hypothetico deductive method

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Topic:

Hypothetico-deductive method

MEANING OF HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE?

Hypothetico is derived from the term "hypothetical" which means academic, contestable, contingent, disputable, imaginary, questionable, refutable, theoretical and unconfirmed.

Deductive means conclusion, to find a answer to a question

STEPS

ObservationPreliminary information gatheringTheory formulationHypothesisData collectionData analysisDeductionPresentation of data

DETERMINATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

first step tend to bring researchers and decision makers together Decision maker find the problem that need to be correctedResearcher then make sure that the problem is a problem are a symptom of a big

REDEFINE THE RESEARCH PROBEM

Once the researcher and decision maker have identified the specific information needs, the researcher must redefined the problem in scientific terms.in doing so 'most decision makers use a pragmatic framework, whereas researchers feel more comfortable using a scientific framework.

The researcher’s responsibility is to restate the initial variable associated with the decision problem in the form of one or more key question formats (how,what,where)

INFORMATION VITAL FOR RESEARCH

Background information on the organizationStructural factor ,job factor, management factor

Perceptions, attitudes and behavioral responses.

Literature survey

Primary or secondary data

EXAMPLE

An organization dealing in hardware

The management of organization(a major hardware/lumber retailer)was concerned about the overall image of its retail operation as well as about its image among known customers.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

It determined what other task steps must be takenWe should understand what is the main objective of research

THEORY FORMULATION

Theory formulation is an attempt to integrate all the formulation in a logical manner so that the factor responsible for the problem can be conceptualized and tested.

VARIABLESDependent variableIndependent variablesModerating variableIntervening variable

HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT

An educated guess is known as "hypothesis" which means assumption, belief, presupposition, proposal, starting point and theorem.

Statement of hypothesis if-then statemente.g. If employee are more healthy then they will take sick leave less frequently

TYPES OF HYPOTHEIS

It is the same as we solve everyday problems but there is only a small twist which is termed as ‘Null & Alternate Hypothesis”. Given below is a simple example of MBA

Suppose we found one MBA who is intelligent. On this specific basis alone, we cannot generalize that all MBAs are intelligent. (It is not a case of natural science but social science). We can be proved wrong just by citing an example of one unfortunate MBA who happened to be a stupid. As Karl pointed out "no amount of evidence assures us that contrary evidence will not be found." He proposed that using deduction method *general to specific), one can falsify a statement making the alternate true like:

Null Hypothesis: No MBA is intelligent.Alternate: All MBAs are intelligent.

We can reject Null Hypothesis by citing example of an MBA, Omer Khan, who had scored an IQ of 120 . If null-hypothesis is rejected or proved false, the alternate would become true and all MBAs would be considered as intelligent even though all may not be so. In fact, the researcher hides his findings in the alternate hypotheses for acceptance by simply rejecting the Null Hypotheses.

RESEARCH DESIGNS

The research design serves as a master plan of the methods and procedure that should be used to collect and analyze the data needed by the decision maker.

The most appropriate research designs is a function of the research objectives.

For research designs researcher should consider this master plan, the researcher must consider the type of data, the design technique(survey,observation,experiment,etc) the sampling methodology and procedure, the schedule, the budget.

RESEARCH DESIGNS

Although every research problem is unique, most research objectives can be met by using one of the three of research designs:

exploratorydescriptivecausal

EXPLORATORY DESIGNS

An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand.

Example. Focus group interview, experience surveys and pilot study

DESCRIPTIVE DESIGNS

It is uses a set of scientific methods and procedures to collect raw data and create data structure that describes the existing characteristics(e.g. Attitudes, intentions, preferences, purchases behaviors evaluations of current marketing mix strategies)of a defined target population or market structure.

CAUSAL DESIGNS

It is use to collect raw data and create data structures and the information that will allow the decision maker or researcher to model cause and effect relationships between two variables.e.g

Prediction of earthquake become the cause of price fall of property

DETERMINE THE SAMPLE PLAN AND SAMPLE SIZE

Sample size affects data quality and generalizability. Researchers must therefore think carefully about how many people to include or how many objects to investigate.Sampling plans can be classified into two general types: probability and nonprobability.

SAMPLING

In a census the researcher attempts to question or observe all the members of a defined target population. The second procedure, which is preferred when the defined target population is large or unknown, involves the random selection of subgroup, or sample, from the overall membership pool of a defined target population.

DETERMINE THE MEASUREMENT ISSUES AND

SCALES

Activities within this step focus on determining the dimensions of the factors being investigated and measuring the variables that underlie the defined problem.

It involves scaling, reliability, validity.

Scaling means rating the dataReliability means how much data is reliable

MEASUREMENT ISSUES AND SCALE

What level of information is needed from a variable (nominal ordinal, ordinals interval, interval, ratio)?

How reliable does the information need to be? How valid does the information need to be? How does one ensure the development of reliable and valid scale measurements?

COLLECTION OF DATA

One is to ask questions about variables and market phenomena using trained interviewers or questionnaires.

The other is to observe variables and market phenomena using professional observers or high-tech devices.

TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

Self-administered surveys, personal interviews, computer simulations, telephone interviews, and focus groups are just some of the tools researchers can use to collect data .

PROCESSING OF DATA

Once the primary data are collected, the researcher must perform several procedural activities before doing any type of data analysis. A coding scheme is needed so that the raw data can be entered into computer files.

ANALYSIS

Analysis procedures can vary widely in sophistication and complexity, from simple frequency distributions (percentages) to sample statistics measures (e.g., mode, median, mean, range, standard deviation, and standard error) to multivariate data analysis techniques.

PREPARE AND PRESENT THE FINAL REPORT TO MANAGEMENT

Purpose of the proposal projectType of studyDefinition of the target population and the sample sizeSample designs, technique and data collectionSpecific research instrumentsPotential managerial benefits of the total projectCost of projectProfile of researcher and the companyOptional dummy table of the projected results