icrp c5 update k.a. higley – protect meeting, vienna austria june, 2007
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ICRP C5 Update
K.A. Higley – PROTECT Meeting, Vienna Austria
June, 2007
Acknowledgements
• Most of the following slides have been “borrowed” from previous presentations of other C5 members
• If there are – mistakes, they are mine– overstatements, they are also mine
• If I got it completely right, it is because of the brilliance of my C5 colleagues
ICRP Committee 5 membership
RJ Pentreath (chair) UKCM Larsson (vice-chair) SwedenK Higley (secretary) USAP Strand NorwayA Johnston AustraliaA Real SpainF Brechignac FranceK Sakai JapanG Pröhl Germany
ICRP C5
• Concerned with radiological protection of the environment.
• Aim: development and application of approaches to environmental protection that are: – Compatible with those for radiological protection of
man, and– With those for protection of the environment from
other potential hazards.
Directions of C5 Work
• Develop a framework for the assessment of radiation exposure and effects on non-human species:– For planned, existing, and emergency exposure
situations.– That will serve as a benchmark for international and
individual national approaches to environmental protection
– And that will parallel the framework for human radiation protection.
• Done in an open and transparent manner.
Commonalities, RP (hum) and RP (env)
Reference Person
Environmental radionuclide concentration(s)
Reference Animals and Plants
Dose limits, constraints,reference levels
Decision-making regarding public health and environment for the same environmental situation
Derived Consideration Levels
Planned, existing and emergency exposure situations
C5 Four Year Plan, Major Documents
• Reference Animals and Plants (2007)– Supporting database (transfer, background, etc)– Radiation dosimetry – Radiation effects
• Radiation weighting factors (2008)• Commonality of RAPs approach to other
environmental protection efforts (2008-9)• Will build on updated scientific information and
recent methodological achievements (EC projects, UNSCEAR……
High Level Overview
• A reference animal or plant is a hypothetical entity,
• With the assumed basic characteristics of a specific type of animal or plant, as described to the generality of the taxonomic level of family,
• With precisely defined anatomical, physiological, and life-history properties
• That can be used for the purposes of relating exposure to dose, and dose to effects, for that type of living organism.
Reference Animals and Plants
Reference Animals and Plants• Deer• Rat• Bee• Earthworm
• Duck• Frog• Trout
• Marine Flatfish• Crab
• Pine Tree• Grass• Seaweed
Legislation on wildlife protection
Toxicity testing
Human resource
Data on radionuclide accumulation
Data on radiation effects
Amenable to further
study
Public resonance
Rat + +++ ++ +++ +++ +
Duck +++ + + + +++ +++
Frog ++ + + + ++ ++
Salmonid fish ++ +++ +++ + +++ +++ +++
Flat fish + +++ +++ ++ ++ +
Bee + + ++ ++ + +++ ++
Crab + +++ +++ + ++ ++
Deer + ++ + + + +++
Earthworm +++ ++ + +++ ++
Pine tree + ++ ++ +++ +++ +++
Grass + ++ ++ +++ +++ ++
Seaweed + +++ + ++ ++
Criteria for Selection of RAPs
Consideration of Exposure Situations and Computation of DCCs
Small burrowing mammal exposed from a planar source at the surface of the soil
Computational ”animal” with ”liver” and ”testes”
Overview of FRED(ERICA) Effects Data; Access via www.erica-project.org
Ecosystem
References# Data % Effect
Total Number
% External Internal Other
Terrestrial (579)
19,983 72.6
Acute 12,273 61.4 11564 288 421
Chronic 6,795 34.0 3449 344 3002
Transitory 913 4.57 670 40 203
Not Stated 2 0.03 0 0 2
Freshwater (195)
6067 22.0
Acute 4,526 74.6 4058 97 371
Chronic 1,484 24.5 970 20 494
Transitory 54 0.89 12 2 40
Not Stated 3 0.01 0 0 3
Marine (45) 1470 5.4
Acute 1116 75.9 995 58 63
Chronic 353 24.1 286 0 67
Transitory 0 0 0 0 0
Not Stated 1 0 0 0 1
Natural Background*
ECOSYSTEMNON-
WEIGHTED
µGy h-1
WEIGHTEDa
µGy h-1
Marine 0.04 – 2.8 0.08 – 9.9
Freshwater 0.09 – 6.1 0.65 - 44
Terrestrial0.023 – 0.09
(external)
aIncludes weighting factors for high LET radiation
*Brown et al.; Gomez-Ros et al. 2004. Journal of Radiological Protection, 24:4A, pp 63 - 88
Derived Consideration Levels – Individual Effects
Derived Consideration Levels - Ecosystems
Derived Consideration Levels - Decisions
In Depth Status Report
STATUS: Existing Information on Radiation Effects for RAPs
Data on RAPS organism available
Data on RAPS-related organism available
No data available
Preliminary Data Survey
Availability of Acute Data
Reference Organism Morbidity MortalityReproductive
CapacityMutation
Deer
Rat
Duck
Frog
Trout
Marine Flatfish
Bee
Crab
Earthworm
Pine Tree
Grass
Seaweed
=data available = related data maybe available = no data available
Availability of Chronic Data
Reference Organism Morbidity MortalityReproductive
CapacityMutation
Deer
Rat
Duck
Frog
Trout
Marine Flatfish
Bee
Crab
Earthworm
Pine Tree
Grass
Seaweed
=data available = related data maybe available = no data available
Data on RAPS organism available
Data on RAPS-related organism available
No data available
How to Proceed
Scaling functions?
STATUS: Dosimetry for RAPS
Objectives
• Select approach to estimate Dose Per Unit Concentration (DPUC) – Kinetics not taken into account– Doses to organs not explicitly considered– Consider simple geometries
• Spheres, ellipsoids, cylinders
• Calculate DPUC values for ICRP RAPs – Average dose rate for the whole body per unit activity
concentration • In the organisms, or • Surrounding media.
Dose Concept
• Absorbed dose– Dose equivalent and effective doses as used for
humans not applicable– Radiation weighting factors under discussion
• Absorbed fraction – Fraction of energy emitted by a radiation source that
is absorbed within the target tissue, organ or organism
• Homogeneous medium, organism immersed in water– Dint = E * AF(E)– Dext = E * [1-AF(E)]
Influence of shape
• Internal exposure– AF spheres – AF for various shapes– Interpolation
• Shape• Mass• Energy• => Enables estimations for a wide range of ellipsoids
• External exposure– DCCs for spheres– etc.
Absorbed fractions for photons as a function of mass and energy for spheres
Absorbed fractions for electrons as a function of mass and energy for spheres
10-2
10-1
100
10-1
10010-3
10-210-1
100101
102103
104105
106
AF
E (MeV)
Mas
s (g)
Electron sources in spheres
AF for non-spherical organisms:10 keV photons and electrons
AF for non-spherical organisms:100 keV photons and electrons
External exposure
• Terrestrial RAPs– Based and detailed MC calculations for specified
geometries• On-soil:
– Planar source on the soil with a surface roughness of 3 mm,
– Volume source with a thickness of 10 cm,
• In-soil:• Middle of a volume source with a thickness of 50 cm
• Aquatic– In-water– On-water
Derived Consideration Concentrations (DCCs)
• In Progress
• All RAPs– Partly for different habitats
• 75 radionuclides– Daughters included if half-life < 10 d
• External and internal exposure
STATUS: Supporting Database
Concentration and transfer data used in the derivation of external and internal dose-rates for RAPs
Objective
• Derive a reference set of – Values for naturally occurring radionuclides in sea
water, freshwater, sediment and soil from which to calculate the reference external background dose rates for RAPs.
– Values for naturally occurring nuclides on a whole body basis from which to calulate internal reference background dose rates for RAPs.
– Transfer factors for anthropogenic radionuclides to allow whole body activity concentrations and thereby internal dose rates to be derived for RAPs.
Selection of radionuclides
• For artificial radionuclides, equilibrium concentration ratios (CRs) have been derived for the following: – Ag, Am, C, Cd, Ce, Cl, Cm, Co, Cs, Eu, H, I, Mn,
Nb, Ni, Np, P, Pu, Ru, S, Sb, Se, Sr, Tc, Zr
• For naturally-occurring radionuclides, activity concentrations in RAPs and their environment were derived for all radionuclides in U-238 and Th-232 decay chains with half-life > 10 days; and for other important primordial and cosmogenic radionuclides
)kg/Bq(mediainionconcentratActivity
.)w.fkg/Bq(biotainionconcentratActivityCR
Terrestrial CRs for RAPs – data coverageNuclide Earthworm Bee Wild grass Pine tree Rat Deer Ag - RO √ - - - C √ - √ √ √ √ Cd √ RO √ RO - - Ce (√) - - - - - Cl √ - (√) (√) - - Cm - - √ RO - - Co - RO √ RO √ RO Eu (√) - - - - - H (√) - (√) - (√) (√) I √ - √ - - - Mn √ - √ RO RO RO Nb (√) - RO - RO RO Ni √ RO RO RO RO RO Np - - √ - - - P - - - - - - Pu ? Ru - RO (√) - - - S - RO RO RO RO RO Sb (√) - RO - - - Se (√) - RO - RO RO Tc - - RO - - - Te - - - - RO RO Zr - - - RO - - √ = data available; (√) = < 5 data points RO = data available for reference organism (but not RAP) - = no data
Natural radionuclides considered
* Assumed for dosimetric purposes for progeny with t1/2 less than 10 days.
Radionuclides Natural sources Half-life (t1/2) Progeny in equilibrium* C-14 Cosmic 5730 years -
H-3 Cosmic 12 years -
K-40 Primordial 1.3 x 109 years -
Pb-210 U-238 series 22 years Bi-210
Po-210 U-238 series 138 days -
Ra-226 U-238 series 1600 years Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Ra-228 Th-232 series 5.7 years Ac-228
Rb-87 Primordial 4.9 x 1010 years -
Th-228 Th-232 series 1.9 years Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Po-212, Tl-208
Th-230 U-238 series 80 000 years -
Th-232 Th-232 series 1.4 x 1010 years -
Th-234 U-238 series 24 days Pa-234
U-234 U-238 series 2.5 x 105 years -
U-235 U-235 series 7.0 x 108 years Th-231
U-238 U-238 series 4.5 x 109 years -
ACTION 1 : External dose-rates from naturally occurring radionuclides
External dose-rates from naturally occurring radionuclides
• Marine – Raw data collated. Preliminary typical values derived.
• Terrestrial – Work in progress– e.g. World generic soil values (UNSCEAR,
2000)• Freshwater – Work in progress. Data available
J.E. Brown, S.R. Jones , R. Saxén, H.Thørring and J. Vives i Batlle (2004). Radiation doses to aquatic organisms from natural radionuclides. Journal of Radiological Protection, 24, pp. A63-A77.
UNSCEAR (2000).Sources and effects of ionising radiation
Concentrations of naturally occuring radionuclides in seawater (Bq/m3)
Radionuclide Typical ~Range Comments C-14 6 General waters
H-3 50 22 - 110 General waters
K-40 18000 12 000 Bq/m3 in older publications Pb-210 2 0.3 - 5 Slightly lower mean for coastal waters
Po-210 2 0.1 - 4 Typical value about 1 Bq/m3 for surface and coastal waters
Ra-226 1.5 3.4
0.7 - 7 0.2 - 20
Ocean (surface) Coastal waters
Ra-228
0.5 -
0.02 - 4 0.5 - 20
Ocean Coastal
Rb-87 110 General waters
Th-228 0.06 0.3
0.0065 - 0.35 0.05 - 0.75
Ocean Coastal
Th-230 0.015 0.15
0.0015 - 0.07 0.035 - 0.55
Ocean Coastal
Th-232 0.004 0.08
0.0004 - 0.1 0.009 - 0.9
Ocean Coastal
Th-234 - No data at present
U-234 47 General waters
U-235 1.9 General waters
U-238 41 12 - 80 General waters
Review based on Bowen (1979), IAEA (1988a),IAEA (1988b),IAEA (1990), Cherry & Shannon (1974), Woodhead (1973), Brown et al (2004)
• Activity concentrations depend on underlying sediment type, e.g. clay content strongly influences K-40 concentrations. Separate sediments into sand, silt, clay where appropriate and data coverage sufficient ?
Radionuclide Typical Range Comment C-14 7 3.5-14 H-3 0.05 K-40 500 63-1200 Depends on clay content, predominant contributor to
external exposures Pb-210 150 20-518 Enhanced levels of unsupported Pb-210 in surface
sediments Po-210 150 5-900 Enhanced levels of unsupported Po-210 in surface
sediments following ingrowth from Pb-210 Ra-226 (30) 6-1720 Pb-214 and Bi-214 will contribute to external exposure Ra-228 (20) 18-83 External exposure likely to be insignificant (minor Ac-
228) Rb-87 120 Derived from stable element data for ’mean’ sediment
and isotopic abundance Th-228 20 5-40 Contributions from Pb-2312, Bi-212 and Tl-208 Th-230 150 1-2400 External exposure likely to be insignificant Th-232 10 4-96 External exposure likely to be insignificant Th-234 (10) = U-238 concentration U-234 External exposure likely to be insignificant U-235 1 0.4-3 U-235 decay chain not considered in detail U-238 10 1-63 External exposure likely to be insignificant
Review based on : Baxter (1983); BNFL(1994); Bowen(1979); Brown (1997); Brown et al. (2004); Grøttheim (1999); Hamilton et al. (1994); Holm & Fukai (1986); IAEA (1988a); Kershaw et al. (1992); McCartney et al. (1990); McDonald et al. (1991);Van der Heijde et al. (1990);Walker & Rose (1990).
Concentrations of naturally occuring radionuclides in marine sediment (Bq/kg d.w.)
Marine – seawater and sediments
• Broader review necessary ?– Focus on nuclides important from an exposure
perspective ?
• Summarised or generic values can be derived– (statistically) summarised values difficult to derive
because original information often provided as typical or representative values.
ACTION 2 : Set of natural radionuclide concentrations for internal dose rates
Set Of Natural Radionuclide Concentrations For Internal Dose Rates
• Marine – Starting from data collated for Brown et al. (2004).
• Database further developed and expanded• Contains approximately 1500 data.
– Macroalgae (n=669), – Crustaceans (n=374), – Fish (n=373)
• Most data are Po-210
• Terrestrial and freshwater not considered here
All compiled data (RO coverage)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
C-14 H-3 K-40 Pb-210 Po-210 Ra-226 Ra-228 Rb-87 Th-228 Th-230 Th-232 U-234 U-235 U-238
Radionuclide
Nu
mb
er o
f sa
mp
les
Fish
Crustaceans
Macroalgae
Marine RAPs
60 %
40 % Brown algae
Other macroalgae
75 %
25 %
Cancer pagarus
Other crustaceans
12 %
88 %
Flatfish
Other types of fish
Jklfhd-lsdgfsjd
Hj.hsdjkgfhksd
Radionuclide Brown algae Cancer pagarus Flatfish C-14 RO RO RO
H-3 RO RO RO
K-40 √ RO RO Pb-210 √ √ √ Po-210 √ √ √ Ra-226 √ (√) √ Ra-228 √ - RO Rb-87 √ RO RO Th-228 √ (√) (√) Th-230 √ (√) (√) Th-232 √ (√) (√) Th-234 - - - U-234 √ (√) (√) U-235 √ (√) (√) U-238 √ (√) (√) √ = data available (In brackets – only limited amount of data n<3)
RO = data available for ERICA reference organisms (but not RAPs)
- = No data
Macroalgae
Crustaceans
Fish
Available data (example)
Reference organism Mean SD N Range Comments Brown algae 2.0 1.2 126 0.5 - 8.5
Cancer pagarus 18 11 55 1.4 - 43
Flatfish 17 13 20 3.9 - 51 Muscle data corrected using a factor of 8
Reference organism Mean SD N Range Comments Macroalgae 2.4 2.2 156 0.2 - 15
Crustacean 54 110 210 0.4 - 920
Fish 32 81 225 0.3 - 760 Muscle data corrected using a factor of 8
Concentrations of Polonium-210 (Bq/kg FW) in corresponding ERICA reference organisms (ROs)
Concentrations of Polonium-210 (Bq/kg FW) in RAPs
ACTION 3: CRs for Deriving Internal Activity Concentrations of Artificial Radionuclides
CRs for Deriving Internal Activity Concentrations of Artificial Radionuclides
• Marine – Comprehensive database created by NRPA
• Terrestrial – Preliminary summary table provided by CEH. NRPA working on database in conjunction with CEH
• Freshwater – Data made available from STUK. Further work necessary (Data not presented here).
Marine CRs – Macroalgae
OtherMacroalgae
Brownalgae Co
PuCs
SrCe
Red, green and brown macroalgae
Brown algae
Cs
Pu
Tc
Sr
Co
Macroalgae Brown algae
Number of samples 1560 307
> 5% Cs, Pu, Tc, Sr, Co Cs, Pu, Co, Sr, Ce Data
coverage < 5% Ag, Am, Cd, Ce, Cm, Eu, I, Mn, Nb, Ni, Np, Ru, Sb, Zr
Ag, Am, Cd, Eu, I, Mn, Ni, Ru, Sb, Tc, Zr
Marine CRs - Crustaceans
Other crustaceans
CancerPagarus
Cs
Am
Pu
Tc
All crustaceans Cancer pagarus
Cs
Tc
Pu
Crustaceans Cancer pagarus
Number of samples 555 120
> 5% Cs, Pu, Tc Cs, Pu, Am, Tc Data
coverage < 5% Am, Cd, Ce, Co, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ru, Sb, Se,Sr, Zr
Marine CRs - Fish
Othertypes of fishes
Flatfish
Cs
Tc
Pu
All fish types Flatfish
Cs
PuSr
Co
Fish Flatfish
Number of samples 2349 385
> 4% Cs, Co, Pu, Sr Cs, Pu, Tc Data
coverage < 4% Ag, Am, Cd, Ce, Eu, Mn, Ni, Ru, Sb, Se, Tc, Zr
Ce, Co, Eu, Sr, Zr
Example
Reference organism Mean SD N Range Comments
Brown algae 51 40 94 5 - 204
Cancer pagarus 17 12 18
Flatfish 57 70 304 5 - 517
Reference organism Mean SD N Range Comments
Macroalgae 118 733 583 5 – 7740
Crustacean 41 83 281 0 - 1305
Fish 86 122 1780 0 - 1800
Cs-137 CF values (Bq/kg FW) for ICRP Raps
Cs-137 CF values (Bq/kg FW) for corresponding ERICA reference organisms
Marine CRs – Fish egg and Fish larvae
Radionuclide
Sr Y Ce Zr Ru P Nb Cs Co C S Mn
Num
ber
of s
ampl
es
0
2
4
6
8
10
Radionuclide
Sr Y Ce Cs Zr Ru P Co S Mn
Nu
mb
er
of s
amp
les
0
2
4
6
8
10Fish egg Fish larvae
The available data is very limited
•Fish egg: n = 45
•Fish larvae: n = 39
Available data (example)
All fish types Turbot Mean N Range Mean N Comments
Fish egg 2 9 1 - 10 1,6 1 -
Fish larvae 2 8 1 - 4 4,3 1 At the age of 96 hours
Sr Concentration factor values for fish egg and fish larvae for all fish types and turbot.
Terrestrial CRs for RAPs
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Nu
mb
er o
f d
ata.
.
Ref. orgs minus RAPs
RAPs
Terrestrial CRs for RAPs – data coverageNuclide Earthworm Bee Wild grass Pine tree Rat Deer Ag - RO √ - - - C √ - √ √ √ √ Cd √ RO √ RO - - Ce (√) - - - - - Cl √ - (√) (√) - - Cm - - √ RO - - Co - RO √ RO √ RO Eu (√) - - - - - H (√) - (√) - (√) (√) I √ - √ - - - Mn √ - √ RO RO RO Nb (√) - RO - RO RO Ni √ RO RO RO RO RO Np - - √ - - - P - - - - - - Pu ? Ru - RO (√) - - - S - RO RO RO RO RO Sb (√) - RO - - - Se (√) - RO - RO RO Tc - - RO - - - Te - - - - RO RO Zr - - - RO - - √ = data available; (√) = < 5 data points RO = data available for reference organism (but not RAP) - = no data
Terrestrial CRs for RAPs - comments
• There are few RAP specific values• Data are for 'adult stage'; ERICA considers terrestrial bird
eggs and has some values derived from terrestrial bird CRs combined with hen diet-egg transfer information (not reported in ICRP database)
• The ERICA CR summary database contains a value for every RO-radionuclide combination. Where data are lacking these were derived using various guidance options. The values derived by this guidance are NOT included in the ICRP summary - i.e. this contains data derived from empirical values only
• FOR H, C, S, P CR defined as whole body activity concentration (fresh weight) to the activity concentration in air (Bq/m3); model derived.
General discussion (CRs)
• Technologically-enhanced radionuclides : CR values e.g. U-238, Ra-226, Po-210, C-14 and H-3 may be useful in a regulatory context.– Can be extracted from existing databases.
• Use RAP specific values or generic RO values ?
• Data gap filling methodology (ERICA) – relevant here ?
STATUS: Radiation Weighting Factors
Radiation Weighting Factors
• Under discussion– FASSET
• Low β: 3• α:10
– UNSCEAR• α:10
STATUS: Commonality of RAPS with other approaches
Bottom-up, toxicological approachBased upon individuals
System structured around some reference(s)Dose-driven (weighted to allow for additivity)
Human
Environment (RAPs)
Single effect endpoint: cancer induction
Several effect endpoints: mortality, morbidity,
reproduction, chromosome damage
Stochastic effects of major concern, LNT model assumption
Deterministic effects of major concern
F. Bréchignac – ICRP Committee 5 Meeting, Corvallis, Oregon, USA, 15-18 August 2006
Raps Approach Consistent With Human Radioprotection
STATUS - OVERALL
Progress to Date
• Two major meetings– Geneva, Sept 05– Corvallis, Aug 06– Next in Germany, 07
• Task groups – Dosimetry– Other??
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