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Gross Neuroanatomy

CNS vs PNSCNS vs PNS

NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy

CNSCNSNuclei (gray matter) vs. nerve tracts (white Nuclei (gray matter) vs. nerve tracts (white matter)matter)Brain, functional areasBrain, functional areasSpinal cordSpinal cordBlood-brain barrierBlood-brain barrierVentricular systemVentricular systemBlood supplyBlood supply

PNSPNSCranial, cervical to sacral nerves, autonomic Cranial, cervical to sacral nerves, autonomic nervesnervesmusclesmuscles

MethodsMethods

Lesion studiesLesion studies

Special stains (Golgi, Nissel) and Special stains (Golgi, Nissel) and histologyhistology

Tract tracingTract tracing

Surface-, Intracortical microstimulationSurface-, Intracortical microstimulation

PET, (f)MRI, EEG, MEG, TMSPET, (f)MRI, EEG, MEG, TMS

Phineas Gage--1848Phineas Gage--1848

Late nineteenth century: Golgi and Late nineteenth century: Golgi and Ramon y Cajal Ramon y Cajal

Neurons are signaling Neurons are signaling elementselements

Mapping brain regionsMapping brain regions

Wilder Penfield, 1940’s

Electrical stimulation ofexposed human cortex during surgery

Methods for functional studiesMethods for functional studies

Limbic lobeLimbic lobe

Cranial nervesCranial nerves

Diencephalon and Diencephalon and brainstembrainstem

C-shaped structuresC-shaped structures

Somatotopic mapping of Somatotopic mapping of human sensory and motor human sensory and motor corticescortices

CNS CNS subdivisisubdivisionon

Brain: gray and white matterBrain: gray and white matter

DiencephalonDiencephalon

Thalamus

major sensory center and

motor output

Corpus callosum

links 2 hemispheres

Hypothalamus

major center for homeostasis

ThalamusThalamusAll senses, except olfaction, are routed All senses, except olfaction, are routed through it to cortexthrough it to cortex

Limbic systemLimbic systememotion, memory, and learningemotion, memory, and learning

BrainstemBrainstemmidbrain, pons, medulla midbrain, pons, medulla

BrainstemBrainstem

Tectum:Superior colliculus: part of visionInferior colliculus: part of audition

Periaqueductal gray area

Tegmentum:Reticular Formation: sleep, arousal, muscle tone contain norepinephrine nuclei

Substantia Nigra: motor system (Parkinson’s dis) contain major dopamine nuclei

Periaqueductal gray area: contain Substance P nuclei sensitive to opiates

Spinal cordSpinal cord

Blood-brain barrierBlood-brain barrierendothelial cells (tight junctions in-between), endothelial cells (tight junctions in-between), pericytes, and astrocytes (end-foot processes)pericytes, and astrocytes (end-foot processes)

MotorMotorcorticospinalcorticospinalrubrospinalrubrospinalreticulospinalreticulospinaltractstracts

MotorMotormultiple multiple descendingdescendingtracts fromtracts frombrainstembrainstem

Spinal CordSpinal Cordspinal reflex; central pattern generators at C-, spinal reflex; central pattern generators at C-, L-enlargementL-enlargement

MotorMotorthe motor unitthe motor unit

MotorMotorextrapyramidal system (basal ganglion)extrapyramidal system (basal ganglion)

Functions of Basal ganglion: other than Functions of Basal ganglion: other than motor controlmotor control

SensorySensoryDermatomesDermatomes

SomatosensorySomatosensoryspinothalamic tractspinothalamic tract

SomatosensoSomatosensoryryproprioception proprioception dorsal column dorsal column pathwaypathway

SomatosensorySomatosensorypain modulatory pathwayspain modulatory pathways

AutonomicAutonomic

AutonomicAutonomicHypothalamic nucleusHypothalamic nucleus