human body climbing the walls? spiderman is able to climb walls
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HUMAN BODY
•Climbing the walls? Spiderman is able to climb walls
•The explanation:
1.Hairs (called setae) on gecko’s toes contain split ends (called spatulae)
2. ability to “stick” to surfaces from attractions between molecules on the spatulae and the surface on which the gecko is crawling
– Correlation between structure and function– Human structure has a hierarchy:
• Cell• Tissues• Organs• Organ sytems
TISSUES
• groups of cells with a common structure and function• Main types:
– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous
Epithelial tissue
• sheets of closely packed cells
• covers the body and lines the cavities and tubes of internal organs
• Functions in protection, secretion, and exchange
A Simple squamous epithelium (lining the air sacs of the lung)
B Simple cuboidal epithelium (forming a tube in the kidney)
C Simple columnar epithelium (lining the intestine)
D Stratified squamous epithelium (lining the esophagus)
Layers ofdead cells
Rapidly dividingepithelial cells
E Stratified squamous epithelium (human skin)
Connective tissue
• binds and supports other tissues
• various types
• characterized by sparse cells in an extracellular gel matrix
Cartilage-formingcells
Matrix
D. Cartilage (at the end of a bone)
Centralcanal
Matrix
Bone-formingcells
E. Bone
F.BloodA. Loose connective tissue (under the skin)
Collagenfiber
Cell
Collagenfibers
Cellnucleus
B. Fibrous connective tissue (forming a tendon)
White bloodcells
Red bloodcell
Plasma
C. Adipose tissue
Fatdroplets
Muscle tissue
• functions in movement• Types:
– Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary body movements
– Cardiac muscle pumps blood– Smooth muscle moves the walls of internal
organs such as the stomach
Unit ofmusclecontraction
Musclefiber
Nucleus
A Skeletal muscle
Nucleus
Musclefiber Junction between
two cells
Muscle fiberNucleus
C Smooth muscle
B Cardiac muscle
Cell body
Nucleus
Cell extensions
LM
33
0
Nervous tissue
• forms a communication network• the branching neurons transmit nerve signals that
help control body activities
• Artificial tissues have medical uses: can assist in the healing of several injuries
ORGANS
– Each organ is made of several tissues
– collectively perform specific functions
Small intestine(cut open)
Lumen
Epithelial tissue(columnar epithelium)
Connective tissue
Smooth muscletissue (2 layers)
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Lumen
ORGAN SYSTEMS
• Organ systems work together to perform life functions1. Digestive 2. Respiratory3. Circulatory4. Lymphatic5. Immune6. excretory 7. Endocrine8. integumentary 9. Skeletal10.Muscular11.reproductive
– digestive and respiratory systems: • gather food and oxygen
A Digestive system
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Smallintestine
Largeintestine
Anus
B Respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lung
– The circulatory system, aided by the lymphatic system• Transports the food and oxygen
– The immune system• Protects the body from infection and cancer
C Circulatory system
Heart
Bloodvessels
E Lymphatic system
D Immune system
Bonemarrow
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
Lymphvessels
– The excretory system • Disposes of certain wastes
– The endocrine and nervous systems• Control body functions
F Excretory system
Kidney
Ureter
Urinarybladder
Urethra
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Thyroid gland
Testis(male)
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
G Endocrine system
Ovary(female)
– The integumentary system• Covers and protects the body
– Skeletal and muscular systems• Support and move the body
I Integumentary system
Hair
Skin
Nails
K Muscular system
Skeletalmuscles
Cartilage
Bones
J Skeletal system
– The reproductive system • Perpetuates the species
Female
Vasdeferens
Penis
Urethra
Testis
Prostategland
Male
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
L Reproductive systems
New imaging technology
• reveals the inner body without surgery
• X-rays: used for imaging bones and teeth• MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging: visualization
of soft tissues• MRM, Magnetic resonance microscopy: 3-D
images of very small structures
• CT, Computed tomography scans: excellent diagnostic tools
• PET, Positron-emission tomography: Yields information about metabolic processes at specific locations in the body
SKELETON
• human skeleton: 206 bones– axial skeleton:
• Skull• Backbone• rib cage
– appendicular skeleton:• bones of the arms and legs• and the joints where they
attach to the axial skeleton– pectoral or shoulder joint
– pelvic or hip joint
Skull
Examplesof joints
1
2
3
Clavicle
Scapula
Shouldergirdle
Sternum
Ribs
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Pelvicgirdle
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
– Movable joints• Provide the human skeleton with flexibility
1 2 3Ball-and-socket joint Hinge joint Pivot joint
Head ofhumerus
Scapula
Ulna
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
• Bones are complex living organs:– Cartilage at the ends of
bones: Cushions the joints- Bone cells, serviced by blood
vessels and nerves• Live in a matrix of flexible
protein fibers and hard calcium salts
– Long bones have a central cavity: to store yellow bone marrow, which is mostly stored fat
– Spongy bone contains red marrow: blood cells are made Cartilage
Bloodvessels
Fibrousconnectivetissue
Yellowbone marrow
Centralcavity
Compact bone
Spongybone(redbone marrow)
Cartilage
• Broken bones can heal themselves: re realigned and immobilized
– Artificial joints: often used to repair severe injuries
• Weak, brittle bones are a serious health problem, even in young people
• Osteoporosis, a bone disease characterized by weak, porous bones
• dynamic bone “remodeling” model: going on all the time: – osteoblasts
deposit bone – osteoclasts break
bone and release calcium
– As a person ages, the backbone and other bones tend to decline in mass; excessive bone loss is called osteoporosis
•The skeleton and muscles interact in movement:
Biceps contracted,triceps relaxed(extended)
Triceps contracted,biceps relaxed
Biceps
Triceps
Triceps
Biceps
Tendon
MUSCLES• Muscle cells are the
motors of the body• contractible proteins
fibers, myofilaments• with the proteins
actin and myosin
Muscle Fascicle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Levels of Functional Organization in a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Muscle Fiber
Myofibril
Sacromere
3 types:• Smooth muscle: walls of blood vessels
and the gut• Skeletal muscle: move the bones of the
skeleton• Cardiac muscle: fibers that branch and
interconnect to form a network connected, electrical impulses passes from cell to cell causing the heart to contract in an orderly fashion
• Skeletal muscles move the bones
• Tendons: connective tissue that attach muscles to bone
• Muscle tone: Even at rest, some of the motor units of muscles are always contracting= resting tension
• Athletic training increases strength and endurance: causes increases in:- number of mitochondria- concentration of glycolytic enzymes- glycogen reserves- myofibrils
Types of sports
fast or white fibers:• Large in diameter-densely
packed myofibrils
• Large glycogen reserves • few mitochondria
• Can contract in 0.01 sec following stimulation
• uses a lot of ATP• uses anerobic glycolysis:
converts stored glycogen to lactic acid
• fatigue rapidly because glycogen reserves are limited and lactic acid builds up
Slow or red fibers:• Only 1/2 the diameter of
fast fibers
• Takes 3 times longer to contract after stimulation
• abundant mitochondria
• Uses aerobic metabolism
• Has a more extensive capillary network
• Red color due to red pigment of myoglobin
• Muscles only pull because myofibrils contract:– muscles in the joints are attached in opposing pairs
called flexors and extensors – when contracted they move the bones in different
directions
• sliding filament model: muscular contraction– the head of a myosin filament binds to an
actin filament– ATP is used to flex the myosin head– when the muscle contracts, the myosin head
returns to its original shape and pulls the actin it is attached to along with it
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