hydraulic pumps performance and characteristics
Post on 06-May-2015
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Hydraulic Pumps
>>Performance and Characteristics
General Issues
Pumps are not strictly continuous flow devices. Discrete chambers are involved.
Flow is collected for discharge through valve plates
Design of the valve plate and the pump mechanism affects pressure pulses and variation (ripple) of torque and pressure
General Issues Our theoretical displacements can be used
to determine theoretical pump flow Qth =Displacement (cc/rev) * Speed (rpm) Actual flow is a linear function of pump
displacement, speed, a units constant, and an efficiency term
Two kinds of inefficiencies to account for losses: Volumetric efficiency (slip) Mechanical efficiency (Friction losses)
Volumetric efficiencyThis indicates the amount of leakage, which takes place within the pump and involves considerations such as manufacturing tolerances and flexing of the pump casing.
Actual Pump Output, Q QA = (VD np ηV) /1000 where:Q: L/minVD : cm3/rev
ηV: Volumetric efficiency (decimal)
OR… QA = (VD np ηV) /231 where:Q: GPMVD: in3/rev
ηV: same as above (no units)
Mechanical efficiency
This indicates the amount of energy lost by friction in bearing and other moving parts and Energy losses due to fluid turbulence.
mech eff =
Mechanical efficiency
Mechanical efficiency can also be computed in terms of torque, and called torque efficency:
overall efficiency
The ratio of power output to power input to the pumpOr the Product of both volumetric and mechanical efficiencies is known as the overall efficiency
Torque to Drive a Pump
TA = (ΔP VD)/(2π ηm)
where:TA : Newton meters torque required
ΔP : pressure rise across the pump in MPaVD : Pump displacement in cm3/rev
ηm : Pump mechanical (torque) efficiency – a decimal
OR…
Torque to Drive a PumpEnglish Units
TA = (ΔP VD)/(2π ηm)
where:TA : is torque required
ΔP : pressure rise across the pump in PSIVD : Pump displacement in inches3/rev
ηm : Pump torque efficiency – a decimal
Power to Drive the Pump The hydraulic (theoretical) power
delivered by the pump is QActualΔP/600 or QactualΔP/1714 for SI English units
(note this is actual pump flow, not theoretical)
Shaft power to drive the pump is given by Psp = Phydr / ηo where: η o = ηv ηm which is total pump efficiency
What Determines ηv & ηm ?
ηv is a function of clearance spaces, system pressure, viscosity and pump speed
Leakage flow at a given pressure is relatively fixed regardless of pump speed
It is also affected by fluid viscosity as lower viscosity fluid will result in higher leakage and lower volumetric efficiency
What about Torque (mechanical) Efficiency?
Torque efficiency is a function of speed and fluid viscosity
Higher pump speeds will result in lower efficiency as viscous friction is speed dependent
Lower viscosity fluid can reduce viscous losses but acts negatively on volumetric efficiency
Typical Performance curves for pumps
Other Factors affecting pump performance
• Presence of foreign particlescause damage to the internal surfaces of a pump.
• Foams and bubblesGenerate noise and causes cavitation
• Overheating of oilpoor lubricant and increases the internal leakage, reducing pump capacity
• Wrong selection of oil.select the oil in accordance with the ambient temperature and follow the instructions of pump manufacturer
Comparative analysis of pumps
Cavitation
Pump cavitation can occur due to entrained air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid or vaporization of the hydraulic fluid
To control cavitation keep the suction pressure above saturation pressure of fluid by: Keeping suction line velocities below 4 ft/sec
(~1m/s) and pump inlet lines as short as possible Minimize inlet line fittings; mount pump close to
reservoir; use low-pressure drop filters on inlet, and use proper oil
Catalogue example
Double pumps
Sizing Pumps
Component sizing begins with the LOAD Load and actuator will determine
Flow requirement for this circuit Pressure range required by the circuit(We’ll do this with cylinders and motors… soon)
Total and simultaneous flow requirements Select for the maximum load pressure Add pressure drops that will occur in valves,
lines and fittings
Pump Sizing With pump outlet pressure and flow known
we will consider speed. Industrial apps will use synchonous speed of
electric motors. Generally 1750 rpm, or possibly 1100. ($ decides)
Small diesel apps such as skid loaders can operate directly from engine crankshaft and will have engine speed. (2000-3000 rpm).
Larger diesel apps – pump splitter with gear reductions possible to optimize speed
Pump Sizing Determine appropriate speed for your app Use the equation for pump flow, solved for
displacement
VD = 1000Q/p (np ηV)
What shall we use for ηV ?? This is a function of speed, pressure, and
fluid viscosity Look for vendor data or curves and adjust…
Pumps Selection
• Flow rate requirement• Operating speed• Pressure rating• Performance• Reliability• Maintenance• Cost and• Noise.
Pump Symbols Any fixed displacement
pump Variable displacement
pump Variable displacement –
Pressure Compensated
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