hypertensive retinopathy dr ajay dudani dr yashesh maniar
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HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
DR AJAY DUDANI
DR YASHESH MANIAR
-- MANY CAUSES
-- MAINLY ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION
(JNCV 5TH)
STATE OF PERSISTENT ELEVATED BLOOD PRESSURE ABOVE 140/90 mmHg.
5TH JOINT NATIONAL COMMITTEE CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
CATEGORY SYSTOLIC BP DIASTOLIC BP
(mmHg) (mmHg)
NORMAL <130 <85
HIGH NORMAL 130-139 85-89
STAGE 1 (MILD) 140-159 90-99
STAGE 2 (MOD.) 160-179 100-109
STAGE 3 (SEVERE) 180-209 110-119
STAGE 4(V. SEVERE) >210 >120
PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN HYPERTENSIVE OCULAR DISEASE
1. HYPERTENSIVE CHOROIDOPATHY
2. HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
-- VASOCONSTRICTIVE PHASE
-- SCLEROTIC PHASE
-- EXUDATIVE PHASE
-- COMPLICATIONS OF THE SCLEROTIC PHASE
3. HYPERTENSIVE OPTIC NEUROPATHY
-- OPTIC DISC EDEMA
-- OPTIC ATROPHY
-- ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY
OCULAR HYPERTENSIONOCULAR HYPERTENSION
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
GRADE 0 NORMAL
GRADE 1 INCREASED LIGHT REFLEX, WITH MILD ARTERIOVENOUS CROSSING DEFECTS
GRADE 2 COPPER WIRE APPEARANCE
GRADE 3 SILVER WIRE APPEARANCE, WITH MARKED ARTERIO VENOUS CROSSING DEFECTS
GRADE 4 FIBROUS CORD
Grading of arteriolosclerosis
OCULAR HYPERTENSIONOCULAR HYPERTENSIONARTERIOLES
A-V RATIO FOCAL SPASM
GRADE 0 3:4 1:1
GRADE 1 1:2 1:1
GRADE 2 1:3 2:3
GRADE 3 1:4 1:3 +/- C W SPOT
GRADE 4 FIBROUS CORD NO DISTAL FLOW +/-ELS SPOT
HYPERTENSIVE HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHYRETINOPATHY
HEMORRHAGE EXUDATE DISC EDEMA
GRADE 0 - - -
GRADE 1 - - -
GRADE 2 - - -
GRADE 3 + + -
GRADE 4 + + +
GRADE 1 HTRGRADE 1 HTR
GENERALIZED GENERALIZED ARTERIOLAR ARTERIOLAR ATTENUATIONATTENUATION
BROADENING OF BROADENING OF ARTERIOLAR LIGHT ARTERIOLAR LIGHT REFLEXREFLEX
CONCEALMENT OF CONCEALMENT OF VEIN AT A-V VEIN AT A-V CROSSINGSCROSSINGS
GRADE 2 HTRGRADE 2 HTR
SEVERE SEVERE GENERALIZED GENERALIZED AND FOCAL AND FOCAL ARTERIOLAR ARTERIOLAR CONSTRICTIONCONSTRICTION
A-V CROSSING A-V CROSSING CHANGES (SALUS CHANGES (SALUS SIGN)SIGN)
GRADE 3 HTRGRADE 3 HTR
Copper wiring of arteriolesCopper wiring of arterioles Venous banking distal to A-Venous banking distal to A-
V crossing (bonnet’s sn)V crossing (bonnet’s sn) Venous tapering on either Venous tapering on either
side of crossing (gunn’s sn)side of crossing (gunn’s sn) Right angle deflection of Right angle deflection of
veins.veins. Flame shaped Flame shaped
hemorrhages cotton wool hemorrhages cotton wool spots, hard exudates.spots, hard exudates.
GRADE 4 HTRGRADE 4 HTR
All changes of All changes of grade 3grade 3
Silver wiring of Silver wiring of arteriolesarterioles
Disc edemaDisc edema
Ocular associations of Ocular associations of hypertensionhypertension
Retinal vein occlusion
• CRVO (Central Retinal Vein Occlusion)
• HRVO (Hemi Retinal Vein Occlusion)
• BRVO (Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion) Constitutes 69.5 % of all RVO cases
CRVO ...CRVO ...
Classic AppearanceClassic Appearance Mildest Form
CRVOCRVO
NON ISCHAEMIC ISCHAEMIC
62/F PR No 17474 CRVO62/F PR No 17474 CRVO
IVTAIVTA
(elsewhere)(elsewhere)
Baseline Baseline 20/50020/500
3 weeks 3 weeks 20/50020/500
3 months 3 months 20/20020/200
62/F PR No 17474 CRVO (S/P IVTA)62/F PR No 17474 CRVO (S/P IVTA)
2nd IVTA2nd IVTA
5 months 5 months 20/40020/400
8 months 8 months 20/10020/100
AvastiAvastinn
2nd Avastin2nd Avastin
Hayreh et al –Hayreh et al –
Non – Ischaemic : Due to simple occlusion of Non – Ischaemic : Due to simple occlusion of retinal venous systemretinal venous system
Ischaemic : Due to combined occlusion Ischaemic : Due to combined occlusion of of the arterial & venous circulationthe arterial & venous circulation
Green et al – Green et al – Thrombus formation in the region of lamina Thrombus formation in the region of lamina cribrosa is the primary eventcribrosa is the primary event
CRVO
Complications / Sequelae ...Complications / Sequelae ... Macular oedemaMacular oedema HaemorrhageHaemorrhage Ischaemia stimulates neovascularization inIschaemia stimulates neovascularization in
Optic discOptic disc RetinaRetina AngleAngle Iris - Rubeosis may cause Neovascular GlaucomaIris - Rubeosis may cause Neovascular Glaucoma
Rhegmatogenous RDRhegmatogenous RD Vascular complications Vascular complications
MicroaneurysymsMicroaneurysyms Optociliary vessels – collaterals between retinal & Optociliary vessels – collaterals between retinal &
ciliary vesselsciliary vessels
CRVO
Cilioretinal artery occlusion
Combined with CRVO
Cilioretinal artery occlusion
Combined with anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
HRVO ...HRVO ...
HRVO ...HRVO ...
Superior & Inferior vein do not merge Superior & Inferior vein do not merge into Central Vein before entering into into Central Vein before entering into lamina cribrosalamina cribrosa
Like CRVO, only superior or inferior half Like CRVO, only superior or inferior half involvedinvolved
Types Types - 2/32/3rdrd :: Venous stasisVenous stasis- 1/31/3rdrd :: HaemorrhagicHaemorrhagic
Rest Rx or management same as CRVORest Rx or management same as CRVO
BRVO ...BRVO ...
45/M PR No 17422 BRVO45/M PR No 17422 BRVO
Baseline 20/500 STTBaseline 20/500 STT
3 weeks 20/500 Avastin3 weeks 20/500 Avastin
6 weeks/8 m 20/80 6 weeks/8 m 20/80
45/M PR No 17422 BRVO45/M PR No 17422 BRVO
BRVOBRVO
BRVO ...BRVO ...
Portion of retina involvedPortion of retina involved Mostly temporalMostly temporal
- - 62% Superotemporal62% Superotemporal- 38% Inferotemporal38% Inferotemporal
Nasal – uncommon & asymptomaticNasal – uncommon & asymptomatic Occurs exclusively at arterial Occurs exclusively at arterial
overcrossing at AV intersection by a overcrossing at AV intersection by a thrombusthrombus
Investigations in RVO ...Investigations in RVO ...
Hb/CBC/ESR/Platelet countHb/CBC/ESR/Platelet count BSL – Fasting/PPBSL – Fasting/PP BPBP Sr. Lipid ProfileSr. Lipid Profile IOP MeasurementIOP Measurement FFAFFA ANA/Anti-ds DNAANA/Anti-ds DNA VDRL/FTA-AbsVDRL/FTA-Abs LE CellLE Cell
In YoungIn Young ... ...
Protein C levelsProtein C levels
Protein S levelsProtein S levels
Platelet Analysis Platelet Analysis
Sr. & Urine for Homocysteine Sr. & Urine for Homocysteine
levelslevels
Others ...Others ...
Hb ElectrophoresisHb Electrophoresis
PT / PTTPT / PTT
Anti-Phospholipid antibodyAnti-Phospholipid antibody
Complete Cardiovascular Complete Cardiovascular
evaluationevaluation
Traditional Rx Options ...Traditional Rx Options ...
To treat the associated systemic diseases To treat the associated systemic diseases
(Medical Rx)(Medical Rx)
To treat the ocular complicationsTo treat the ocular complications
(Laser or Sx)(Laser or Sx)- - CRVO Study GroupCRVO Study Group
- BRVO Study Group- BRVO Study Group
Retinal artery Retinal artery macroaneurysmmacroaneurysm
Ocular associations of hypertension
Anterior ischaemic optic Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathyneuropathy
Ocular associations of hypertension
Ocular motor nerve palsies Ocular associations of hypertension
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