peak voltageof the triangular wave at the output of the integrator circuit to be 6V and its frequency of oscillation,fo to be 10 kH z .
Triangular and Square Wave Generation 64 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 15
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 15.2: Graph paper for plotting VO1,VO2 ~t
Triangular and Square Wave Generation 65 of 72
LABORATORY SESSION # 16Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion
16.1 Equipment
Components Model/Values Quantity
16.2 Procedure
TIMELY [+2] LATE [−1] VERY LATE [−2] TABLES CORRECT [+1] TABLES INCORRECT [−1]OBSERVATIONS CORRECT [+1] OBSERVATIONS INCORRECT [−1] QUESTIONS CORRECT [+1] QUESTIONS INCORRECT [−1]
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 16
16.3 Observations and Results
1. For what circuit, the output had minimum distortion?
16.4 Questions
1. Can the class AB output stage as shown in figure 16.3 be biased in any other way other than using thediodes? If yes, draw the diagram of biasing a class AB output stage using a circuit other than diodes.
Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 67 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 16
Figure 16.1: Circuit 1
Figure 16.2: Circuit 2: Class B Output Stage Added
Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 68 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 16
Figure 16.3: Circuit 3: Class AB Output Stage Added
Figure 16.4: Circuit 4: Class B Output Stage with Feedback Added
Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 69 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 16
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 16.5: Graph paper for plotting Vin,Vout ~t for Circuit 1
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 16.6: Graph paper for plotting Vin,Vout ~t for Circuit 2
Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 70 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 16
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 16.7: Graph paper for plotting Vin,Vout ~t for Circuit 3
t
VOUT (V )
Figure 16.8: Graph paper for plotting Vin,Vout ~t for Circuit 4
Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 71 of 72
ECE-3316INTEGRATED CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS
Laboratory ManualLab. # 16
Feedback and Non-Linear Distortion 72 of 72
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