i— · [ p r o c . r o y . s o c . v i c t o r i a , 5 7 (n .s .j, p t s .]> ii., 1945.] a r t...

[ P r o c . R o y . S o c . V i c t o r i a , 5 7 (N .S . j , P t s . ] > I I . , 1945.]

A r t V I . — C honetidae f r o m the P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia a nd

th e ir S tra t ig ra p h ica l S ign ifica n ce .

B y E D M U N D D . G IL L , B .A ., B .D .

[ R e a d 1 4 th D e c e m b e r , 1 944 ; is s u e d s e p a ra te ly 1 0 th D e c e m b er , 1945.]

S u m m a r y .

A su rv e y is m a d e o f a l l th e k n o w n C h o n e tid a e f r o m th e P a la e o z o ic ro c k s o f V ic to r ia . C o m m e n ts a re m a d e o n sp e c ie s o f C h o n e te s a n d A n o p h a a l r e a d y d e s c r ib e d , a n d th e f o l lo w in g n e w sp e c ie s a re e re c te d— C h o n e te s b o w ie a e C p ro i lu c to id a , C . k i l l a r e v s is, C . p s i lo p lia , C . r u d d o r k e n s is , C . ta g g e r ty e n s is , a iu l C . g a s k in i . T h e a f f in i t ie s o f th e s e f o r m s w i th th o s e fo u n d e lse w h e re a re g iv e n , a n d t h e i r s t r a t ig r a p h ic a l s ig n i f ic a n c e co m m e n te d u p o n . A s u b

d iv is io n o f t h e Y e r in g ia n S e r ie s is p ro p o se d .

I n t r o d u c t i o n .

F ossils o f the b rach iopod fam ily C ho netidae ( th e c lassif ication o f th e F o ss i l iu m C a ta logus is ad o p ted ) a re k n o w n in V ic to r ia on ly f ro m S ilu r ia n an d D evon ian rocks, and th ey belong to the tw o g en e ra C ho n etes ( se n su str ic to ') an d A n o p lia . T h e fo llow ing tab le sum m arizes, o u r kno w led ge o f th e o ccu rrence of th is

g ro u p :—

S e r ie s .

B u c h a n B e d s

B in d i B e d s . .

Y e r in g i a n

M e lb o u r n ia n

A g e .

M id d le D e v o n ia n

L o w e r D e v o n ia n p a r t a t l e a s t )

L o w e r L u d lo w ( i n p a r t a t le a s t )

G e n u s a n d S p e c ie s .

C h o n e te s a u s t r a l i s M c C o y

C . a u s t r a l i s M c C o y C . g a s k in i , s p n o v .

C . b o w ie a e . sp . n o v .C . c r e s s w e l l i C h a p m a n C . k i l l a r e n s is , s p . n o v .C . p r o d u c to id a , s p n o v .C . p s i lo p l ia sp . nov .- C . r o b u s ta C h a p m a n C . r u d d o c k e n s i s, s p . n o v .C . ta g g e r t y e n s i s , s p . n o v .A n o p h a a u s t r a l i s G il l A . w i t h e r s i G i l l

C h o n e te s m e lb o u r n e n s i s C h a p m a n

T h e D ev o n ian g en era E o d ev o n a r ia an d C h o n o stro p h ia h ave n o t been fo u n d in V ic to r ia . F ig . 1 a ttem p ts to re p resent d iag ram - m atica lly th e re la tio n sh ip s o f th e v a r io u s g en e ra of th e fam ily C honetidae, an d o f th a t fam ily to the c losely -re la ted fam ily

P ro d u c tid ae .

126 E d m u n d D . G ill:

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F i g . 1 .— G e n e r a l iz e d d ia g r a m m a t i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f th e e v olu t io n a r y r e l a t i o n s h ip s o f g e n e r a o f t h e C h o n e t id a e a n d P r o d u c t i d a e . T h e r e m a r k a b le p e r s i s t e n c e o f C h o n e te s a s a s rcn u s s h o u ld b e n o te d .

C h onetidae f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia . 127

D i s c u s s i o n o f t h e G e n u s C h o n e t e s .

Class B R A C H IOP O D A D um eril.

F am ily C H O N ET ID A E H a ll a n d C larke, 1895.

G enus C h o n e t e s F isc h e r de W aldhe im , 1837.

G e n o l e c t o t y p e C h o n e te s sp . F is c h e r = C . v a r io la ta D O rb ig n y , 1842, a s in te rp re te d b y D e K o n in c k , 1847 (q u o te d f r o m b o ss il iu T H

C a ta lo g u s ) .

E t y m o l o g y o f G e n e r i c N a m e .— T h e nam e of th e genus is d e r iv ed f ro m the fem in in e G reek no u n “ chone,” a funn e l, b u t the fo rm “ chonetes ” is m ascu line, an d so s tr ic t ly speak ing a ll the tr iv ia l nam es sh ou ld be m ascu line in ag reem en t. S u ch they w ere m ad e by m any ea rly w r ite rs , b u t fem in ine fo rm s have been estab lished by co n sis ten t recen t usage, an d it w ou ld be co n fu s in g now to change all th e nam es.

D i a g n o s i s o f t h e G e n u s .

In equ iva lv e , eq u ila te ra l chonetids, w ith a s tra ig h t h inge-line, a n d a row o f ho llow sp ines a long th e v en tra l ca rd ina l m arg in . V e n tra l v a lve c o n v e x ; do rsa l va lve f la t to concave. In te r io r v en tra l va lve w ith tw o sm all tee th , u n su p p o rted by d en ta l lam ellae. C a rd in a l a rea n a rro w and sm ooth . P ed ic le obso lescent as show n by c losu re o f ped ic le open ing by a pseu do -de ltid ium. M uscle im p ress io n s h o n -d e n d r it ic . S u rfa c e usua lly covered w ith ra d ia tin g s tr iae o r r ib s ; ra re ly sm ooth . In ter io r, o f shells com m only pap illose in th e pa llia l reg ion .

P h y l o g e n e t i c s.

T h e genus C ho n etes is a s im p le exp ress io n o f th e fo rm s p rev iou s ly g ro u p ed in th e la rg e fam ily P ro d u c tid ae . I t is th e stock f ro m w h ich th e U p p e r P alaeozo ic p ro d u ctid s w ere evo lved . C h o n etes ap p eared in th e la te O rd o v ic ian w hereas P ro d u c te lla d id n o t ap p ear ti l l th e D evon ian . T h e genera C h o n etes, P ro d u c te lla , an d P ro d u c tu s a re v ery s im ila r, d iffe ring charac te ris tica lly , in th e ir d eg ree o f sp inosity . Th e sp ines w ere p rob ab ly a m eans o f a tta c h m e n t com p en sa tin g fo r , a defic ient o r obso lescent ped ic le (B ee ch er, 1898, p. 3 5 1 ). T h ey m ay be re g a rd e d as a m ark o f g ro u p geron tism . In h is d iagnosis o f the genus C h o n etes, S ch u ch e rt w r ites o f th e sp ines (1913, p. 3 8 9 ), “ T h ese a re p ro lon g atio ns o f tu b es w h ich p e n e tra te ob liquely th e substance o f th e -sh e ll a lon g th e h ing e-lin e .” P rac tic a l ly all the V ic to r ia n species h av e th e ir sp ines a t r ig h t ang les to th e h inge- line, an d in a n u mb e r o f cases it is k n o w n defin ite ly th a t the tu bes p en e tra ted th e shell su bstan ce a t r ig h t ang les a n d n o t ob liquely . A n u m b er o f species h av e been no ted bo th in E u ro p e an (e .g ., C. m a rg a r ita cea ) an d A m er ican (e .g ., C. se tig era ) deposits w h ich h av e th e ir sp ines set a t r ig h t ang les to th e

h inge-line.

128 E d mu n d D . G ill:

O n e v isua lizes th e C h onetidae a r is in g f ro m S tro p h o men id s o f th e type o f C h o n eto id ea an d S o w erb ye lla , w h ich a re qu ite choneto id in s tru c tu re b u t lack sp ines. E o c h o n e te s (R eed , 1917) is a p lec tam bon itin w ith sp ines. B reg e r (1 9 0 6 ) erected the su b g enus E o d ev o n a r ia to accom m odate th e den ticu la te fo rm s o f C honetes. D e n ticu la tio n is so im p o rtan t a fe a tu re phy logenetica lly th a t S ch u ch e rt an d L e V ene (1 9 2 9 ) ju s tif iab ly acco rded E o d ev o n a r ia g en eric s ta tu s.

S p ines a re th e p rin c ip a l g eneric fe a tu re o f C honetes, a n d a re also o f considerab le v a lue fo r specific d e te rm in a tio n . H a ll (1 8 9 2 ) w rites, “ T h e ir co m p ara tive s tre n g th o r d irec tio n of ten fu rn ish e s m eans, fo r 's p e c i f ic d e te rm in a tio n , b u t I h av e no t been ab le to sa tis fy m y se lf th a t th e n u m b er o f sp ines on th e h inge-line is o f specif ic im p o rtan ce .” T h e in v estig a tio n o f th e V ic to r ia n fo rm s suggests th a t th e n u m b er o f sp ines is co n stan t in a species. A s H a ll says, th e n a tu re o f th e sp ines is o f specif ic im p ortance . F o r in stan ce C. ro b u s ta an d C. k i l la ren s is hav e a so m ew h at s im ila r o u tline an d o rn am en t, an d b o th possess a m ed ian su lcus, b u t the sp ines o f each species a re v e ry d iffe ren t. In C. ro b u s ta th ey a re long, th ick , an d s tra ig h t, w hereas in C. k il la ren s is th ey a re sh o rt, thin,_ an d sinuous. E v id en tly th e re w as ra p id v a r iat io n in th is spec ia lization o f th e genus.

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n . -

D e K o n inck (1 8 4 7 ) . classified C h o n etes in h is m o n og rap h acco rd in g to th e su r fa c e o rn a m e n t, as fo l lo w s :—

A s u r f a c e o rn e e d e p l is c o n c e n tr iq u e s . 1. C o n c e n tric a e .p lu s d e 100 c o te s l is se s . . 2. C o m a ta e .m o in s d e 100 m a is p lu s d e 30 c o te s l is se s 3., S t r iata e .d e . m o in s d e 30 c o te s l is se s . . . 4. P l ic o sa e .d e c o te s ru g u e u s e s . . . . . . 5. R u g o s a e .

I n th e ligh t o f la te r s tu d ies su ch a c lassif ication ap p ears ra th e r a rb it ra ry an d n o t based on gen e tic re la tio n sh ip s, b u t P aecke lm ann (1 9 3 0 ) h as c rea ted su b -g en era based on these d iv is ions. A ll the V ic to r ia n fo rm s com e w ith in th e class S tr ia ta e o f De K on inck , i.e., th e C h o n e tes se n su s tr ic to o f P aecke lm ann .

G rab au an d S h im er (1 9 0 9 ) h ave classified C ho n etes acco rd in g to th e p resence o r absence o f o rn am en t, an d the p resence o r absence o f a su lcus, as fo l lo w s :—

A . C h o n e te s w i th r a d ia t in g s t r ia e .

( a ) V e n t r a l v a lv e w i th a m e d ia n su lc u s .

( b ) V e n t r a l v a lv e w i th o u t a m e d ia n su lc u s .

B . S m o o th C h o n e te s .

G ro up A is fu r th e r sub -d iv id ed by G rab au an d S h im er acco rd in g to 'th e n u m b er o f sp ines, ca rr ie d on th e ven tra l ca rd ina l m arg in . ■ A ll th e species described in th is p ap e r com e w ith in G rou p A . C. cressw e lli, C. ro b u sta , an d C. k i l la ren s is com e w ith in th e sub -sec tion “ a ,” an d th e re s t o f th e species in sub -sec tion “ b .”

P re n d e rg a s t (1 9 4 4 ) has recen tly d ism issed S ch u ch e rt ’s 1913 c lassification o f p ro d u c tid s based on m eans o f a ttach m en t as- “ p u re ly a rb i t ra ry ,” a rg u in g th a t it “ m akes no a llow ance fo r a s im ila r ity o f ex te rn a l fo rm d u e to g ro w th u n d e r s imila r en v iro n m enta l cond itions ” (p . 1 0 ). T h is v iew is ex p ressed m o re 'specifically in th e s ta tem en t th a t “ G iven th e co nd ition necessary fo r sp ine deve lopm ent, th a t is, a p len tifu l su pp ly o f C a C 0 3, any species w ill p rob ab ly develop sp ines in th e sam e p osition in all its m em bers. T h e inc lin a tion o f th e sp ines to th e body su rface w ill depend u pon th e h a rd n ess o f th e sea-floor, a r is in g a t a h igh ang le w here th e su b s tra tu m is so f t an d being ad h e ren t w here it is h a rd . In m o d e rn lam ellib ranchs th e te m p e ra tu re o f the w a te r has a m ark ed effect on th e th ickness o f the shell, th e A rc tic fo rm s hav in g a th ick shell an d th e w a rm w a te r fo rm s o f th e sam e species a shell th in a lm o st to f rag ili ty . T h e d if fe ren ce betw een th e I rw in fo rm s, th in w ith sh o rt sp ines o f sm all b o re an d tho se f ro m M t. M arm io n , th ick -sh e lled w ith heavy spines, o f T a en io th a e ru s su b q u a d ra tu s (M o r r is ) is possib ly due to th e d iffe rence in te m p e ra tu re o f th e sea a t th e tw o loca lities.”

F ro m a co n s id e ra tio n o f P re n d e rg a s t ’s s ta tem en ts, the fo llow ing po in ts em erge :—

(1 ) S ch u ch e rt ’s 1913 c lassif ication is cha llenged but n o m en tio n m ade o f h is 1929 rev ised c lassif ication in th e F o ss i l iu m C ata logus.

(2 ) P h en o typ es re su lt , f ro m in te ra c tio n betw een genetic consti tu t io n and env iron m en t. Im ag ine, fo r instance, a C honetes' in d iv id u a l .w ith genes fo r sp ines o f a ce rta in size an d shape, o r ien ta te d to the shell in a ce rta in w ay. T h a t such genes ex is ted m ay be ju s t ly in fe r re d f ro m th e fa c t th a t sp ines o f a certain , ch a ra c te r a re a lw ays fo u n d on in d iv id ua ls o f th e sam e species. I f th e op tim um am o u n t o f ca lc ium sa lts (o r the ab ility to assim ila te th e m ) fo r b u ild ing such sp ines in such a w ay is n o t p resen t, th en sp ines w ill deve lop , b u t no t o f the stre n g th th a t w ou ld o th erw ise be a tta in ed . T h e w ho le exoske le ton w ill show signs o f ca lc ium sta rv a tio n . P au c ity o r p len ty o f ca lc ium salts

. w ill n o t de te rm in e th e absence o r th e p resence o f sp ines, b u t th e ir deg ree o f deve lopm ent. I f ca lc ium sa lts w ere absen t a ltogether,, th e re w ou ld be no exo sk e le ton an d no shellfish. I f th e calciunT. supp ly is low , th e n th e w ho le ex oske le ton w ill su ffe r by th e shell’ be ing th in a n d th e sp ines w eak. T h is is w h e re P re n d e rg a s t ’s a rg u m e n t breaks dow n. H o w e v er ab n o rm a l th e cond itions be, the m eans o f a ttach m en t o f th e shell, v iz., th e sp ines, w ill be p resen t, an d so av a ilab le as an o b jec tive m eans fo r th e classification o f species, g enera , &c.

(3 ) T h e m eans o f a ttac h m e n t re p re se n t a line o f rapid •evo lu tion fo r th e g ro u p u n d e r d iscussion . A p r io r i, such lines o f rap id evo lu tion shou ld co n stitu te good bases fo r c lassification . T h e w ide v a r ie ty in th e n a tu re o f th e sp ines in the num erous-

C h onetidae f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia . 129*

species o f C h o n e tes ind ica tes th a t th e re m u s t h av e been a h igh m u ta tio n ra te o p era ting . T h e sp ines on th e ex o sk e letons o f som e m o d ern shells seem to h ave no b io log ical sign ificance. T h ey m ay be m u ta tio n s w h ich rem a in because th ey a re n e ith e r an ad v an tage n o r a d isad v an tag e to th e an im al. H o w ev er, th e sp ines o f th e C h o n e te s-P ro d u c tu s series ap p e a r to have p layed an im p o rtan t p a r t by keep in g th e an im al above th e m u d d y sea-f loor w here th e w a te r w o u ld be c lea re r a n d th e supp ly o f foo d m o re certa in . T h e g ro u p w as a v e ry successfu l one, m a in ta in in g itse lf o v er a v as t s tre tc h o f tim e, an d e x is t in g in p ro lif ic num bers; T h e sp in o s ity o f th ese fo rm s w as ap p a ren tly a n im p o rta nt b io log ical fe a tu re . T h e series ended u p w ith th e R ich th o fen iidae , w h ich lost th e pow er to e leva te them selves by sp ines a n d e leva ted them selves above th e sea-floor by th ick en in g th e v en tral valve u n til th e y looked like cy a th o ph y llo id corals.

(4 ) P re n d e rg a s t ’s re fe re n c e to fo rm s lack in g ca lc ium because in w a rm tro p ica l seas is n o t easy to fo llow . C ora l re e fs a re trem en d o u s accre tio ns o f ca lc ium , an d such shells as th e b ig clam s in d ica te the w ith d raw a l f ro m tro p ica l and su b -tro p ica l seas o f v e ry la rg e am o u n ts o f lim e. T h e b iggest an d m ost extra v ag an tly •o rnam ented shells com e f ro m tro p ica l seas. M an y exten s iv e beds -of l im estone hav e been la id do w n in tro p ica l w a te rs . T h ese fac ts do no t suggest pauc ity o f ca lc ium in tro p ica l w a te rs , o r lack o f ab ility on th e p a r t o f m arin e o rg an ism s in th ose a reas to ass im ila te calc ium .

(5 ) S ch u ch e rt’s 1929 c lassif ication sep a ra tes o ff th e C h o netidae as a d is tin c t fam ily f ro m th e P ro d u c tid ae . T h e d ifficu lty in tax o n o m y is th a t no sy stem atic c lassif ication fits p e r fe c tly th e com p lex v a r ia tio n s o f n a tu re itse lf. T h e sy s tem a tist ’s task is to dev ise a c lassification w h ich re p resen ts as closely as possib le th e kn o w n fac ts. T h e ea rly cho n e tids a re closely a llied to th e P lec tamb on itiin ae , be ing d is tin g u ish ed f ro m th em ch iefly by th e p resence o f ca rd in a l sp ines. S im ila rly , th e la te r ch o ne tid s a re v e ry closely a llied to th e p ro d u c tid s , w h ich a re d is tin g u ish ed by th e ir in creased sp inosity an d d en d r it ic m uscle im p ress ion s. T h e p ro d u c tid s co n stitu te a c learly -def ined g ro u p o f an in creasin g n u m b er o f g en e ra , ve ry w ide ly d is tr ib u te d , an d m o st pro lific . “ T h ey p ro d u ced th e m o st n u m ero u s, th e m o st v a r ie d , th e m ost w id esp read a n d th e la rg est b rach iopods in th e la te P alaeozo ic ” (R ay m o n d , 1939). T h e chonetids likew ise fo rm a b io log ically d is t in c t, n u m erica lly large , an d rac ia lly pro lif ic g ro u p su rv iv ing in s tre n g th th ro u g h the m a jo r p a r t o f th e P alaeozo ic ( v id e fig. 1 ), an d still m a in ta in in g its s tre n g th a f te r g iv ing r ise to the p ro d u c tid s . In m y op in ion , fu r th e rm o re , th e early chonetids a re q u ite as closely allied, to th e S tro p h o m en id ae as. the la te r chonetids a re to th e P ro d u c tid a e , a n d th e re fo re th e re a re as adequate •grounds fo r sep a ra tin g th e ch o ne tid s fro m th e p ro du c tid s as th e re a r e fo r sep a ra tin g th e cho ne tid s fro m the stro ph om en id s. I

th e re fo re ag ree w ith S ch u ch e rt ’s su ggestion th a t they be re p re se n te d as tw o sep a ra te fam ilies— th e C h onetidae an d the P ro d u c tid ae .

A d a p t a t i o n s .

M o st o f th e species o f C honetes f ro m V ic to r ia a re fa ir ly th in - shelled fo rm s, an d usua lly th e re is a d irec t co rre la tio n betw een the w eight o f the shell an d th e s tren g th o f the sp ines. F o r exam ple, C. m e lb o u rn e n s is is a ligh t fo rm w ith fine sp ines, w hereas C. ro b u s ta h as h eav ie r va lves an d s tro n g e r sp ines. T h e m echanics o f these shells a re v e ry in te restin g . T h e sp ines a re ho llow , w h ich a f fo rd s s tre n g th w ith the ligh tness n eeded fo r a sem i-floating o rg a n ism ; likew ise co rru g a tio n s o f th e shell g ive stre n g th w ith l ig h tn ess. T h e shells a re usua lly f la ttish o r concave, a n d so a d ap ted to th e sem i-floa ting ( i.e ., n o t r ig id ly f ixed ) con d itio n o f a n o rgan ism a tta c h e d to a su b -s tra tu m . T h e sm all space betw een th e tw o va lves ind ica tes th a t th e an im al w as slender, an d so aga in a d a p te d by its ligh tness to th e p a r tic u la r p lace this genus h a d in th e m arin e ecology o f P alaeozo ic tim es.

So m e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e V i c t o r i a n F o r m s .

R efe ren c e has a lre ad y been m ade to th e se ttin g o f th e sp ines ■ on o u r fo rm s a t r ig h t ang les to the h inge-line. C h o n e tes m aor ia A llan f ro m th e R e e f to n (L o w e r D ev o n ian ) B eds o f N ew Z ea land also h as its sp ines in se rted a t r ig h t ang les as is to be seen on a spec im en in th e N a tio n a l M useum , M elbourne .

T h re e species described in th is p ap e r (C . ro b u sta , C. cressw e lli, an d C. k i l la ren s is ) h ave a w ell-defined m esia l su lcus in th e v en tra l -valve.' . T h e b io log ical ad v an tag e o f th is w ou ld be th e in creased a re a fo r m uscle a t ta c h m e n t; p 'e rhaps a lso th e su lcus w ou ld have a s im ila r ac tio n to a keel an d help to keep th e an im a l floating evenly . T h e sam e fe a tu re has been n o ted in C. va r io la ta , C. vern eu il ia n a , C. m eso loba , C. co rona ta , C. lep ida , C. a rcua ta , C. 'm a n su y i, a n d C. n ing p o en sis . R eed (1 9 2 1 ) describes th is fe a tu re in a v a r ie ty o f C. sa rc inu la ta . In th e V ic to r ia n fo rm s th e sinus is a co n stan t c h a ra c te r o f the species nam ed, w h ereas it is c laim ed to be p re sen t in C. a cu tira d ia ta on ly som etim es, an d it is no t fo u n d in a ll th e specim ens nam ed C. maoria-. A m esia l s in us is com m on in th e P ro d u c tid ae .

A n o th e r fe a tu re o f in te re s t is th e d if fe ren tia ted marg in , such as fo u n d in C. ta g g e r tyen sis , a s im ila r pheno m en on to w h ich has b een described in C. sa rc inu la ta , C. m ao r ia , C. co rona ta , an d C. sy r ta l is . T h e s tru c tu re , is in te re s tin g phy logenetica lly in v iew o f va rious m od if ications o f th e m arg in o f th e shell fou n d in o th e r S trophom enaceae, such as th e deflected m arg in in L ep ta e n a an d S tro p h o n e lla , v a r ia t io n in pap illo s ity a ro u n d th e m arg in o f the in te r io r su r fa c e in C honetes, v a r ia tio n in th e ex te rn a l o rnam en t a ro u n d th e m arg in o f som e species o f P ro d u c tu s , an d so on.

C ho n etid a e f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia . 131

N o t e s o n S p e o ies P r e v i o u s l y D e s cr i b e d .

C h o n e t e s ( C h o n e t e s) m e l b o u r n e n s i s C hapm an.

C h o n e te s m e lb o u r n e n s is C h a p m a n , 1903, pp . 74-76, p i. X I . , f ig s. 2 -4 .

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— T w o syn types. N a tio n a l M useum , R eg. N o. 636, is th e in te rn a l cast o f a v en tra l va lve in m icaceous, b lu ish - g rey , v e ry fin e-g ra in ed san d sto n e f ro m “ S o u th Y a r ra Im p ro v e m en t W o rk s .” N .M ., Reg N o. 1419, is th e in te rn a l cast o f a d o rsa l valve in h a rd , g rey ish -b row n , v e ry fin e -g ra in ed san d ston e fro m “ S ew erage tu n n e l n e a r o ld F ish m a rk e t.”

D e s c r i p t i o n o f V e n t r a l V a l v e ( N o . 6 3 6 ) .— T h is is adeco rtica ted shell, sm all, s lig h tly con vex , f lat on card in a l m arg in s, m easu r in g 5 m m . long an d 8 -5 m m . w ide. T h e p ro file rises ab o u t -75 m m . above, th e p lane jo in in g th e a n te r io r an d p o s te r io r m arg in s. S u rfa ce w ith ab o u t 80 fine, ra d ia t in g s tr iae w ith som e s ix m o re o r less even ly -spaced, s lig h tly s tro n g e r rad ii. T h e p re se rv a tio n does n o t allow o f deta iled ex am in a tio n o f th e fine s tr iae , b u t w h ere c learly d iscern ib le , increase is by b ifu rc a tio n . C ard in a l a re a n a r r o w ; ca rd in a l ang les a l i tt le m ore th a n r ig h t ang les. B eak d istinc t, b u t n o t la rge , p ro je c t in g ju s t beyond th e h inge-line . E lo n g a te pap illae p resen t, or ien ta te d to th e s tr iae . (N o t rea liz in g th a t h e w as d ea ling w ith a deco rtica ted spec im en, C hap m an described these im p ressions o f pap illae as p itt in g s in th e o u te r su r fa c e o f th e she ll.) M uscle scars in^d istingu ishab le . N o sp ines p reserved .

D e s c r i p t i o n o f D o r s a l V a l y e (N o . 1 41 9 ).— S m all shell,v e ry s ligh tly concave, m easu r in g 3 -5 m m . long , an d 6 -5 m m . w ide. S u rfa c e covered w ith n u m ero u s po o rly p reserv ed fine ra d ia t in g s tr iae , som e few being a l i tt le m o re p ro n o u n ced th an the re s t ; a c learly defined l in ea r d ep ress io n ru n s dow n th e w holp len g th o f th e ce n tre o f th e shell. F iv e long , v e ry fine sp ines p rese rv ed f ro m th e v e n tra l va lve ( tw o on one side of th e um bo an d th re e on the o th e r ) , th e longest be ing 2 -5 m m

C o m m e n t .— E x a m in a tio n o f spec im ens o th e r th a n th e syn types show s th a t C. m e lb o u rn e n s is ca rr ies ten long, p o in ted sp ines, five on each side o f th e u m b o ; th e sp ines a re set a t r igh t ang les to the h inge-line o r cu rv ed o u tw ard s sligh tly . E x a rh in a tion o f a n u m b er o f spec im ens a lso show s th a t th e in te r io rs o f b o th , va lves a re covered w ith fine pap illae, w h ich a re e longate , se t in th e in te r- s tr ia te spaces, an d o rien ta te d to th e d irec tio n o f th e str iae . T h e ex te rn a l o rn a m e n t ap p e a rs a lso on th e in te r io rs o f th e valves, b u t

, less d is tin c tly , an d is absen t w here th e m uscle sca rs a re w ell developed.

I n C . .m e lb o u rn en s is th e re is a s tro n g e r rib do w n th e m id d le o f th e v en tra l va lve an d a co rresp o n d in g l in ea r dep ress io n on the do rsa l valve. T h is b ip a r t i t io n m ay be co m p ared w ith th e m esial

s in u s fo u n d in a n u m b er o f species o f C h on etes ( v id e p. 131 ). S im ila r b ip a rt i t io n has been described in C. novasco tica (M c L e a rn . 1924) and C. a ro o sto o ken s is (C la rk e , 1907).

C. m e lb o u rn en s is is a va luab le in d ex fossil, b u t som e' ca re is necessary to e n su re th a t specim ens rea lly do belong to th is species. T h e a u th o r has n o ted a v a r ie ty o f fo rm s w h ich have been re fe r re d in co llections to th is species, b u t w h ich do no t con fo rm to the type. E x ten s iv e co llecting an d in tens ive s tu d y w ill have to l>e u n d e rta k en to sep ara te o u t these v a r io u s fo rm s an d acco rd th em th e ir p ro p e r s ta tus. S h e r ra rd and K eb le (1 9 3 7 ) record ed C. m elb o u rn e n s is f ro m N ew S o u th W ales. M rs S h e r ra rd k ind ly a llow ed m e to ex am ine these specim ens. H o w ev er, th ey are possib ly sm all s tro p h eo d o n tid s a n d certa in ly n o t C honetes. M any s tro p h eo d o n tid s sim u la te C honetes, e.g., S tro p h e o d o n ta b ipa rtita (C h a p m a n ) f ro m th e Y e r in g ia n rocks o f V ic to r ia . T h om as (1 9 3 7 ) has used C. m e lb o u rn e n s is as a zone fossil in the series o f sed im en ts a t H e a th co te , b u t th is fo rm is n o t C h o n e tes e ither, if th e specim ens co llected by P ro fe sso r H il ls f ro m th is ho rizon a re th e fo rm to w h ich T h o m as re fe rs . L ik e th e N ew S ou th W ales fossil, i t is devo id o f sp ines an d on ly s im u la tes C ho n etes in its g enera l fo rm an d o rn am en t. T h e reco rd o f C. m e lb o u rn en s is f ro m “ A u b u rn ” an d “ B alw yn, n ea r T e m p le s to w e ” (C hap m an ,1914, p. 2 1 5 ) is a lso in co rrec t.

A ff in it ies .— C. m e lb o u rn e n s is is. com parab le w ith C. n ovasco tica o f th e N o rth A m erican succession an d C. s tr ia te lla o f the E u ro p e an succession. C. novasco tica occurs in th e M o y d a rt (L o w e r L u d lo w ag e) a n d th e S toneh ou se (U p p e r L ud low ag e ) o f A risa ig , N ova S co tia (M c L e a rn , 1 9 24 ), an d has also been re co rd ed f ro m the M issen den B o re in E n g lan d (S tra w , 1932). M cL earn says (p . 6 5 ) th a t C. n ovasco tica d if fe rs f ro m C. str ia te lla in th e deve lopm en t o f a - s tro n g e r m ed ian s tr ia on th e v en tra l va lve, w h ich fe a tu re is a lso fo u n d in C. m e lb o u rn en s is . C. nova sco tica has th e sam e n um b er o f sp ines as C. m e lb o u rn en s is , bu t th ey a re m inu te , w h e reas those o f th e la tte r species a re as lo ng as th re e -q u a r te rs o f th e len g th o f th e shell. T h e su rfa ce o f C. novasco tica has m o re n u m ero u s s tr iae , b u t fo rm s w ith co a rser o rn am en t a re k now n (M c L ea rn , 1924, p. 6 6 ) . T h e s tr iae a re flex u ou s in C. n ovasco tica b u t s tra ig h t in C. m elb o u rn en s is . T h ese tw o species a re d is tin c t, b u t c losely ap p ro x im a te one an o th e r , an d p ro v id e a n o th e r in te re s tin g con n ec ting lin k betw een th e fau n as o f th is age in N o r th A m erica an d A u stra lia . T h e sp ines o f C. s tr ia te lla a re heavy a n d sh o rt and set a t an ang le o f ab o u t 45 ° to th e h inge-line, w h ereas th o se o f C. m e lb o u rn e n s is a re long an d s len d er an d set a t r ig h t ang les to the h inge-line. _ T h e do rsa l valve is defin ite ly concave in C. s tr ia te lla , w h ereas it is f la t o r a lm ost so in C. m e lb o u rn en sis . C. s tr ia te lla is ch arac te ris tica lly la rg e r an d m ore tran sv e rse th an th e V ic to r ia n species. H o w ev er, th e obv ious s im ila r ity is str ik in g .

134 E dmu n d , D . G ill:

C h o n e t e s (C h o n e t e s) r o b u s t a C hapm an.

( P I . V I I I . , f ig . 5 .)

C h o n e te s r o b u s ta C h a p m a n , 1903, pp . 76-77 , p i. X I I . , f ig . 8.

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— T w o valves in s i tu (h o lo ty p e ) , N a tio n a l M useum , R eg. N o. 1417; ab o u t ha lf o f v e n tra l valve, an d m ost of d o rsa l valve, in in d u ra te d f ine-g ra ined san d sto n e fro m “ N o rth o f L i ly d a le ” (loc. 3, v id e G ill, 1940, p. 2 5 8 ).

D e s c r ip t io n .— C oncave-convex do rso -v en tra lly , 19 m m . wide: (b u t th is n o t fu ll w id th as one ca rd in a l ang le b ro ke n ) , an d 1 2 mm., long. O u tl in e sub -sem ic ircu lar. Shell tu m id w ith m esial s inus and a s lig h t f la tten in g on th e ca rd ina l ang les ; lon g itu d in a l p ro f ile rises, ab o u t 6 m m . above th e p lane jo in in g th e a n te r io r a n d p o ster io r m arg in s o f th e shell.. H in g e- lin e m ostly absen t, b ut l i tt le less, th an g re a te s t w id th o f shell ow ing to s ligh tly ob tuse ca rd in a l angles. A b o u t th ir ty -s ix fa ir ly sh a rp , h igh ribs (co u n te d in m idd le o f she ll) som e b ifu rc a t in g an te r io r ly . O th e r specim ens suggest th a t fo u r s tro p g sp ines on each side o f the um bo (e ig h t in a ll) is th e n o rm a l n u m ber. T h e o u te r sp ine in the type spec im en has a s lig h t in c lina tion ou tw ard s . T h e do rsa l va lve of th e type spec im en fo llow s fa ir ly c losely th e co n to urs o f th e v en tra l valve, th e g re a tes t d is tance , o f sep a ra tio n be ing 1 -5 m m . S im ila r o rn a m e n ta tio n to th a t on th e v e n tra l va lve is p reserved . T h e o rn am en ta tio n con tinues th ro u g h to th e in te r io r o f bo th valves. A s' is th e case w ith p rac tica lly all fossils f ro m th e L i ly da le d is tr ic t, on ly casts an d m ou lds a re p reserv ed , the o rig ina l shell m ater ia l hav in g been leached aw ay.

Co m m e n t .— T h e s tu d y o f spec im ens o th e r th a n th e type shows, th a t th e beak is inconsp icuous, scarce ly p ro je c tin g beyond the- h in g e - l in e ; the ca rd in a l a rea is f lat an d w e ll-d ev elo p ed ; m ed ian sep tu m sh o rt an d n a r ro w ; tee th an d m uscle sca rs n o t observed . T h e n u m b er Of r ibs has been no ted to v a ry f ro m 24 to 36. C. ro b u sta is closely a llied to C. k il la ren s is sp. nov., an d C. c re ssw e ll i C hapm an.

O ccu rren ce.— B esides th e localities m en tio n ed above, C. ro b u s ta is know n f ro m “W ilso n ’s ” (loc. 2 ) , H u l l- ro ad , M oo roo lba rk (loc. 13 ), and Sy m e’s T u n n e l, K i l la ra (loc. 3 4 ).

C h o n e t e s (C h o n e t e s) c r e s s w e l l i C hapm an.

C h o n e te s c r e s s w e l l i C h a p m a n , 1903, pp . 77-78, p i. X I I . , ' f ig . 7.

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— In te rn a l cast o f v en tra l valve (h o lo ty p e ) in in d u ra te d m u d sto n e f ro m “ N o r th o f L i ly d a le ” (N a tio na l M useum , R eg . N o. 6 5 2 ).

D e s c r i p t i o n .— Shell ap p ro x im a te ly sem i-c ircu la r in ou tline, be ing 7 -5 m m . long an d 13 m m . w ide. V e n tra l valve convex r is in g ab o u t 3 m m . above the p lane jo in in g th e a n ter io r a n d

p o s te r io r m arg in s. B eak inconsp icuous, scarce ly p roje c tin g beyond h inge-line. H in g e- lin e s tra ig h t an d n early equa l to g re a tes t w id th o f shell. C ard ina l ang les a p p ro x im a te ly r ig h t ang les. T e e th fine. S h o rt, fine m ed ian sep tu m 1 -5 mm . long. V e ry n a r ro w ca rd in a l a rea. S om e 40 fine, ro u n d e d ribs ra d ia te f ro m um bo, b ifu rc a tio n s in c reas in g n u m b er o f r ibs at m arg in to- • ab o u t 54. O th e r spec im ens show sp ines a t r ig h t ang les to the h in g e - l in e ; th ey a re f in er th a n tho se on C. robusta . Conspicuous- m esia l s inus p resen t. F a in t traces o f co n cen tr ic lines o f g ro w th • observed . S p ines on a spec im en f ro m H u ll- ro a d , L ilyda le (loc. 1) a re f igu red (P I. V I I I . , fig. 5 ) .

H o r i z o n .— -Y ering ian (L o w e r D e v o n ia n ).

C o m m e n t .— T h is spec ies is v e ry c losely re la ted to C. ro b u sta ,: th e ch ie f d ifferences being (as C hapm an re m a rk e d ) in th e a lto g e th e r s to u te r bu ild an d fe w er rad ii in C. ro b u sta . T h e ribs are- fine an d ro u n d e d in C. cressvaelli b u t h igh a n d sh a rp in C. robusta . C hapm an also d rew a tte n tio n to th e s im ila r ity betw een C. c ressw e ll i an d C. austra lis M cC oy f ro m th e M id d le D evon ian rocks o f V ic to r ia . ’ T h is is th e m o re s ign if ican t now in v iew o f th e m uch m o re closely a p p ro x im a te d ages a ttr ib u te d to th e L i ly da le an d B u ch an B eds. C. au stra lis occurs in g re a t n u m b ers in th e B u ch an an d s im ila r lim estones, b u t no C h o n etes has been fo u n d in th e C ave H il l lim estone beds a t L ilydale. B rach io p od s, ex cep t fo r A tr y p a re ticu la r is , a re v e ry ra re a t Cave H ill.

T h e re is a close s im ila r ity betw een the chonetids of- V ic to r ia a n d those o f th e D evo n ian rocks o f F re n c h In d o ch ina. T h e D ev o n ian o f N ew Z ea land , E a s te rn A u s tra lia , an d In d o ch in a ap p e a r to c o n s titu te a w ell-defined zone. A tte n t io n has a lre ad y been d irec ted to th e s im ila r ity betw een c e rta in tr ilo b ites in th is zone (G ill, 1944). C h o n etes n o n g p o en s is (M an su y , 1919, pp. 26 - 27, P la te V ., fig. 4a, b ) is v e ry m uch like C. c ressw e lli C hapm an. T h e g en era l p ro p o rtio n s o f th e shell a re th e sam e, th e n u m b e r o f o rn a m e n tin g ribs is abo u t th e sam e, a n d bo th have a w ell- m ark ed m esial s inus, and sh o rt fine m ed ian sep tum . H o w ev er, the r ib s a re ro u n d e d in C. c ressw e ll i a n d ra ised an d . sh a rp in C. n o n g p o en sis , as th ey a re also in C. ro b u s ta w h ich is a c lose v a r ia n t o f C. cressw e lli. U n fo r tu n a te ly , th e sp ines o f C. n o n g p o en sis . a re no t know n. A s o u r know ledge s tan d s a t p resen t, th e re is v e ry litt le to sep a ra te C. c ressw e ll i an d C. n o ngpoensis . T h e spec im ens f ig u red as C. h a rd ren s is (M a n su y , 1921, P la te I I . , figs. 5a-c"), C. c f. m arga r itacea (M a n su y , 1916a, P la te I ., fig. 1 1 ), C. in d o s in en s is , C. la c ro ix i, C. lan teno is i, a n d C. cf. str ia te lla (M a n su y , 1916b, P la te V I I . , figs. 5 -8 ) , C. ze il i, an d C. m a n su y i (P a tte , 1926) a re co m parab le w ith o u r V ic to r ia n types. I t is in te re s tin g to no te th e p resence o f a m esial s inus on som e o f these fo rm s, an d th e o rien ta tio n o f the sp ines a t r ig h t ang les to the h inge-line, as in o u r species. C. la n ten o is i an d C. la c ro ix i have th e long m ed ian sep tu m no ted in C. ta g g er tyen sis .

C ho n etid a e f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia ,. 135'.

C h o n e t e s (C h o n e t e s) a u s t r a l i s M cC oy.

C h o n e te s a u s t r a l i s M c C o y , 1876, p . 17, p i. X X X V . , f ig s . 3 -5 .

U n fo r tu n a te ly , the N a tio n a l M u seu m is un ab le a t p resen t to locate th e type specim en o f C. austra lis . F u r th e r desc rip tio n o f th is fo rm , an d com m ent, a re th e re fo re w ith h e ld in th e hope th a t th e type m ay be fou n d . A s th e specim en con cerned is p robab ly on ly m isp laced an d no t rea lly lost, i t is n o t p ro posed to choose a lecto type.

D e s cr i p t i o n s o f N e w S p e c i es .

C h o n e t e s .(C h o n e t e s) b o w i e a e , sp. n o v .

(P I . V I I I . , f ig s. 1 a n d 2 .)

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— E x te rn a l cast an d in te rn a l m ou ld (sy n ty p es) o f a v en tra l valve in in d u ra te d fa w n shale f ro m S yme’s Q u a rry , K i l la ra , p re sen ted to the U n iv e rs ity o f M elb o u rne , G eology D e p a r tm e n t M u seu m (c o u n te rp a r ts , R eg. N os. 1908-9 ). Co llected by M rs. R . B ow ie, a f te r w hom th e species is nam ed.

D e s c r i p t i o n .— Shell 17 m m . long (m ea su red in one p lan e ) and 19 m m . w ide a t th e w id est p a r t ; m idd le o f th e shell v e ry tu m id , b u t p rac tica lly flat on th e c a rd in a l ex trem ities . Card in a l ang les ob tuse. H in g e- lin e s tra ig h t an d less th a n g re a te s t w id th o f she ll.' C ard in a l a re a fla t, fu ll w id th o f h inge-line , para lle l to p lane o f shell, an d ab o u t 1 m m . w ide. E ig h t long, even ly -spaced spines, fa ir ly s lend er, p ro je c t f ro m th e ca rd in a l m arg in a t r ig h t ang les to the h in g e-lin e ; longest sp ine p rese rv ed is 7 m m . B eak p ro jec ts a l i tt le beyond th e h inge-line. T h in m ed ian sep tu m a b o u t 4 m m . long, w h ich is low a t its a n te r io r end w h e re it r ises f ro m the floor o f the shell, and becom es h ig h er to w a rd s its p o s te rio r end. In te r io r o f valve finely pap illose a ro u n d ca rd in a l e x tre m it ie s ; th e re a re traces o f p ap illo s ity e lsew here on th e inte rn a l cast, w h ich suggests th a t th e w ho le in te r io r o f th e valve w as pap illose. T h e type specim en is c ru sh ed s ligh tly by la te ra l p ressure . T e e th sm all an d su p p o rted by den ta l lam ellae a lm o st p a ra lle l w ith th e h inge- line. B etw een 50 an d 60 fine ro u n d e d ribs (c o u n te d a t the a n te r io r m a rg in ) ra d ia te f ro m th e u m b o ; increases by b ifu rc a tio n .

H o r i z o n .— Y erin g ian (L o w e r D e v o n ia n ) .

C o m m e n t .— T h is species sh ares w ith C. p ro d u c to id a an d C. ta g g e r tyen sis g en era l p ro d u c tid p ro p o r tio n s . I t p ro v id es a f u r th e r link betw een th e fau n u les o f L ilyda le a n d K il la ra . O n th e p iece o f rock co n ta in in g th e in te rn a l cas t th e re is a lso a spec im en o f P le u r o d ic ty u m m e g a s to m u m D u n , an d on th e p iece co n ta in in g th e ex te rn a l m ou ld a pyg id iu m o f L ic h a s ( E uarg .es) a u stra lis M cC oy, and B ey r ic h ia sp. can be seen.

O c c u r r e n c e .— S y m e’s Q u a r ry (loc. 3 5 ) , Sev ille Q u a r ry (loc. 3 7 ) , M e lb o u rn e H il l , L i ly d a le (loc. 7 ) , a n d d o u b tful ly a t H u l l- ro ad , L ilyda le (loc. 1 ). , .

C hon etid a e f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia . 137

C h o n e t e s (C h o n e t e s) t a g g e r t y e n s i s, s p . n o v .

( P I . V I I I . , f ig s . 6 a n d 8 .)

jT y p e M a t e r i a l .— E x te rn a l cast an d in te rn a l m ou ld (sy n ty p es)

o f a v en tra l va lve in h igh ly in d u ra te d f ine-g ra ined g rey san d sto n e fro m B lue H il ls , T a g g e rty , co llected by P ro fe sso r E. S. H il ls and p re se rv ed in th e U n iv e rs ity o f M e lb o u rne G eology D e p artm en t M u seu m (c o u n te rp a r ts , R eg. N os. 1910, 1911 ).

D e s c r i p t i o n .— Shell 22 to 24 nim . w ide (o n e ca rd ina l ex tre m ity is dam aged an d so an ac cu ra te m easu rem en t is n o t p o ss ib le ), 16 m m . lo n g ; pro file rises 6 m m . above th e p lan e jo in in g th e a n te r io r an d p o s te r io r m arg ins. V a lve v e ry convex a n d f la ttened on th e ca rd in a l ex trem ities ( “ o re ille ttes ” o f de K o n in c k ) . E x te rn a l m ou ld show s 70 to 80 fine r ibs a t th e a n te r io r m a rg in ; increases by b i fu rc a tion . T h e ribs scarce ly show on th e in te rn a l cast excep t fo r a s tr ip 3 to 4 m m . w ide ro u n d th e a n te r io r p e r im e te r o f the shell. T h is is an a rea ou ts id e th e p henom ena lly la rg e m uscle scars, a n d is finely p a p i l la te ; s ligh tly h eav ie r pap illae occu r on the o re ille ttes. L a rg e , flabellate, inc ised ( i.e ., ra ised in the m o u ld ) d id u c to rs ex ten d th re e -q u a r te rs leng th o f shell, enc losing inc ised ad d u c to rs 4 -5 m m . long. B eak inconsp icuous, p ro je c tin g ju s t beyond th e ca rd ina l line. C ard in a l a rea low a t th e ex trem ities b u t r is ing to ab o u t 2 m m . in th e c e n tre —v ery h igh fo r C honetes. T e e th v e ry s tro n g . Shell th ick . M ed ian sep tu m s tro ng an d h igh a t th e ca rd in a l e n d ; a t least 6 -5 m m . long (b e tw een th e cas t and m ou ld a l i tt le m ater ia l h as in f i l tra ted an d th e septu m m ay be lon ger th a n s ta te d ) . T h e re is th e su ggestion o f a sep tu m dow n a lm ost th e e n tire leng th o f th e shell. In th e o th e r specim en figu red (R eg . N o. 1 9 1 2 ,'p a ra ty p e , P la te V I I I . , fig. 6 ) , th e sep tum is seen to ru n p rac tica lly th e w ho le leng th o f th e b ig ad d u c to r scars. N o sp ines o r sp ine bases can be d is tin g u ish ed on the type specim en, b u t in th e assoc ia ted spec im en sp in e bases a re p resen t. T h e on ly d iffe rence b e tw een th e ty p e spec im en an d th e o th e r is th a t th e la tte r is a l i t t le m o re tra n sv e rse in p ro po rtio n s , an d the m uscle sca rs a re a litt le m o re deep ly incised. B o th these v a r ia tions a re k n o w n to occu r w ith in c reas in g age in C honetes.

H o r i z o n .— P ro b ab ly Y e r in g ia n (L o w e r D e v o n ia n ).

O c c u r r e n c e .— B lue H il ls , T a g g e rty , V ic to r ia . P ro fe sso r H il ls (1 9 2 9 ) m en tions th e co llec tion o f C h o n etes sp. f ro m T ag g e rty , b u t th e specim ens figu red h e re in w e re co llected subsequen tly by h im .

C o m m e n t . — C ho n etes ta g g e r tye n s is h as a n u m b er o f affin ities w ith C. sa rc in u la ta (S c h lo th e im ) as figu red by de K o n in ck ( 1 8 4 7 )

in PI. X X ., fig. 1 5 e . T h e re th e sam e flabellate, inc ised m uscle

1 5 5 1 / 4 5 . - 9

138 E d mu n d D . G tll:

scars a re seen w ith bu t fa in t trace o f th e ribs o f th e ex te rn a l o rn am en t, a p u n c ta te m arg in is p re sen t sho w in g m o re c lea rly the: ex te rn a l o rnam en t, a n d a v ery long m ed ian sep tum . Th e size o f th e m uscles, th e len g th o f th e sep tum , an d th e h e igh t o f th e v en tra l ca rd in a l a rea a re all phenom ena l, an d th u s g ive m o re p o in t to th e com parison . H o w ev er, th e ex te rn a l o rn am e n t as described by de K o n in ck is qu ite d if fe ren t f ro m th at o f o u r species, th e ribs being m an y fe w er in C. sa rc inu la ta , p ra c tica l ly all b ifu rc a tin g , a n d d o ing so a t ab o u t th e sam e d istance f ro m th e um bo. C. sa rc in u la ta is one o f the m ost ch a rac te r is t ic fossils o f th e E u ro p e an L o w er D evon ian assem blage. C. m aor ia a n d C. n ig r icans (A l lan , 1935; S h ir ley , 19 3 8 ), f ro m th e N ew Z ea lan d L o w er D evon ian , a re o f th is sam e type, bu t the m uscle a re a is sm a lle r an d th e m ed ian sep tum sh o rte r . H o w ev er, a spec im en o f C. m aor ia in th e N a tio na l M u seum , M e lbou rne , has a lo n g e r sep tu m th an th a t f igu red fo r th e ho lo type. A llan says, “ T h e g en era l app earan ce o f th is species suggests such g en e ra as P lec ta m b o n ites P a n d e r , b u t it p ro b ab ly belongs to C h o n etes.”' T h e g en e r ic .p o s itio n o f C. m a o r ia is con firm ed b y th e p resence o f one sp ine base a n d p robab ly a second on th e spec im en in th e N atio n a l M useum , M elbourne . L ike C. sa rc inu la ta , th e N ew Z ea land species is h igh ly pap illose on th e in te r io r su r fa c e excep t on th e m uscle scars. F ro m A l la n ’s f igu re , i t ap p ears th a t C. m a o r ia has a m esial s inus like C. c ressw e lli and C. robusta,. H o w ev er, th is is no t p re sen t in th e M e lb o u rn e specim en, n o r is th e “ a n te r io r m arg in som ew h at sh a rp ly b en t to p ro d u ce a L ep taen id - like ap p earan ce .” T h e la t te r m ay be due to p re ssu re in th e rock m a tr ix .

C. ta g g e r tyen sis is also like C. u n ke le n s is (D a h m e r, 1936, 1937 ), w h ich is f ro m th e S iegen ian o f U nk e l, and belongs to th eC. sa rc inu la ta gens.

C h o n e t e s, ( C h o n e t e s) p s i l o p l i a , sp. n o v .

(P I . V I I I . , f ig . IS . )

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— H o lo ty p e co nsisting o f a v en tra l valve in- b lu ish -g rey m u d sto n e fro m K il la ra co llec ted by M r. F . C hapm an,, an d lodged in th e N a tio n a l M useum , M e lb o u rn e (R eg . N o. 14519). T h e fossil is p robab ly f ro m loc. 34 (G ill, 1944).

D e s c r i p t i o n .— V a lv e 13 m m . w ide, 6 -5 m m . long, an d heigh t (d is tan ce pro file rises above p lane jo in in g an te r ior an d p o s te r io r m arg in s ) ab o u t 1 -5 m m . T h e card ina l ang les a re ap p ro x im a te ly r ig h t ang les so th a t the o u tlin e o f th e valve is not exactly sem ic ircu la r, b u t ten d s to w ard s th e su b -re c tan g u la r ; the rad iu s o f the valve is 7 - 5 m m . h a lf w ay betw een the ca rd in a l ang le an d the cen tre o f the p o s te r io r edge o f the shell. V alve som ew hat f la ttened on th e card in a l ex tre m it ies an d ro u n d th e pe r im e te r, fo rm in g a m arg in a l

f lange com parab le w ith th a t in C. ta g g er tyen sis . T h e m uscle scars a re n o t d is tinc t, bu t ins ide th e flange re fe r re d to th e re is a ra ised a re a on th e cast w here th e o rn am en t is less d is tin ct an d th is m ay w ell be in te rp re te d as inc ised m uscle scars on th e o rig ina l shell. T h e ex te rn a l o rn a m e n t consists o f b e tw een 70 an d 80 fine, som ew ha t s inuous, ro u n d e d ribs, in c reas in g in n u m b er by b ifu rc a tio n . In te r io r o f va lve finely pap illa te . B eak insign if ican t, n o t p ro jec tin g beyond th e h inge-line. C ard in a l a re a ab o u t -5 m m . w ide, sm oo th , an d fa ir ly re g u la r in w id th . T w o sp ines set a t r ig h t ang les to th e h inge-line a re p reserv ed , bu t n e ith e r is co mp le te ; one f ra g m e n t is -75 m m . long an d the o th e r 4 m m . T h ese sp ines are v e ry s len der fo r a shell o f th is size— hence th e tr iv ia l nam e. Im p ress io n o f one to o th on ly ( th e o th e r s ide is s ligh tly b roken a w a y ) , and th a t is m inu te . F in e m ed ian sep tu m 1 -75 m m . long.

H o r i z o n .— Y e rin g ian (L o w e r D ev o n ia n ).

C o m m e n t .— T h is species is o f the C. sa rc inu la ta ty pe w ith large incised m uscle sears g iv ing a d if fe ren tia ted m arg in to the in te r io r o f th e v en tra l valve. T h e shell is o f a lto g e th e r l ig h te r co n stru c tio n th a n C. ta g g e r tye n s is (w ith w h ich it m ay be c o m p a re d ), an d the m ed ian sep tum is p ro p o rtio n a te ly very m uch sh o rte r . T h e sp ines a re notab le.

C h o n e t e s ( C h o n e t e s) r u d d o c k e n s i s, s p . n o v .

( P I . V I I I . , f ig . 10 .)

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— H olo typ e , consisting o f an in te rn a l cast o f a

v en tra l valve in in d u ra te d o live-g rey m u d sto ne f ro m R u d d o ck ’s Q u a r ry (loc. 2 0 ) , p re sen ted to the U n iv e rs ity o f M elbou rne G eology D e p a rtm en t M u seu m (R eg . N o. 1914).

D e s c r i p t i o n .— Shell 7 m m . w ide an d 5 - 5 m m . lo n g ; lo n g itud ina l pro file rises ab o u t 2 m m . above a line jo in in g th e a n te r io r an d p o s te r io r m arg in s o f th e valve. C ard ina l ang les ap pro x im a te ly r ig h t ang les. V a lve less convex on ca rd in a l ex trem ities. B eak insign if ican t. T h e tw o halves o f the card in a l a rea fo rm an ang le o f abo u t 1 7 0 ° .

R ibs as seen in in te rn a l cast l in ear an d o f ro u n d ed c ro ss-se c t io n ; fine p i t t in g betw een ribs, i.e., in te r io r o f va lve finely pap il lo se ; ab o u t 40 r ibs h a lf w ay betw een a n te r io r an d p o s te r io r m arg in s, a n d ab o u t 50 at th e a n te r io r m a rg in ; increase by b ifu rc a tio n . W ha t appears to be a l in ea r m ed ian sep tum s tre tch es n early h a lf w ay do w n the m idd le o f th e va lve f ro m th e um bo. C ard in a l a re a v ery n a rro w , an d tee th n o t seen. P a r ts o f tw o sp ines p re se rv ed on each side o f th e u m b o ; sp ines long an d th in , set m ore o r less a t r ig h t ang les to th e h in g e - l in e ; longest sp ine p re sen t 3 -5 m m .

H o r i z o n .— Y e rin g ian (L o w e r D e v o n ia n ).

O c c u r r e n c e .— In th e L ily da le D is tr ic t th e new species is k n o w n fro m R u d d o c k ’s Q u a r ry (loc. 29, an d f ro m h e re th e tr iv ia l n a m e ) , R u d d o ck ’s C o rn e r (loc. 2 1 ) , E d w a rd -ro a d H il l ( loc. 2 2 ) , W est o f L ilyda le C em etery (loc.. 2 3 ) , V ic to r ia -ro a d cu tt in g (loc. 2 4 ) , “ D evon P a rk ” W e st (loc. 2 5 ) , “ D evon P a rk ” N o rth (loc. 2 6 ) , N o r th o f R u d d o c k ’s (loc. 3 9 ) . M an ch este r-ro ad , M ooroo l- b a rk ( la rg e c u tt in g n o r th o f s ta tio n — a new lo ca li ty) , S m a le ’s F a rm (o n th e w est s ide o f E d w a rd -ro a d , n o r th o f R u dd o ck ’s— a new lo ca li ty ) . I t has a lso been co llected f ro m the K in g lak e D is tr ic t f ro m “ n ea r S tra th C reek ” by P ro fe sso r E . S. H il ls (U n iv . Geol. D ep t., M us., R eg. N o. 1916) ; a sm all P le u ro d ic ty u m m e g a s to m u m is p re sen t on th e sam e p iece o f rock.

C o m m e n t .— T h e re is a good deal o f v a r ia t io n in th e g ro u p o f shells a t p re sen t inc luded u n d e r C. ru d d o ck en s is . T h e type spec im en is su b -q u a d ra te in o u tlin e w ith 40 to 50 stra ig h t l in ear ribs. A n o th e r spec im en no ted is t ra n sv e rse in ou tline , w ith 30 to 40 s tro n g e r r ibs w h ich a re som ew hat s in u o u s .. In te rm e d ia te stages betw een th e ty p e an d th is la tte r spec im en h av e been observed . I t is no t c lea r y e t how ( i f a t a ll) th is com pact g ro u p sh ou ld be sub d iv ided , b u t a deta iled s tu d y o f a la rg e co llection w ill no doub t so lve the p rob lem . C h o n etes ru d d o c k e n s is has affin ities w ithC. se tig e ra H a ll , w h ich has s im ila r p ro p o rtio n s , o rn am en t, and o r ie n ta tio n o f sp ines (a t r ig h t ang les to th e h in g e- l in e ) ._ O u r spec ies has fe w er a n d d if fe ren t sp ines. T h o se o f o ur species a re re m a rk ab ly long an d s lend er, so m uch so th a t it is su rp r is in g th a t so m any have been p reserv ed . T h e w a te rs in w h ich the enc losing sed im en ts w ere la id dow n m u st h av e been fa ir ly qu iet, a n in fe ren ce w h ich m ay also be m ade f ro m th e fineness o f tho se sed im en ts. O ne shell f ro m R u d d o c k ’s Q u a rry , 4 -5 m m . long, h as p re se rv ed a sp ine 8 m m . long, an d it ends a b ru p tly suggesting th a t i t w as even lo n g er o rig ina lly . In th e E u ro p e a n fac ies, C. ru d d o c k e n s is seem s to find its affin ities w ith C. so ro r B a rran d e .

C h o n e t e s (C h o n e t e s) k i l l a r e n s i s , sp. n o v .

(P I . V I I I . , f ig .1 4 . )

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— In te rn a l cast o f a v en tra l va lve (h o lo ty p e ) in b lu ish -g rey in d u ra te d m u d sto n e f ro m S y m e ’s T u n n el, K i l la ra ( loc. 3 4 ) , p resen ted to th e U n iv e rs ity o f M e lb o u rn e G eology D e p a rtm e n t M u seu m (R eg . N o. 1915).

D e s c r i p t i o n .— Shell 20 m m . w ide an d 17 m m . lo n g ; evenly tu m id ex cep t fo r m esia l s inus and a s ligh t f la tten ing on the ca rd in a l a n g le s ; lo n g itu d in a l p ro file r ises 5 m m . above th e line jo in in g th e a n te r io r an d p o s te r io r m arg ins o f th e shell. M esia l su lcus ab ou t 1 m m . deep, and ab o u t th e w id th o f five ribs. C ard in a l ang les ap p ro x im a te ly 115°. C ard ina l a rea nea r ly s t ra ig h t , b u t th e tw o halves' o f th e line fo rm a v e r te x a t the um bo. R ibs

(o n th e in te rn a l c a s t) sh a rp an d h igh , w ith b i fu rc atio n s b u t no in te rc a la t io n s; n u m b er 34 h a lf w ay betw een th e an ter io r an d the p o ste r io r m arg in s, an d 3 7 a t th e an te r io r m a rg in ; s ligh t p u n c ta tio n b etw een th e ribs r ig h t in th e ca rd in a l ang les. P ro b ab ly ten v e ry sh o rt, fine, som ew hat s inuous sp ines ran g ed along th e ca rd in a l m arg in p e rp en d icu la r to th e h in g e - l in e ; m ost com p lete sp ine p re sen t 1 • 5 m m . long. C ard in a l a rea v ery n arro w . B eak sm all, d is tin c t, p ro jec tin g s ligh tly beyond th e h inge-line. M ed ian sep tum ab o u t 3 m m . long, n o t end ing a b ru p tly b u t tap er in g aw ay on to th e floor o f the she ll; sep tum ab o u t l /6 th m m . w ide, le e th

strong .

H o r i z o n .— Y erin g ia n (L o w e r D e v o n ia n ).

. C o m m e n t .— T h is new species is com parab le w ith C. ro bu sta w h ich occurs in th e sam e beds. T h e sp ines a re long , s tra ig h t, an d s tro n g in C. ro b u sta , b u t sh o rt, fine, an d s in u ou s in C .

k illa rensis.

O c c u r r e n c e .— A fo rm v ery s im ila r to C. k il la ren s is o ccu is in th e so f t fa w n m u dstones o f M e lb o u rn e H il l, L ilyda le (loc. 7 ) . T h e sp ines a re o f th e sam e k ind , b u t th e ribs a re mo re n u m ero u s, an d th e m esia l s inus v e ry shallow . H o w ev er, fo r th e tim e be ing it is inc luded in th is species. I n an y case, th e fossil co n stitu tes an o th e r in te re stin g link betw een th e beds a t K i l la ra an d those a t

L ilydale.

C h o n e t e s (C h o n e t e s) p r o d u c t o i d a , sp. n o v .

( P I . V I I I , f igs.. 7 a n d 12.)

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— In te rn a l cast o f a v en tra l v a l v e (h o lo ty p e ) in in d u ra te d , f ine-g ra ined , faw n san d sto n e f ro m L ilyda le , V ic to r ia . C o llected by R ev e ren d A . W . C ressw ell, M . A . , f ro m “ N o rth o f L i ly d a le ” (loc. 3 ) , a n d p resen ted to th e Na tio n a l M useum , M elb ou rn e (R eg . N o. 14520).

D e s c r i p t i o n .— L en g th o f shell (m ea su red in one p lane a n d n o t fo llow ing obesity o f she ll) 17 m m ., an d w id th 21 m m., lo n g itud in a l pro file rises ab o u t 7 m m . above a line jo in in g the a n te r io r an d p o s te r io r m arg in s o f th e 'sh e ll . Shell v e ry tu m id , b u t fa ir ly flat on th e ca rd in a l m arg in s, s im u la tin g p ro d u c to id p ro p o r tio n s— hence the tr iv ia l nam e. C ard in a l ang les dam aged , b ut p ro b ab ly s ligh tly obtuse. H in g e- lin e s tra ig h t. R ibs (o n in tern a l c a s t) sh a rp an d h igh , b u t have the ap p earan ce o f be ing w orn o ff on th e a n te r io r p a r t o f th e ty p e spec im en (c o m p are o th e r figu red specim en, N a tio n a l M u seum , R eg. N o . 14521— h y p o ty p e ), n u m b er 31 h a lf w ay betw een th e a n te r io r an d p o ste r io r m a rg in s ; increases by b ifu rca tio n . U m b o n a l a re a h igh ly a rch ed a n d o v e rhangs h inge-line p ro d u c tid - fash io n . T h e sp ine bases p re sen t ind ica te e igh t s tro n g sp ines a lon g th e ca rd in a l m arg in , probably

C honetidae f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia . 141

a t r ig h t ang les to the h inge-line. C ard in a l a re a n arro w . M ed ian sep tum 3 m m . long, en d ing fa ir ly a b ru p tly ; h igh , and ab o u t ■ J m m . w ide. T ee th stro n g .

H o r i z o n .— Y erin g ian (L o w e r D e v o n ia n ).

Co m m e n t .— T h is new species is v e ry s im ila r in ex te rn a l ap p earan ce to C. h em isp h er ica H a ll o f th e U p p e r H e ld e rb e rg in N o r th A m erica , f ro m w h ich it can be d is tin g u ish ed read ily by its few er ribs. C. p roducto ida , is n o t m ere ly the g ero n tic stage o f C. ro b u sta w h ich also it closely resem bles. G ero n tic spec im ens o f th e la tte r a re equa lly obese b u t do n o t have the h igh um bonal a re a and recu rv ed beak o f C. p ro d u c to id a . M o reo v er, C. ro b u sta has a m esial sinus a t all s tages in its deve lopm ent, an d th e shell is no t so f la ttened on th e ca rd in a l ang les. I t is in te restin g to no te in th is species (a s a lso to certa in e x te n t in C. bozvieae) the a t ta in m en t o f a P ro d u c tu s -l ike fo rm .

C h o n e t e s (C h o n e t e s) g a s k i n i , s p . n o v .

{ P I . V I I I . , f ig . 9 . )

T y p e M a t e r i a l .— A v en tra l valve p re se rv ed in h a rd , b lu ish lim estone f ro m th e scarp a long O ld H u t C reek , B ind i D is tr ic t, G ippsland (see m ap, G ask in , 1943). T h e species is nam ed a f te r M r. A . J. G ask in , w ho co llected th e type spec im en, w h ich is now in th e U n iv e rs ity o f M e lb o u rne G eology D e p a rtm en t Museum (R eg . N o. 1913).

D e s c r i p t i o n .— V e n tra l valve 4 cm . w id e ; g re a te s t leng th p rese rv ed in ty p e spec im en (w h ich is in co m p le te ) 2 cm .; b u t a com plete valve w o u ld be lo n g e r; h e ig h t (d is tan ce pro file rises above p lane jo in in g a n te r io r an d p o s te r io r m a rg in s ) ab o u t 1 -25 cm. C ard in a l m arg in rises s ligh tly a t um bo, w hich is n o t p ro m in en t. O ne sp ine on ly p re se rv ed on th e ca rd in a l m arg in . I t is i cm . long , s tra ig h t, s ligh tly tu rn e d o u tw a rds , an d possessing fine an n u la tio n s (see ph o to m ic ro g rap h , PI. V I I I . , fig. 1 1 ). T h e va lve is f la ttened on th e ca rd in a l ex trem ities . T h e ex te rn a l o rn a m e n t consists o f 4 0 ribs w h ich a re m uch s tro n g e r in th e cen tre o f the shell th an th ey a re on th e ca rd in a l m arg ins. T h e ribs do n o t a ll com m ence a t th e um bo, som e beg in n in g a t locations a long th e ca rd in a l m arg in , th e fu r th e s t o u t s ta r t in g a t a p o in t 13 m m . f ro m th e um bo. T h e ribs in c ro ss-section fo rm low arches, an d th e in te rspaces a re ab o u t equal in w id th to th e ribs.

H o r i z o n .— B ind i L im esto n e (M id d le D e v o n ia n ).

C o m m e n t .— T h is la rg e new species i s p henom ena l fo r its possession o f an an n u la ted sp ine. I t is c learly n o t an a r te fa c t, n o r is it a sm all a n n u la te d shell like T e n ta c u l i te s re s tin g ag a in s t the ca rd in a l m arg in o f the C honetes. A s fa r as th e a u th o r is aw are , an a n n u la te d sp ine on a C h o n etes h as n o t been described be fo re .

D i s c u s s i o n o f t h e G e n u s A n o p l i a .

F am ily C H O N E T ID A E H a ll an d C larke, 1895.

G enus A n o p l i a H a ll a n d C larke , 1892.

G en o h o lo ty p c 2 \ L e p ia e tu i n u c lea te , H a l l , 1857, 10 th R e p t. N e w Y o r k S ta te C a b in e t, p . 47 (q u o te d f r o m F o s s i l iu m C a ta lo g u s ) ■

E t y m o l o g y o f G e n e r i c N a m e .— G reek anop los = u narm ed .

D i a g n o s i s o f G e n u s .— Sm all choneto ids p o ssessing a sm oo th o r a lm ost sm ooth su rfa ce , b u t w ith o u t sp ines on th e v en tra l c a rd in a l m arg in . V e n tra l m ed ian sep tum , te rm in a tin g ab rup tly .

C o m m e n t .— A s fa r as th e a u th o r is aw are , on ly fo u r species h av e been re fe r re d to th is genus, v i z . :—

A n o p l ia n u c le a ta ( H a l l ) L o w e r a n d M id d le D e v o n ia n — O r is k a n y o f O n ta r io a n d N e w Y c r k . A m a z o n . O n o d a g a a n d G ra n d G rcv e (C a le y , 1 9 4 0 ). M id d le D e v o n ia n o f M a ry la n d . L o w e r De v o n ia n o f M o se l le (D a h m e r , 1928, 1 9 3 0 ).

A n o p l i a h e ld e r b e r g ia e . S c h u c h e r t . L o w e r D e v o n ia n — H e ld e r b e r g

F o rm a t io n .

A n o p l ia a u s t r a l i s . G i l l. L o w e r D e v o n ia n o f V ic to r ia Y e r in g ia n

S e r ie s .

A n o p l ia w i th e r s i G il l. D i t to .

W hen H a ll and C larke erec ted th e genus, th e absence o f sp ines w as re g a rd e d as its ch ief fe a tu re — hence th e nam e m ean ing “ u n a rm e d .” H o w ev er, A . he lderberg iae w as fo u n d to possess sp ines like C honetes, b u t S ch u ch e rt (1 9 1 3 ) has a rg u ed th a t th e genus is a good one to em brace “ th e ea rly sm ooth o r s ligh tly lam ellose, h igh ly convex , sm all choneto ids w ith a ven tra l m ed ian sep tu m .” T h e v en tra l m ed ian sep tu m is a com m on fe a tu re o f C honetes, an d th e V ic to r ia n fo rm s o f A n o p l ia a t least a re n o t h igh ly convex . S m o o th C h o n e tes a re a lso know n. T h u s , none o f the fe a tu re s nam ed by S ch u ch e rt can now be sa id to be ch a rac te r is tic o f A n o p l ia alone. T h e re seem s to be no cou rse le f t b u t to keep to th e o r ig in a l defin ition o f th e genu s as sm all, sm oo th choneto ids w ith o u t sp ines, an d re fe r A . he lderberg iae to C honetes. I t is in te re stin g to n o te th a t sm oo th fo rm s h av e a rise n tw ice in the C h o n etes line o f evo lu tion , v iz., A n o p l ia in th e L o w er D evon ian , an d sm ooth C ho n etes (C . g la b er) in th e U p p e r

C arb o n ife ro u s.. A n o p l ia possesses re v e rs io n a ry ch arac te rs . T h e te rm “ re v ersion ” is h e re used in d is tin c tio n f ro m th e te rm atav ism , and as defined by C rew (1925 , p. 3 ) . I t m ay be assu m ed th a t th e g enus C h o n etes “ d eg enera ted ” in one d irec tion to A n o p lia , ju s t as in a n o th e r i t “ advanced ” to P ro d u c te l la an d P ro d u c tu s . T h e re v e rs io n a ry ch a rac te rs a re :—

(1 ) L oss o f o rn am en t.— T h e su r fa c e o f th e shells is sm oo th in A n o p lia , o r a lm ost so. S ch u ch e rt w r ites , “ T h e sm oo th fo rm s of C h o n e tes a re n o t descendan ts o f A n o p lia , b u t a re d e r iv ed fro n t

assoc ia ted finely s tr ia te d fo rm s o f th e fo rm e r g en us .” A p p a ren tly bo th th e sm oo th C h o n etes an d A n o p l ia a ro se fro m finely s tr ia te d C h o n e tes b u t a t d if fe ren t tim es. H a ll (1892, P la te 15a, fig. 18) f igu res a spec im en o f A . nuc lea ta w ith fa in t r ibb ing w h ich m ay be re g a rd e d as an ind ica tio n o f th e o rn a me n t ca rr ied by its an cesto rs. A n ex am p le o f s im ila r genetic in te rest is a spec im en o f A . austra lis co llected by M r. R . B. W ith e rs in the K in g lak e D is tr ic t (P la te V I I I . , . fig. 4 ) .

(2 ) L oss o f Sp ines.— H a ll an d C larke m ade th is th e ch ie f d iagnostic c h a rac te r o f th e ir genus, an d it is indeed n o tab le am ong a w ho le series o f sp inose fo rm s w h ich w ere an im p o rtan t e lem ent in m arin e fau n as fo r o v er 150 m illion years. I t is n o tab le also fo r the reaso n th a t th e genera l ten d en cy w ith th e efflux ion o f t im e w as fo r th e increase an d no t decrease o f sp inosity .-

N o t e s o n S p e c i es P r e v i o u s l y D e s cr i b e d .

A n o p l i a a u s t r a l i s Gill.

A n o p l i a a u s t r a l i s G ill, 1942, pp . 38-39 , P I . IV ., f ig. 8.

T h is species is v e ry ch a rac te r is tic o f th e R u d d o c k ’s Q u a rry h o rizo n o f th e typ e Y erin g ian B eds a t L ilydale: I t occurs ing re a t n um b ers a t R u d d o ck s Q u a r ry a long w ith equa lly g re a t n u m b ers o f C h o n e tes ru d d o ck en s is , sp. nov ., and S tro p h e o d o n ta b ip a r tita (C h a p m a n ) . O n th e o th e r h and , it is ve ry ra re in the h ig h est beds o f th e series, on ly one spec im en h av ing been collected,^ fo r instance , f ro m H u l l- ro a d , M oo ro o lbark . T h e R u d d o c k ’s Q u a r ry h o rizo n has been traced so u th to Moo roo lbark , w here A . a u stra lis has been co llected f ro m a la rge c u tt in g on M an c h este r- ro ad n o r th o f the ra ilw ay s ta tion .

T h e tw o su b s id ia ry r idges in ad d it io n to th e m ed ian sep tu m a re o f in te re s t in th is species. C erta in para lle ls to th ese can be fo u n d in o th e r genera. F o r exam p le , S o w e rb y e lla g rac il is Jo n es (1928, p. 473, P la te X X IV ., fig. 2 2 ) possesses a s im ila r com p lem ent o f r id g e s ; also C ho n etes cu m b re n s is G arw o o d (1931 , p. 148).

F u r th e r O ccu rrences.— In ad d it io n to localities p reviou sly nam ed, A . a u stra lis has been co llected f ro m th e q u a r ry n o r th o f S ym e’s H o m estead , K il la ra (loc. 3 2 ) , an d f ro m Je ru sa le m C reek (G eo l. S u rv . V ic., R eg. N o. 18218).

A n o p l i a w i t h e r s i Gill.

A n o p l ia w i th e r s i G ill, 1942, p . 39, P I. I.V ., fig . 7.

U su a lly A . a u stra lis is th e d o m in an t fo rm w h e re b o th the V ic to r ia n species a re p resen t tog e ther. A n ex cep tion to th is has been no ted a t Je ru sa lem C reek , east o f E ild o n W e ir . T h e

C hon etid a e f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia . 145

n u m b ers g iven w ith th e fo llow ing new reco rds o f o ccu rrence a re reg is te red n um bers o f th e G eological S u rv ey o f V ic to r ia :—

N os. 18222 an d 18223— ligh t faw n y -g rey san dsto n e from 70 cha ins S .E . o f the ju n c tio n o f Je ru sa lem an d B arnw e ll ’s C reeks, Jam ieson , Q .S .

N os. 18218 an d 18227, f ro m sp u r betw een W ilson ’s and B arnw e ll ’s C reeks.

V a r ia tio n s have been no ticed in A . w i th e r s i in th e leng th o f th e sep ta, in the p ro m inence o f th e beak, an d in the genera l ou tline o f the shell.

S t r a t i g r a p h i c a l C o n s i d e r a t io n s.

T h e earlies t re fe re n ce to chon e tid s in V ic to r ia is p robab ly th a t m ade by B landow sk i in 1855 w hen h e figu red som e u n desc rib ed fossils f ro m th e M c lv o r G oldfield . H is p la te opposite page 223, fig. 359, is ev id en tly a C honetes.

T h e nam ed species o f V ic to r ia n C h o n etes w ere described by M cC oy (1876). an d C hapm an (1 9 0 3 ) . T o these th e p re sen t w r i te r has ad d ed tw o species o f A n.op lia (1 9 4 2 ) , an d th e new species o f C ho n etes described in th is pap er. T h ese am o u n t to fo u r te e n cho n e tid species in all. M a te r ia l has been co llected w h ich ind icates th e p resence o f a n u m b er o f fu r th e r new species, bu t th e specim ens a re n o t good eno ug h on w h ich to fo u n d new species. T h e S ilu r ia n an d D ev o n ian ro c k s 'o f V ic to r ia a re rich in chonetids. Som e occu r in g a rg a n tu a n n u m b ers, e.g., C h o n etes ru d d o ch en s is , C. austra lis , and A n o p l ia a u s tr a l is; a lso to a less ex ten t, C. m e lb o u rn en sis , C. c ressw elli, and A . w ith e rs i.

Su b d i v i s i o n o f t h e Y e r i n g i a n Se r i e s i n t h e T y p e A r e a .

T h e V ic to r ia n chonetids a re good in d ex fossils. C. m e lb o u r nen s is is s tr ic tly M elbou rn ian , C. a u stra lis a n d C. g a sk in i s tr ic tly lim ited to th e B uchan an d B ind i B eds, an d th e re s t s tr ic t ly Y e rin g ian (L o w e r D e v o n ia n ). D iv is ions w ith in th e Y erin g ian S eries can be sa tis fac to r i ly m ade on th e basis o f these fossils, an d th e fo llow ing subd iv is ion is p ro po sed ( f o r s truc tu re , v id e G ill, 1942) :—

1. L o w e r Y e r i n g i a n — to be recogn ized by th e p resen ce o f C ho n etes ru d d o cken s is , A n o p l ia austra lis , an d S tr o p h e o- d o n ta b ipartita . ( I t has been no ted th a t th e re is a S tro p h e o d o n ta b ipa r tita in th e D evon ian beds o f N o rth A m erica (S w a r tz , 1941 ), b u t it belongs to L e p to s tro p h ia , w h ich sub-genus is now acco rded generic rank . A s o ur S . b ip a r tita belongs to S tro p h e o d o n ta sen su s tr ic to th e re is no need to change th e n a m e ) . T h ese a re all p ro lif ic form s, an d th e ir occu rrence in s tre n g th m ay be a lw ays tak en as an ind ica tion o f th e p resence o f th is sub-d iv is ion .

2. U p p e r Y e r i n g i a n — to be recogn ized by th e p resence o f C honetes cressw e lli, C. ro b u sta , an d C. k illa rensis.

T h ese subd iv is ions a re in keep ing w ith w h a t w e know o f the Y e rin g ian fau n u les as a w hole. O f course, such subdiv isions m u st be re g a rd e d as te n ta tiv e in th a t fu r th e r subd iv is ions w ill p rob ab ly becom e possib le as o u r know ledge o f these beds an d th e i r fau n u les increases. H o w ev er, th is d is tin c tio n betw een U p p e r an d L o w er Y e r in g ia n w ill help considerab ly in the c lassif ica tion o f s tra ta e lsew here in re la tio n to th e typ e L ilyda le beds. F o r instance, th e g rey m u d sto n e beds n o r th o f T o m m y ’s H u t w ith p len ti fu l 5 . b ipa rtita , an d th e b lu ish in d u ra te d m u d stones o f W est K ing lake w ith A . austra lis , the redd ish m udstones o f Y ellingbo w ith .S', b ip a r tita and C. cf. ru d d o ck en s is , th e g rey m u d sto n es a t C h ris tm as H il ls w ith S . b ipa rtita , an d s im ila r beds a t “ T w o m iles below S im m o n d ’s B rid g e H u t on th e Y ar ra ,” m ay all be classified as L o w e r Y e r in g ia n ; th e b lu ish -g rey m u d ston es a t K i l la ra (Iocs. 34 an d 35 ) m ay be c lassified as Up p e r Y erin g ian . T h e s tro n g affin ities betw een C. ta g g er tyen sis an d th e U p p e r Y erin g ian fo rm C. p s ilop lia suggests an U p p e r Y e rin g ian c lassif ication fo r th e beds in the B lue H il ls in w hich C. ta g g e r tye n s is occurs. N o C h o n etes h av e yet been described fro m th e H e a th co te B eds, b u t th e co llections m ade by D r. T h o m as h ave n o t yet been stud ied .

C h o n etes ru d d o c k e n s is an d S tro p h e o d o n ta b ip a r tita a re en tire ly ab se n t f ro m th e U p p e r Y e r in g ia n beds o f th e L ily da le D is tr ic t. O ne specim en on ly o f A n o p l ia austra lis has been fo u n d a t H u ll- ro ad , M o o ro o lb a rk (loc. 1 3 ), an d one on ly a t N o r th o f L ilydale (loc. 3 ) , w h ereas bo th species a re p ro lif ic in th e L o w e r Y ering ian . A s fa r as o u r know ledge goes, any o f th e th re e fo rms n am ed as c h a rac te r is t ic o f the L o w er Y ering ian , i f p re sen t in s tren g th , m ay be tak en as ind ica tive o f a L o w er Y e r in g ia n ho rizon . T h e th re e fo rm s g iven as ch a rac te ris tic o f th e U p p e r Y er in g ia n have n o t been fo u n d o u ts id e th o se beds, so a p p a ren tly any o f th e th ree species, if p re sen t a t all, is an in d ica tio n o f th at ho rizon .

R u d d o c k ’s Q u a r ry (loc. 2 0 ) is nam ed as th e ty p e locality fo r th e L o w er Y erin g ian . T h e o live-g rey in d u ra te d m ud sto nes (w ith occasional still h a rd e r sand ston e b a n d s) fo u n d th e re can be t ra c e d f ro m M o o ro o lb a rk th ro u g h th e R u d d o c k ’s Q u a r ry a rea (w h e re p itch affec ts th e s t r ik e ) , an d n o r th to w ard s Y a r ra G len. H u ll- ro a d , L ilyda le (loc. 1 ) , is n am ed as th e ty p e locality fo r the U p p e r Y erin g ian . T h e re , in w h itish an d red d ish so f t m udstones,C. ro b u s ta an d C. c ressw e ll i have been co llected, an d C. k il la ren s is occu rs in the ad ja c e n t loca lity o f M e lb o u rn e H il l, L ilyda le ( loc. 7 ) .

T h e J o r d a n i a n Se r i e s .— T h e n e x t qu estio n is th e re la tio n o f th ese fo rm s to the Jo rd a n ia n S eries (G ill, 1 94 1 ). Ex c e p t fo r a few u b iqu itou s fo rm s, th e fa u n as o f th e M e lb o u rn ian and

Y e rin g ian a re m u tu a lly exc lusive , a lth o u g h th ey a re bo th o f l i t to ra l fac ies. T h e re w ou ld n o t be th is fa u n a l b reak if the tw o series co n stitu te d a co n tinu u m in tim e. T h e re m u st be a tim e- b reak betw een th e tw o series, an d th is is occup ied by th e J o rd a n ia n Series. T h is series (as know n a t p re se n t) is pelag ic, b u t n o t ju s t th e pe lag ic facies o f a p a r t o f th e M elb o u rn ian or Y erin g ian . L i t to ra l fo rm s a re ra re in th e Jo rd a n ia n, and so •chonetids a re n o t to be expected . A b rach ia l v a lve w h ich m ay be .a C ho n etes (co llec ted by D r. I. Cookson. a t M cM ah o n ’s C reek ) is the on ly cho n e tid fo u n d so fa r in th e series.

T h e M e lb o u rn ian beds con ta in g rap to lites o f L o w er Lud low a g e (Jo n e s, 1927). T h e Y e r in g ia n beds a re L o w er D evon ian (G ill, 1942 ), an d m ay even ex ten d up in to th e M idd le D evon ian (R ip p e r, 1938, H il l , 1939, 1943). T h u s th e re is a lacu na o f U p p e r L ud lo w age, w h ich m u st be th e age o f th e Jo rda n ia n beds. _A P o s id o n o m ya com m on a t M cM a h o n ’s C reek (e a s t o f W arb u r- ~ton) is v e ry s im ila r to P . eu g y ra f rom etage E . o f B ohem ia, w h ich is eq u iv a len t to th e U p p e r L ud low .

C o r r e l a t i o n w i t h O v e r s e a s D e p o s i t s . —T h e re a re in te restin g para lle ls betw een th e V ic to r ia n chonetids a n d fo rm s described fro m the classic series o f E u ro p e an d N o r th A m er ic a; also f ro m beds in Indoch ina . T h ese m ay be su m m arized as fo l low s :—

S t r a t ig r a p h i c a l p o s i t io n in

V ic t o r ia .

V ic to r ia nS p e c ie s .

O v e r s e a sS p e c ie s .

S t r a t i g r a p h i c a l p o s i t io n O v e r s e a s .

tM e lb o u r n i a n . . C h o n e te s m e lb o u r n e n s is C . n o v a s c o t ic a o f N th .

A m e r i c a a n d E u r o p eL u d lo w .

Y e r in g ia n

C . p r o d n c to id a

C . c r e s s w e l l i

C . h e m is p h e r i c a o f N th . A m e r i c a . C . v e r n e u l i o f E u r o p e

C . tncm g 'pcfen s'is o f I n d o c h in a

C . s e t i g e r a o f N th .A m e r ic a

C . s o r o r a n d C . C. e m b r y o o f E u r o p e

U p p e r H e ld e r b e r g , e tc .

( L o w e r ) D e v o n ia n

'Y e r in g ia n C . r u d d o c k e n s i s M a r c e l lu s -W a v e r le y

'Y e r i n g ia n C . ta g g e r t y e n s is C . s a r c in u la ta

C . u n k e le n s i s

L o w e r D e v o n ia n , “ m o s t a b u n d a n t in t h e U p p e r S ie - g e n ia n . ”

U p p e r m o s t L . D e v .

" Y e r in g ia n A n o p l i a a u s t r a l i s

C . m a o r ia

A . n u c lc a ta

L o w e r D e v o n ia n o i N .Z . , “ S ie g e n ia n ot L o w e r C o b le n z ia n .”

L . D e v . o f M o s e l le ; O r i s k a n y a n d O n o iv d a g a o f N th . A m e r i c a .

I t shou ld be no ted th a t th e above com p arison s a re no t all o f ■ equal value. C. m e lb o u rn e n s is an d . C. n o va sco tica a re very s im i la r ; so also a re C. ta g g e r tyen sis , C. m aoria , an d C. sa rc in u la ta . O n th e o th e r han d , the co m parisons-betw een C. ru d d o c k e n s is -and C. setigera , an d betw een C. p ro d u c to id a an d C. h em isp h er ica , a re based on s tr ik in g likenesses in ex te rn a l fo rm . In bo th the •cases quo ted th e im p o rta n t in te rn a l ch a rac te rs a re n o t know n.

F u r th e r , th e re is no g re a t likeness betw een o u r species o f A n o p l ia a n d A . nuc lea ta , b u t as th e gen us is so ra re in n u m b er o f species, th e re is no d ou b t sign ificance in its p resence.

T h e L ilyda le B eds, w h ich co n stitu te th e ty p e beds of th e Y e r in g ia n S eries, a re v e ry th ick . A lth o u g h th e th ickn ess a lre ad y g iven on th e ev idence ava ilab le (G ill, 1942) w ill very likely be red u ced as o u r know ledge o f th e s tru c tu re is increased , th e re n everth e less is certa in ly a g re a t th ickness o f beds invo lved. I t is possib le th a t th e m u d sto n es and sand sto nes o f th e Yerin g ian S eries cover the w hole o f L o w er D evon ian tim e, b u t a g re a t th ickn ess o f beds below th e R u d d o c k ’s Q u a rry h o rizon is ap p a ren tly qu ite u n fo ss i l i fe ro u s , an d the l im its o f th e series have n o t y e t been p rec ise ly defined. T h e w r i te r p re fe rs to w a it till th e fau nu les o f th e Y e r in g ia n type a re a have been fu r th e r w o rked ou t, b e fo re d ra w in g an y close co rre la tio n s w ith th e c lassic o v e rseas series.

A c k n o w l e d g m e n ts .

T h e a u th o r w ishes to ex p ress h is a p p rec ia tio n o f the k ind co -o pera tion o f the U n iv e rs ity o f M e lbo u rn e D e p a rtmen t o f G eology ( th ro u g h P ro fe sso r E . S. H il ls an d D r. F . A . S in g le to n ) , th e N atio na l M u seu m ( th ro u g h the la te M r. D . J . M ahony , D ire c to r, and th e pa laeon to log ist, M r. R . A . K e b le ), an d th e G eological S u rv ey o f V ic to r ia ( th ro u g h th e D ire c to r, M r. W . B a ra gw an a th ) . T h e p h o to g rap h s w ere taken by M r. L . A. B aillo t, o f th e M e lbo u rn e T echn ica l College.

R e f e r e n c es .

A l l a n , R . S , 1935.— T h e F a u n a o f th e R e e f to n B e d s ( D e v o n ia n) , N e w Z e a la n d . N . Z . G e o l S u r v . P a l. B u l l . 14.

B e e c h e r , C. E , 1898.— T h e O r ig in a n d S ig n i f ic a n c e o f S p in e s . A S tu d y in E v o lu t io n . A m e r . J o u r n . S c . , -9 th se r ie s , V o l . V I .

B l a n d o w s k i, W „ 1855.— A D e sc r ip t io n o f F o s s i l A n im a lc u la e in P r im i t iv e R o c k s f ro m th e U p p e r Y a r r a ( p la te o p p o s i te , p . 2 2 3 ). T r a n s . P h i l , I n s t . V ic ., v o l. I ., pp . 221-223.

B r e g e r , C . L , 1906.— O n E o d e v o n a r ia , a n e w s u b -g e n u s o f C h o n e te s . A m e r . J o u r n . S c ., v o l. X X I I , pp . 534-536.

C a l e y , J . F , 1 9 4 0 — P a la e o z o ic G e o lo g y o f th e T o r o n to — H a m i l to n A re a ,. O n ta r io . M em . 224, G eo l. S u rv . C a n a d a , O t ta w a .

C h a p m a n , F , 1903.— N e w o r L i t t le -K n o w n V ic to r ia n F o s s i ls in th e N a t io n a l M u se u m , M e lb o u rn e . P t . 1. S o m e P a la e o z o ic S p e c ie s . P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic . V o l. X V . ( 2 ) , n . s , pp . 104-122.

---------------- , 1914.— O n th e P a la e o n to lo g y o f th e S i lu r ia n o f V icto r ia . A u s t .A s s o c . A d v . S c ., v o l. X I V , pp . 207-235.

C l a r k e , J . M , 1907.— S o m e N e w D e v o n ic F o s s i ls . N e w Y o r k S t a te M u s e u m B u l l . 107, p p . 153-291.

C o u c h m a n , A , 1877.— R e p o r t o f P r o g r e s s , G e o l. S u rv . V i c , p. 16.

C r e w , F A . E , 1925.— A n im a l G e n e t ic s E d in b u rg h a n d L o n d o n .

D a h m e r , G , 1928.—W a re n H u n s r i ic k u n d T a u n a z u r d e r W en d e U n te r d e v o n— M it te ld e v o n L a n d ? J a k r b . p r e u s s . g e o l. L . - A . f . 1928 49, pp . 1152-1162.

D a h m e h , G , 1 9 3 0 — M a n d e ln e r S c h ic h te n (Z w e is c h a le r f a z ie s d e s o b e rs te n U n te rd e v o n s ) a n d e r M o se l. Z u g le ic h e in B e i t r a g z u r K e n n t n i s d e r

P h i l h e d r a - a r t tn im rh e in is c h e n D e v o n . J a h r . P r e u s s . G eo l, L a n d . , pp . 88-94.

---------------- , 1936.— D ie F a u n a d e r S ie g e n e r S c h ic h te n v o n U n k e l (B l .K o n ig s w ir i te r ) . J a h r . - P r e u s s . g e o l. L . - A . 56, p p . 633-671.

-— :----------- , 1937.— D ie F a u n a d e r S ie g e n e r S c h ic h te n im A h rg e b ie t . J a h r .p r e u s s . g e o l. L a n d . , B a n d 57, H e f t 1, pp . 435-464.

D e K o n i n c k , L ., 1847.— R e c h e rc h e s s u r le s A n im a u x F o s s i le s , p t . 1. M o n o g ra p h ic d e s G e n re s P r o d u c tu s e t C h o n e te s , L ie g e .

G a r w o o d , E . J . , 1931.— T h e T u e d ia n B e d s o f N o r th e r n C u m b e r la n d a n d R o x b u r g h s h i r e E a s t o f th e L id d e l W a te r . Q u a r t . J o u r n . G e o l. S o c ., L X X X V I I . , p t. 1, pp . 97-159 .

G a s k i n , A . J . , 1943.— T h e G e o lo g y o f B in d i, V ic to r ia . P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic . V o l. L V „ p t. 1, n . s , pp . 81-108.

G i l l , E . D ., 1940.— T h e S i lu r ia n R o c k s o f M e lb o u rn e a n d L i l y da le : A D is c u s s io n o f th e M e lb o u rn ia n -Y e r in g ia n B o u n d a ry a nd A s s o c ia te d P ro b le m s . P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic ., L I I , p t. 2, n .s ., pp . 249-261.

----------------> 1942.— T h e T h ic k n e s s a n d A g e o f th e T y p e Y e r in g ia n S t r a ta ,L i ly d a le , V ic to r ia . P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic ., v o l. L I V . , p t. 1 n .s., pp . 21-52.

---------------- ,1 9 4 4 .— T r i lo b i ta o f th e F a m i ly C a ly m e n id a e f r o m V icto r ia .P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic . , v o l. L V I . , p t. 2, n .s . I n p re ss .

G r a b a u , A . W ., a n d S h i m e r , H . W , 1909.—N o r th A m e r ic a n I n d e x F o s s i ls . N e w Y o rk .

H a l l , J . a n d C l a r k e , J . M ., 1892.—P a la e o n to lo g y o f N e w Y o rk , v o l. 8, p t. 1.

H i l l , D ., 1 9 3 9 — T h e D e v o n ia n R u g o s e C o ra ls o f L i ly d a le a n d L o y o la , V ic to r ia . P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic . , v o l. L I . , p t. 2, pp . 219-264.

__________, 1943.— A R e - I n te r p r e ta t i o n o f th e A u s t r a l ia n P a la e o z o ic R e c o rd ,b a se d o n a S tu d y o f th e R u g o s e C o ra ls . P r o c . R o y . S o c . Q u e e n s la n d , vo l. L I V . , N o . 6 , p p . 53-66.

H i l l s , E . S . , 1 9 2 9 — T h e G e o lo g y a n d P a la e o n to lo g y o f th e C a th e d ra l R a n g e a n d B lu e H i l l s in N .W . G ip p s la n d . P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic , v o l. X L I . ,

p t. 2 , pp . 176-201.

J o n e s , O . A ., 1927.— S i lu r ia n G ra p to l i te s f r o m S tu d le y P a r k , M e lb o u rn e , A u s tra l ia . G e o l. M a g ., 64, p p . 101-105.

J o n e s , O . T . , 1928.—P le c ta m b o n i te s a n d S o m e A l l ie d G e n e ra . M e m . G eo l, S u r v . G t. B r i ta in , P a la e o n to lo g y , v o l. I . , p t. 5, pp . 367-527.

M a n s u y , H ., 1916.— F a u n e s P a le o z o 'iq u e s d u T o n k in s e p te n t r ion a l . M e m . S e r v . G e o l. In d o c h in e , v o l. V ., f a s c . iv ., pp . 1-23.

__________, 1919.— D e s c r ip t io n d e Q u e lq u e s E s p e c e s d u D e v o n ie n d u T o n k in ,d u L a o s , e t d u C a rb o n i f e re n d u Y u n n a n . M e m . S e r v . G e o l . I n d o c h in e ,

v o l. V I , fa sc . 1, pp . 21-33.

__________f 1921.— D e s c r ip t io n d e F o s s i le s d e s te r r a in s P a le o zo iq u e s e tM e so z o iq u e s d u T o n k in S e p te n tr io n a l . M e m , S e r v . G e o l. I n d o c h in e , v o l. V I I I , fa sc . 1, pp . 11-27.

M c C o y , F , 1 8 7 6 — P ro d ro m u s o f th e P a la e o n to lo g y o f V ic to r ia , D e c a d e IV . ,

G eo l. S u rv . V ic .

M c L e a r n , F . H , 1 9 2 4 —P a la e o n to lo g y o f th e S i lu r ia n R o c k s o f A r is a ig , N o v a S c o t ia . M e m . 137, G eo l. S u rv . C a n a d a .

P a e c k e l m a n n , W , 1930.— D ie B ra c h io p o d e n d e s d e u ts c h e n U n te r k a rb o n s.1. D ie O r th id e n , S t r o p h o m e n id e n , u n d C h o n e te n d e s Mi t te le r e n u n d O b e re n U n te r k a r b o n s . A b h . p r e u s s . g e o l. l a n d e n s a n s t . , N .F . 122.

P a t t e E 1926.— E tu d e s P a le o n to lo g iq u e s R e la t iv e s a la G e o lo g ie d e L ’E s t d u ’T o n k in (P a le o z o 'iq u e e t T r i a s ) . B u l l , S e r v . G e o l. In d o c h in e ,

v o l. X V , fa s c . 1, pp . 1-241.

C hqnetidae f r o m th e P a laeozo ic R o c k s o f V ic to r ia . 149

P r e n d e r g a s t , K . L , 1944.— P e r m ia n P ro d u c t in a e a n d S tro p h a lo s i in a e o f W e s te r n A u s t r a l ia . J o u r . R o y . S o c . W e s t e r n A u s t r a l ia , v o l. X X V I I I . r pp . 1-74.

R a y m o n d , P . E , 1939.— P r e h is to r ic L i t e . C a m b r id g e , U .S .A .-

R e e d , F . R . C , 1917.— T h e O rd o v ic ia n a n d S i lu r ia n B ra c h io p o d a o f the- G irv a n D is t r ic t . T r a n s . R o y . S o c . E d in b u r g h , v o l. L I . , p t. 4, p p 795-998.

---------------- , 1921.— N o te s o n th e L o w e r D e v o n ia n B e d s o f T o rq u a y, p t. I I ,B ra c h io p o d a . G e o l. M a g ., v o l. L V I I I , pp . 313-324.

R i p p e r , E . A , 1 9 3 8 — N o te s o n th e M id d le P a le o z o ic S t ro m a to p o ro id F a u n a s o f V ic to r ia . P r o c . R o y . S o c . V ic . , v o l. L , p t. 2, n .s . pp . 221-243.

S c h u c h e r t , C , 1913.— S e c tio n o n th e B ra c h io p o d a in th e Z i t te l -Ea s tm a n - T e x tb o o k o f P a la e o n to lo g y . L o n d o n .

S c h u c h e r t , C. a n d L e V e n e , C . M ., 1929.— F o s s i l iu m C a ta lo g u s , ed.. J . F . P o m p e c k j , v o l. 42, B ra c h io p o d a .

S h i r l e y , J , 1 9 3 8 .— T h e F a u n a o f th e B a to n R iv e r B e d s (D e v o n ia n ) N e w ' Z e a la n d . Q .J .G .S ., v o l. X C I V , pp . 4 5 9 - 5 0 6 .

S h e r r a r d , K „ a n d K e b l e , R . A , 1937.— T h e O c c u r re n c e o f G ra p to l i te s n e a r Y a ss , N .S .W , P r o c . L in n . S o c . N . S .W . , v o l. L X I I , pp . 303-314.

S t r a w , S . H , 1932.— T h e F a u n a o f th e P a la e o z o ic R o c k s o f th e L itt le - M iss e n d e n B o r in g . S u m . o f P r o g r e s s , G e o l. S u r v . G t. B r i t . 1932, p t. 2, pp . 112-142.

S w a r t z , C. K , a n d F . M , 1941.— E a r l y D e v o n ia n a n d L a te S i lu r ia n F o r m a t io n s o f S o u th -e a s te rn P e n n s y lv a n ia . B u l l . G e o l. S o c . A m e r v o l. 52, N o . 8, pp . 1129-1192.

T h o m a s , D . E , 1937.— S o m e N o te s o n th e S i lu r ia n R o c k s o f th e H e a th c o te -A re a . M in . a n d G eo l. J o u r n ., v o l. 1, p t. 1. pp . 64-67.

D e s cr i p t i o n o f P l a t e .

P l a t e V I I I .

( N o p h o to g r a p h s a r e re to u c h e d .)

F i g . 1 .— C h o n e te s b o w ie a e , sp . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a lv e ( s y n ty p e ) X 2 a p p r o x -

F i g . 2 .— -C h o n e te s b o w ie a e , sp . n o v . , e x t e r n a l m o u ld o f v e n t r a l v a lv e ( s y n t y p e) sam e - s iz e a p p r o x .

F i g . 3 .— C h o n e te s p r o d u c to id a , sp . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a lv e ( h y p o ty p e) .X 3 .5 a p p r o x .

F i g . 4 .— A n o p l ia a u s t r a l i s G i l l . S p e c im e n f r o m K in g la k e s h o w in g r ib b in g ( e n l ar g e d ) .

F i g . 5 .— S p in e s o f C h o n e te s c r e s s w e lU C h a p m a n . S p e c im e n f r o m H u l l * r o a d , L i ly d a le . .

F i g . 6 .— C h o n e te s ta g g e r t y e n s i s , sp . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a lv e ( p a r a t y p e) X 2 a p p r o x .

F i g . 7 .— C h o n e te s p r o d u c to i d a , sp . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a lv e ( h o lo ty p e) X 1 -5 ’ a p p r o x .

F i g . 8 .— C h o n e te s t a g g e r t y e n s i s , sp . n o v ., i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a l v e ( s y n t y p e ) X 2 ' a p p r o x .

F i g . 9 .— C h o n e te s g a s k im , s p . n o v . , v e n t r a l v a l v e ( h o lo t y p e ) , s a m e s iz e . N o te s p in e ..

F i g . 1 0 .— C h o n e te s r u d d o c k e n s i s , sp . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a lv e ( h o lo ty p e) X 4a p p r o x . N o te lo n g s p in e .

F i g . 1 1 .— P h o to m ic r o g r a p h o f s p in e o f C h o n e te s g a s k in i , sp . n o v . ( v i d e f ig . 9 ) . N o te - a n n u la t i o n w h e r e s p in e j o i n t s . s h e l l , a n d a s e r ie s o f a n n u l a t i o n s a t t h e o u te r e n d .

F i g . 1 2 .— C h o n e te s p r o d u c to id a , s p . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a lv e ( h o lo ty p e). s h o w in g s p in e b a s e s a n d m e d iu m s e p tu m .

F i g . 1 3 .— C h o n e te s ta g g e i ' t y e n s i s , s p . n o v . , e x t e r n a l m o u ld ( s y n ty p e ) s h o w in g e x te r n al o r n a m e n t , X 2 a p p r o x .

F i g . 1 4 .— C h o n e te s k i l l a r e n s is , s p . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t , o f .v e n t r a l v a l v e (h o lo typ e ) X 2 ' a p p r o x .

F i g . I S .— C h o n e te s p s i lo p l ia , sp . n o v . , i n t e r n a l c a s t o f v e n t r a l v a lv e (h o lo ty p e) X 41 a p p r o x .

P k o c . R o y . S o c . V i c t o r i a , 57 ( 1—2) , 1945. P l a t e V I I I .

Ch o n e te s an d An o p lia .

3551/45. [P a g e 1 5 1 .]

i— · [ p r o c . r o y . s o c . v i c t o r i a , 5 7 (n .s .j, p t s .]> ii., 1945.] a r t...

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