hydropedology: ne 1021 - usdamaterials and methods water chemical analysis one sample each month was...
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Hydropedology: NE 1021Hydropedology: NE 1021On going studies conducted at On going studies conducted at
the University of Massachusetts the University of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst
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HYDROLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY,
& SOILS OF CALCAREOUS
FENS
J. Morgan
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IntroductionEvaluated the hydrologic factors that exist in calcareous fens.
Documented the level of calcium enrichment and pH that occurred in eight study sites across the three geographic locations.
The hydrology and geochemistry were compared to examine the relationship between the two.
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Materials and Methods
Hydrologic Measurementsnested piezometers (100 cm and 150 cm) 5-cm diameter PVC well (screened from 0-60 cm) suction lysimeter (30 cm depth; 0.1 MPa air entry value)
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Materials and MethodsWater Chemical AnalysisOne sample each month was analyzed for
nutrients:orthophosphate - Ascorbic Acid method (SM 4500-P.E) ammonium - Nessler’s method (SM 4500-NH3.C) total iron - Ferrover method (SM 3500-Fe.D)
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Materials and MethodsWater Chemical Analysis
After nutrient analyses the remaining sample was acidified (with 1µL 1.0 M HNO3) stored at 4oC. Additional analysis was for:
calcium (3500-Ca.B)magnesium (3500-Mg.B) potassium (3500-K.B).
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Soil AnalysisSamples were characterized physically and chemically for the uppermost horizons
Particle size analysis (pipette method)Bulk density (core method)Percent organic matter (loss on ignition)pH (water method)Exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and potassium (ammonium acetate method)Extractable phosphorus and iron (AB-DTPA method) Total nitrogen (Dumas method)
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Results & Discussion
Vertical groundwater gradients at locations:
a) Jug End,
b) Schenob Brook,
c) Shmulsky.
Values greater than zero represent discharge conditions; values less than zero represent recharge conditions.
Each bar represents one pair of piezometers at a central location in each site.
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Tota
l Fe
(mg.
L-1 )
0
2
4
6
8
10
12 Bartholomew (SBB)Schenob Central (SBC)Schenob North (SBN)Schenob South (SBS)
2006
May 4
June
10
July
6
Augu
st 1
Sept.
7
Oct. 5
Tota
l Fe
(mg.
L-1 )
0
2
4
6
8
10
12 Shmulsky Open (SO)Shmulsky Shrub (SS)
Tota
l Fe
(mg.
L-1 )
0
2
4
6
8
10
12 Jug End North (JN)Jug End South (JS)
a.
b.
c.
Results & Discussion
Seasonal variation in water iron (mg.L-1) at the a) Jug End, b) Schenob Brook and c) Shmulsky locations.
Each point represents a mean of three replicate samples.
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May 1
8
June
10
June
19Ju
ly 6
July
17Au
gust
1
Augu
st 15
Sept.
7Se
pt. 2
1
Oct. 1
8
Oct.
5
Reduced Iron (Fe2+) – Shmulsky Open
0-15
15-30
Depth (cm)
= none = low = high= medium = no data
May 1
8
June
10
June
19Ju
ly 6
July
17Au
gust
1
Augu
st 15
Sept.
7Se
pt. 2
1
Oct. 1
8
Oct.
5
Reduced Iron (Fe2+) – Shmulsky Open
0-15
15-30
Depth (cm)
= none = low = high= medium = no data
May 1
8
June
10
June
19Ju
ly 6
July
17Au
gust
1
Augu
st 15
Sept.
7Se
pt. 2
1
Oct. 1
8
Oct.
5
Reduced Iron (Fe2+) – Jug End North
0-15
15-30
Depth (cm)
= none = low = high= medium = no data
May 1
8
June
10
June
19Ju
ly 6
July
17Au
gust
1
Augu
st 15
Sept.
7Se
pt. 2
1
Oct. 1
8
Oct.
5
Reduced Iron (Fe2+) – Jug End North
0-15
15-30
Depth (cm)
= none = low = high= medium = no data
Results & Discussion
Results of α, α-dipyridyl assessment of redox status of surface soil horizon. Presence of reduced iron indicates anaerobic conditions.
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Soil physical and chemical properties for the 8 study sites. Data are the mean of 3 soil samples collected from 3 soil pits at each site.
Location Site pH Organic Matter Total N
AB-DTPA Extractable
Elements (pH 7.6)
Exchangeable cations (NH4OAc, pH 7)
P Fe Ca Mg K Fe
% by wt. ----------------------------------------------- mg kg-1------------------------------------------
Jug End
JN 7.3 ab 14.0 bc 5646 bc 1.1 a 99.0 cd 3132 b 335.7 cd 39.6 a 0.7 a
JS 7.5 a 11.1 c 4653 c 1.3 a 63.9 bd 2649 b 289.7 d 31.5 a 0.8 a
Mean 7.4 A 12.5 A 5150 A 1.5 A 81.5 A 2891 A 312.7 A 35.6 A 0.7 A
SchenobBrook
SBB 7.0 abc 17.1 bc 7630 abc 2.0 a 137.5 bcd 3914 b 459.8 bcd 59.1 a 1.4 a
SBC 6.8 abc 10.6 c 3620 c 2.1a 89.4 cd 2483 b 335.2 cd 41.9 a 2.8 a
SBN 6.4 bc 51.1 a 14843 a 2.5 a 267.0 ab 7968 a 1204.1 a 90.8a 3.7 a
SBS 6.1 d 35.0 ab 14323 ab 4.2 a 401.3 a 5232 a 780.9 b 216.6 a 6.8 a
Mean 6.5 B 26.6 B 10104 B 2.7 B 222.3 B 4900 B 695.0 B 104.7 B 3.7 B
Shmulsky
SO 6.4 bc 26.1 abc 10513 abc 1.8 a 162.7 abc 4907 b 681.8 bc 36.4 a 1.3 a
SS 6.8 abc 13.9 bc 6246 abc 1.3 a 127.1 bcd 2926 b 401.4 cd 34.8 a 1.1 a
Mean 6.6 B 20.0 AB 8380 AB 1.2 A 144.9 B 3916 AB 541.6 B 35.6 A 1.2 B
Means with different letters are significantly different by Tukey’s Test (p=0.05). Uppercase letters represent differences among locations and lowercase letters represent differences among the eight sites.
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Seasonal range and seasonal mean of water magnesium, calcium, and Ca/Mg ratio for the eight study sites.
Location Site Code Seasonal Calcium Range
Seasonal Mean Calcium
Seasonal Mean Magnesium
Seasonal Mean Ca:Mg
Jug End JN 37.0-112.5 82.1 ab 30.0-60.5 42.5 ab 1.41-2.31 1.91 ab
JS 47.3-95.0 78.9 ab 32.0-59.0 44.1 ab 1.39-2.13 1.78 bc
80.5 A 43.3 A 1.85 A
SBB 42.5-78.5 63.2 bc 17.3-42.5 29.1 c 1.96-2.60 2.12 q
SBC 16.3-37.8 25.7 e 9.3-30.0 16.2 d 1.41-1.82 1.62 cd
Schenob Brook
SBN 22.0-73.5 52.0 cd 14.8-42.0 32.7 bc 1.41-1.93 1.55 cd
SBS 22.5-52.5 36.9 de 15.3-37.5 24.8 cd 1.29-1.69 1.47 d
44.4 B 25.7 B 1.69 B
Shmulsky SO 38.0-133.5 92.0 23.0-70.0 54.0 a 1.49-2.01 1.71 bcd
SS 33.5-74.5 52.9 25.0-46.5 32.4 bc 1.27-1.91 1.63 bcd
72.4 A 43.2 A 1.67 C
Seasonal Magnesium Range
Seasonal Ca:Mg Range
Location mean:
Location mean:
Location mean:
----------------------------------------------------- mg L-1 -------------------------------------------------------
Means with different letters are significantly different by Tukey’s Test (p=0.05). Uppercase letters represent differences among locations and lowercase letters represent differences among the eight sites.
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Conclusions
Significant differences in water and soil calcium, magnesium, and pH were observed among study sites and among locationsDiffering trends in water table depth and vertical groundwater gradients.
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ConclusionsWater table depth and vertical groundwater gradients could not be correlated to each other as it was determined that sites were receiving water through different mechanisms (directly upwelling or lateral flow from upwelling zones). The level of upwelling seemed to control the average water calcium level, but the fluctuation in the water table seemed to govern how that calcium varied across the season.
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Investigation of Hadley Soils
M. Nowak
http://www.olturtlefarm.com/images/man_with_lettuce.png
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Introduction
The overall goal of this study is to document and assess the variations in soil formation and morphological characteristics of agricultural soils within the Hadley soil series along the Connecticut River in Hampshire County, Massachusetts.
http://amherstmarineofficer.com/IMG_0001.JPG
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HypothesisMuch of the area
mapped as Hadley silt loam (Entisols) has undergone enough
soil formationto be considered
Inceptisols.
http://www.ct.nrcs.usda.gov/Soil%20Profiles/
Hadley%20old%20field%20profile.jpg
Hadley silt loam: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Typic Udifluvent
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Evidence of soil formation (i.e. BwHorizon forming) as well as redox concentrations.
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Soil Iron
Primary coloring agent of subsoilQuantitative analysis can determine:
Relative soil ageConditions of soil formationMineral transformationsAlternating reducing/oxidizing conditions
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Laboratory Analysis
Procedures designed to target specific fractions of soil Fe
Total or free Fe oxideDithionite-citrate extraction
Poorly crystalline or amorphous Fe oxideAmmonium oxalate extraction
Organically bound Fe oxideSodium pyrophosphate extraction
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Particle Size Analysis*
Silt Content Clay Content
Average 42.5% 4.9%
Maximum 77.1% 20.5%
Minimum 13.4% 0.5%
Median 37.8% 3.7%
* 38 of 92 samples analyzed – of the 25 profiles, most samples currently analyzed are C Horizons
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Riparian Zone Investigation Guilford, CT
Rebecca Elwood
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Wells, piezometers, and redox probes were Wells, piezometers, and redox probes were placed in six locations along an placed in six locations along an approximately 100approximately 100--meter transect. meter transect.
The riparian zone is a mixed hardwood area The riparian zone is a mixed hardwood area containing a toe slope wetland at the base of containing a toe slope wetland at the base of an approximately 15%, slightly convex slope an approximately 15%, slightly convex slope and an oxbow wetland. and an oxbow wetland.
Between the two wetland areas is a section Between the two wetland areas is a section of subtle ridge and swale topography. The of subtle ridge and swale topography. The surrounding land contains common outcrops surrounding land contains common outcrops of gneiss and schist. of gneiss and schist.
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Mean Redox Potential Values (30 cm depth)
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
10/22
/2006
6/25-2
6/200
7
7/15/2
007
7/22/2
007
8/1-2/
2007
9/16/2
007
10/20
/2007
Red
ox P
oten
tial (
Eh, m
V)
Toeslope WetlandOxbow WetlandDepressionNon-Hydric
Rebecca ElwoodUMass M.S. candidate
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Mean Redox Potential Values (60 cm)
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
10/22
/2006
6/25-2
6/200
7
7/15/2
007
7/22/2
007
8/1-2/
2007
9/16/2
007
10/20
/2007
Red
ox P
oten
tial (
Eh, m
V)
Toeslope WetlandOxbow WetlandDepressionNon-Hydric
Rebecca ElwoodUMass M.S. candidate
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Wells
-55.0
-50.0
-45.0
-40.0
-35.0
-30.0
-25.0
-20.0
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
10/22
/2006
6/23/2
007
7/15-1
6/200
7
7/22/2
007
8/1-2/
2007
8/18/2
007
9/16/2
007
10/20
/2007
WL
dept
h B
GS
(cm
)
Toeslope Wetland
Oxbow Wetland
Ridge & Swale-Depressional Wetland
Upland
Ridge & Swale-Non-Hydric
Non-Hydric Riparian
Rebecca ElwoodUMass M.S. candidate
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-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Date
Dep
th b
elow
Gra
de (c
m)
2A - 45 cm2A - 60 cm
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Date
Dep
th b
elow
Gra
de (c
m)
4A - 45 cm4A - 60 cm
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Date
Dep
th b
elow
Gra
de (c
m)
5A - 45 cm5A - 60 cm
Jun 23 Jul 15 Jul 22 Aug 1 Aug 18 Sep 16 Oct 20
Dep
th b
elow
gra
de (c
m)
Dep
th b
elow
gra
de (c
m)
Dep
th b
elow
gra
de (c
m)
Piezometer Data
Station 2 =Toeslope wetland
Station 4 = Ridge & swale depressional wetland
Station 5 = Oxbow wetland
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-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Date
Dept
h be
low
Gra
de (c
m)
3A - 45 cm3A - 60 cm
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Date
Dept
h be
low
Gra
de (c
m)
6A - 45 cm6A - 60 cm
Jun 23 Jul 15 Jul 22 Aug 1 Aug 18 Sep 16 Oct 20
Piezometer Data
Station 3 = Ridge & swale non-hydric
Station 6 = Non-hydric riparian
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Red Soils – Wadsworth Mansion Site Middletown, CT
-
23
1
Site is located on Site is located on the grounds of the the grounds of the Wadsworth EstateWadsworth Estate
Wilbraham silt loam Wilbraham silt loam –– CoarseCoarse--loamy, mixed, active, mesic loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic DystrudeptsAquic Dystrudepts
Menlo muck Menlo muck –– coarsecoarse--loamy, loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic mixed, active, mesic Typic EndoaquollsEndoaquolls
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Well
Installed at all sites
(50 – 55 cm)
Iris Tubes
Installed at sites
1 and 3
Piezometers
Installed at site 1
(30 & 60 cm)
Redox Probes
Installed at all sites
(25 & 50 cm)
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Measurements began in April, 2008
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Piezometer Data
-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505
10
Date
Dept
h Be
low
Gra
de (c
m)
30 cm60 cm
Apr. 16 Apr. 25 Apr. 29 May 3 May 10 May 19 May 25
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Well Data
-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-505
Date
Dep
th B
elow
Gra
de
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Apr 16 Apr 25 Apr 29 May 3 May 10 May 19 May 25
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Redox Data
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
9-Apr 16-Apr 23-Apr 30-Apr 7-May 14-May 21-May 28-May
Date
Eh (m
V)
Site 1 - 30 cmSite 1 - 45 cmSite 2 - 30 cmSite 2 - 45 cmSite 3 - 30 cm
Data are the mean of 5 redox probes
Hydropedology: NE 1021HYDROLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, & SOILS OF CALCAREOUS FENSIntroductionMaterials and MethodsMaterials and MethodsSoil AnalysisConclusionsConclusionsInvestigation of Hadley SoilsIntroductionHypothesisSoil IronLaboratory AnalysisParticle Size Analysis*Riparian Zone Investigation Guilford, CTRed Soils – Wadsworth Mansion Site Middletown, CT
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