hp49g pocket guide
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HP 49G Pocket Guide
#KJPAJPO
Version 2.0
Quick Reference Chart 2
Function Key Guide 3
Reserved Names and Constants 6
Units 7
Error and Status Messages 8
System Information 12
System Flags 12
Object Types 17
Character Keys 18
Command Reference 20
2
Quick Reference Chart
Tool Access
Alarms > ç
Algebra > ú
Arithmetic < !
Calculus < $
CAS modes h CAS
Characters > ô
Command Catalog N
Complex Numbers > ó
Constants g CONSTANTS LIB
Conversions < ^
Display h DISP
Editing Tools i
Equation Writer < o
File Manager < G
Flags h FLAGS
Libraries > ö
Math < P
Matrix Writer < %
Plotting g PLOT FUNCTIONS
Printing g I/O FUNCTIONS
Programming < N
Solve, Financial < (
Solve, Numeric > í
Solve, Symbolic < &
Statistics > ÷
Tables < E, < F
Transfer Data g I/O FUNCTIONS
Trigonometry > û
Variables j
3
Function Key GuideThis section explains the use of each item on the function key menu of the more commonly used HP 49G applications.
Equation Writer
File Manager
EDIT Opens the selected component in the command line editor. Make your changes, then press \ to return to Equation Writer.
CURS Enables cursor mode. Use the arrow keys to enclose the part of the equation that you want to select in a box, then press \ to return to selection mode, with the boxed component selected.
BIG Toggles Equation Writer between standard font and mini-font.
EVAL Evaluates the selection. Equivalent to pressing >ù.
FACTO Applies the FACTOR command to the selection.
TEXPA Applies the TEXPAND command to the selection.
EDIT Opens the selected object. If the object can be edited, it is opened in the command line editor.
COPY Copies the selected object. After you press COPY, select the destination directory, and press OK to paste the object.
MOVE Moves the selected object. After you press move, select the destination directory, and press OK to move the object to the directory.
RCL Copies the selected object to the command line.
EVAL Evaluates the selected object.
TREE Returns to the File Manager opening screen, showing the ports and the HOME directory.
PURGE Deletes the selected object or objects.
RENAM Renames an object. The calculator prompts for a new name for the selected object.
NEW Opens the New Variable input form, used to create a new variable or directory.
ORDER When you select multiple objects (using \) places the selected objects in the order in which you selected them.
SEND Sends the selected object or objects to another calculator.
RECV Receives objects sent from another calculator.
HALT Suspends your File Manager session. You can return to the session by pressing <;.
VIEW Displays the contents of the currently selected object. You cannot edit the contents.
EDITB Opens the currently selected object in the most suitable editor.
HEADE Toggles the File Manager header between memory and selection details, and path and content details.
LIST Hides or shows the details of listed objects.
Continued
4
Stack
Matrix Writer
ECHO Press ECHO, then \ to copy the contents of the current level to the command line. Edit the contents on the command line, and press \ to place them on level 1 of the stack.
VIEW Displays the contents of the current level in textbook mode.
EDIT Opens the contents of the current level in the most appropriate editor, ready for editing.
INFO Displays information about the object at the current level, including its size in bytes.
PICK Copies the contents of the current level to stack level 1. All existing objects are pushed up one level.
ROLL Moves the contents of the current level to level 1. The portion of the stack below the current level is rolled up.
ROLLD Moves the contents of level 1 to the current level. The portion of the stack beneath the current level is rolled down.
→LIST Creates a list that contains the stack objects from 1 to the current level. The newly created list is placed on level 1 of the stack, and the original objects are removed.
DUPN Duplicates the levels from the currently selected level to level 1, and pushes up the existing levels to accommodate the duplicated levels.
DROPN Deletes all levels below the selected level.
KEEP Deletes all levels above the selected level.
GOTO Prompts for a stack level to select, then selects the level number that you enter.
LEVEL Copies the current level number to level 1 of the stack.
EDIT Places the contents of the currently selected cell on the command line, ready for editing.
VEC For single-row matrices, sets that the row of values is a vector rather than a matrix. That is, when you place it on the command line, it is enclosed in a single pair of square brackets rather than two pairs.
←WID Reduces the width of the columns.
WID→ Increases the width of the columns.
GO→ Sets that the cursor moves to the left by default when you enter data.
GO↓ Sets that the cursor moves down by default when you enter data.
+ROW Adds a row filled with zeros at the cursor position
–ROW Deletes the row at the cursor position.
+COL Adds a column filled with zeros at the cursor position.
–COL Deletes the column at the cursor position.
→STK Copies the selected element only to the stack or the command line.
GOTO Displays an input form that allows you to specify the column and row coordinates to select.
DEL Fills a selected range with zeros.
5
Graphics Editor
DOT+ Turns on pixels beneath the cursor.
DOT– Turns off pixels beneath the cursor.
LINE Draws a line from a marked point to the cursor. (Press or MARK to mark a point).
TLINE Same as LINE but toggles pixels on or off.
BOX Draws a rectangle from a marked point to the cursor.
CIRCL Draws a circle around a marked point with a radius indicated by the position of the cursor.
MARK Marks a point. Same as pressing .
+/– Inverts the cursor when it crosses an object.LABEL Displays axes labels.
DEL Deletes that part of the graphic bounded by a rectangle from a marked point to the cursor.
ERASE Erases the entire graphic.
MENU Hides the function-key menu. (Press f, =, or to redisplay the menu.)
SUB Copies to the stack that part of the graphic bounded by the rectangle from a marked point to the cursor
REPL Pastes what was last copied with SUB.
PICT→ Copies the graphic to the stack.
X,Y→ Copies the cursor coordinates to the stack.
PICT Replaces the edit menu with the picture menu.
6
Reserved Names and ConstantsYou should avoid using certain names for variables, because their contents are interpreted by the calculator in set ways. Some examples are given in the following table.
Name Use
0DETYPE The differential equation type used in the DESOLVE command.
ALRMDAT Data for current alarms.
CST Current contents of a custom menu.
d# Indicates a user-defined derivative, where # is the number of the defined derivative.
EPS The smallest real value below which the calculator rounds to zero for some operations, for example EPSX0.
EQ Current equation, plotting and numeric solving.
ERABLEMSG Information relating to unevaluated integrations.
EXITED If this variable contains a program, the program runs whenever the command line editor session is ended.
EXPR Current expression, symbolic operations.
IERR Uncertainty in current integration.
IOPAR Current parameters for I/O operations.
MODULO The value of the current modulo setting.
n1, n2, Integer coefficients used by ISOL.
PPAR Current parameters for plotting.
PRTPAR Current parameters for printing.
s1, s2, Sign coefficients used by ISOL and QUAD.
ΣDAT Current matrix of data used for statistics.
ΣPAR Parameters for statistics calculations.
PRIMIT The last computed antiderivative.
REALASUME A list of variables that the computer algebra system assumes are real values.
STARTED If this variable contains a program, the program runs whenever the command line editor session is started with EDIT EDITB, VISIT, VISITB, or ] in RPN mode.
STARTERR Used to customize error message displays.
STARTEQW Used to apply a customized operation to a selected component in Equation Writer.
STARTOFF If this variable contains a program, the program runs whenever the calculator turns off automatically.
STARTUP If this variable contains a program, the program runs after a warm start.
TOFF Sets the number of ticks before the calculator automatically turns off.
TPAR Current parameters for viewing tables.
VPAR Current parameters for viewing 3-D plots.
VX The default variable used in symbolic operations.
ZPAR Zoom parameters in plotting.
7
UnitsA unit object is comprised of a number and a unit separated by the underscore character. An example is 3_ ft/s. You can use the HP 49G to convert unit objects from one unit to another, comparable, unit. You can also use unit objects in calculations. The following table lists all the units you can use to create unit objects, grouped according to their category. You choose a category—and a unit—by first pressing >ø. (Unit abbreviations are described in the User’s Guide.)
Length
M CM MM yd ft in
Mpc pc lyr au km Mi
nmi MiUS chain rd fath ftUS
Mil µ Å fermiArea
m^2 cm^2 b yd^2 ft^2 in^2
km^2 ha a mi^2 miUS^2 acreVolume
m^3 st cm^3 yd^3 ft^3 in^3
l galUK galC gal qt pt
ml cu ozfl ozUK tbsp tsp
bbl bu pk fbmTime
yr d h min s HzSpeed
m/s cm/s ft/s kph mph knot
c ga
Mass
kg g lb oz slug lbt
ton tonUK t ozt ct grain
u mol
Force
N dyn gf kip lbf pdlEnergy
J erg Kcal cal Btu ft×lbf
therm MeV eVPower
W hpPressure
Pa atm bar psi torr mmHg
inHg inH2OTemperature
ºC ºF K ºR
Electric Current
V A C F W
Fdy H mho S T WbAngle
º r grad arcmin arcs srLight
fc flam lx ph sb lm
cd lam
Ω
8
Error and Status MessagesErrors during an operation or program execution generally cause the operation or program to abort and a message to appear.
The HP 49G enables you to detect and trap errors during program execution via the IFERR command. To identify the error after it has occurred, use the ERRN command to get its number, or ERRM to get its message.
You can also cause an error to occur in a program, via DOERR(n), where n is the error number of the desired error (see the table below). You can cause a customized error to occur, via DOERR("message"), where message is a character string of your choice.
The following table lists both error messages and status messages. These are sorted into categories
Radium (i.e., radioactivity)
Gy rad rem Sv Bq Ci
RViscosity
P St
Number MessageMEMORY MESSSAGES
1 Insufficient Memory5 Memory Clear
11 No Room in Port13 Recovering Memory14 Try To Recover Memory?15 Replace RAM, press ON16 No Mem To Config All17 Undefined FPTR Name18 Invalid bank data19 Full check Bad Crc20 Cmprs: not a user bank21 No or 2 system bank22 Invalid bank23 Invalid bank number24 Inexisting pack25 Pack twice26 Ins. memory27 Erase Fail, Rom faulty28 Erase Fail, Low bats29 Erase Fail, Locked Block30 Write Adr outside ROM31 Write Fail, Rom faulty32 Write Fail, Low bats33 Write Fail, Locked Block
257 No Room to Save Stack305 No Room to Show Stack309 Out of Memory337 Low Memory Condition…Please Wait
9
NAME AND DIRECTORY MESSAGES2 Directory Recursion3 Undefined Local Name4 Undefined XLIB Name
10 Port Not Available12 Object Not in Port
259 Invalid User Function297 Circular Reference298 Directory Not Allowed299 Non-Empty Directory300 Invalid Definition301 Missing Library316 Name Conflict
3095 Invalid Name
MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEM MESSAGES6 Power Lost8 Invalid Card Data9 Object In Use
258 Can’t Edit Null Char.294 HALT Not Allowed296 Wrong Argument Count
3092 Low Battery
PLOT AND STATISTICS MESSAGES260 No Current Equation302 Invalid PPAR343 Y= not available
1537 Invalid ΣData1538 Nonexistent ΣDAT1539 Insufficient ΣData1540 Invalid ΣPAR1541 Invalid ΣData LN (Neg)1542 Invalid ΣData LN (0)1543 Invalid EQ1545 No current equation.1546 Enter eqn, press NEW1547 Name the equation, press ENTER1548 Select plot type1549 Empty catalog1551 No stat data to plot1552 Autoscaling1554 No current data. Enter1555 Data point, press Σ+1556 Select a model1567 Off Screen1568 Invalid PTYPE1569 Name the stat data, press ENTER1570 Enter value (zoom out if >1) press ENTER1571 Copied to stack1572 x axis zoom w/AUTO.1573 x axis zoom1574 y axis zoom1575 x and y axis zoom.1582 Enter matrix, then NEW1583 No Associated Numeric View
Number Message
10
STACK AND COMMAND LINE MESSAGES262 Invalid Syntax292 Last Stack Disabled293 Last Cmd Disabled311 Last Stack312 Last Commands315 Last Arguments317 Command Line339 Nonexistent Find Pattern340 Not Found341 Nonexistent Replace Pattern342 Can’t Find Selection344 Warning … Changes will not be saved513 Too Few Arguments514 Bad Argument Type515 Bad Argument Value516 Undefined Name517 LASTARG Disabled
3093 Empty Stack
MATRIX AND ARRAY MESSAGES1281 Invalid Dimension1282 Invalid Array Element1283 Deleting Row1284 Deleting Column1285 Inserting Row1286 Inserting Column
SOLVE MESSAGES303 Non-Real Result
2561 Bad Guess(es)2562 Constant?2563 Interrupted2564 Zero2565 Sign Reversal2566 Extremum
TIME AND ALARM MESSAGES314 Alarms
1557 No alarms pending1558 Press ALRM to create1559 Next alarm:1560 Past due alarm:1561 Acknowledged1562 Enter alarm, press SET1563 Select repeat interval3329 Invalid Date3330 Invalid Time3331 Invalid Repeat3332 Nonexistent Alarm
EQUATION WRITER AND SYMBOLIC MESSAGES304 Unable to Isolate345 Result not editable in EQW518 Incomplete Subexpression519 Implicit () off520 Implicit () on
Number Message
11
ARITHMETIC MESSAGES769 Positive Underflow770 Negative Underflow771 Overflow772 Undefined Result773 Infinite Result
I/O AND PRINTING MESSAGES3073 Bad Packet Block Check3074 Timeout3075 Receive Error3076 Receive Buffer Overrun3077 Parity Error3078 Transfer Failed3079 Protocol Error3080 Invalid Server Cmd.3081 Port Closed3082 Connecting3083 Retry #3084 Awaiting Server Cmd.3085 Sending3086 Receiving3087 Object Discarded3088 Packet #3089 Processing Command3090 Invalid IOPAR3091 Invalid PRTPAR
UNITS MESSAGES2817 Invalid Unit2818 Inconsistent Units
Number Message
12
System OperationsFor system operations, you press and hold the ; key, then press and release certain other keys before releasing ;.
System FlagsFlags are mode settings and mode indicators. To see a list of system flags, press h FLAGS.
Many flags can be set and cleared from input forms (such as the Calculator Modes input form, Display Modes input form, and others). You can also set, clear, or test a flag, by specifying the flag number as the argument in a flag command (SF, CF, FS?, etc).
Keys Operation
;af Cold restart. Erases home and port 0 memory and resets the calculator’s default settings.
;b Cancels keystroke (prior to key release).
;c Warm restart. Preserves memory.
;d Starts interactive self-test.
;e Starts continuous self-test.
;[ Sends screen dump to the serial port.
;9 Cancels next repeating alarm.
;- Decreases screen contrast.
;= Increases screen contrast.
;f Factory test.
Flag Description of modes (* = default)
–1 Set: Symbolic commands return principal solution.
Clear:* Symbolic commands return general solutions.
–2 Set: Symbolic constants evaluate to numbers.
Clear:* Symbolic constants stay symbolic(if flag –3 is clear).
–3 Set: Symbolic arguments evaluate to numbers.
Clear:* Symbolic arguments stay symbolic.
–5 Set:* 1st bit (value 1) of binary integer size is 1.
Clear: 1st bit (value 1) of binary integer size is 0.
–6 Set:* 2nd bit (value 2) of binary integer size is 1.
Clear: 2nd bit (value 2) of binary integer size is 0.
–7 Set:* 3rd bit (value 4) of binary integer size is 1.
Clear: 3rd bit (value 4) of binary wordsize is 0.
–8 Set:* 4th bit (value 8) of binary wordsize is 1.
Clear: 4th bit (value 8) of binary wordsize is 0.
–9 Set:* 5th bit (value 16) of binary wordsize is 1.
Clear: 5th bit (value 16) of binary wordsize is 0.
–10 Set:* 6th bit (value 32) of binary wordsize is 1.
Clear: 6th bit (value 32) of binary wordsize is 0.
–11 Set:* HEX with –12 set, OCT with –12 clear.
Clear: DEC with –12 clear, BIN with –12 set.
–12 Set:* HEX with –11 set, BIN with –11 clear.
Clear: OCT with –11 set, DEC with –11 clear.
13
–14 Set: TVM calculations use BEGIN payment mode.
Clear:* TVM calculations use END payment mode.
–15 Set: Spherical mode (with flag –16 set).
Clear:* Cylindrical mode (with flag –16 set).
–16 Set: Polar coordinate mode.
Clear:* Rectangular coordinate mode.
–17 Set:* Radians mode if –18 clear.
Clear: Degrees if –18 clear, gradians if –18 set.
–18 Set: Gradians if –17 clear.
Clear:* Radians if –17 set, degrees if –17 clear.
–19 Set: →V2 creates a complex number.
Clear:* →V2 creates a 2-D vector.
–20 Set: Underflow treated as an error.
Clear:* Underflow returns 0; sets flag –23 or –24.
–21 Set: Overflow treated as an error.
Clear:* Overflow sets flag –25 and returns ± MAXR.
–22 Set: Infinite result sets flag –26, returns ± MAXR.
Clear:* Infinite result treated as an error.
–23 Set: Negative underflow condition exists (if flag –20 is clear).
Clear:* No negative underflow condition exists.
–24 Set: Positive underflow condition exists (if flag –20 is clear).
Clear:* No positive underflow condition exists.
–25 Set: Overflow condition exists (if flag –21 is clear).
Clear:* No overflow condition exists.
–26 Set: Infinite result condition exists (if flag –22 is set).
Clear:* No infinite result condition exists.
–27 Set:* Symbolic complex expression displays as 'x + yi'.
Clear: Symbolic complex expression displays as '(x,y)'.
–28 Set: Multiple equations plot simultaneously.
Clear:* Multiple equations plot sequentially.
–29 Set: No axes drawn for 2-D and statistical plots.
Clear:* Axes drawn for 2-D and statistical plots.
–31 Set: No curve filling (connecting of points) in plots.
Clear:* Curve filling (connecting of points) in plots.
–32 Set: Graphics cursor is inverse of background.
Clear:* Graphics cursor is always dark.
–35 Set: I/O objects sent in binary.
Clear:* I/O objects sent in ASCII.
–36 Set: In receiving I/O, a matching name overwrites.
Clear:* In receiving I/O, a matching name is changed.
–39 Set: I/O messages suppressed.
Clear:* I/O messages displayed.
–40 Set: Clock is displayed, providing that you have not hidden the status area (i.e., the header).
Clear:* Clock is not displayed.
–41 Set: 24-hour clock format.
Clear:* 12-hour clock format.
Flag Description of modes (* = default)
14
–42 Set: DD.MM.YY date format.
Clear:* MM/DD/YY date format.
–43 Set: Unacknowledged repeat alarms are not rescheduled.
Clear:* Unacknowledged repeat alarms are rescheduled.
–44 Set: Acknowledged alarms are retained in the alarm list.
Clear:* Acknowledged alarms are deleted from alarm list.
–49 Set: Fixed mode with –50 clear, engineering mode with –50 set.
Clear:* Standard mode with –50 clear, scientific mode with –50 set.
–50 Set: Engineering mode with –49 set, scientific mode with –49 clear.
Clear:* Fixed mode with –49 set, standard mode with –49 clear.
–51 Set: Fraction mark is a comma.
Clear:* Fraction mark is a period.
–52 Set: Level 1 object is displayed on one line.
Clear:* Level 1 object is displayed on multiple lines.
–53 Set: All parentheses are shown in algebraic expressions.
Clear:* Extra parentheses in algebraic expressions are removed.
–54 Set: Small matrix values not set to 0; DET does not round.
Clear:* Small matrix values are set to 0; DET rounds.
–55 Set: Most-recent arguments are not saved.
Clear:* Most-recent arguments are saved.
–56 Set: Beep tone is enabled.
Clear:* Beep tone is disabled.
–57 Set: Alarm tone is disabled.
Clear:* Alarm tone is enabled.
–58 Set: Parameter and variable INFO not displayed.
Clear:* Parameter and variable INFO are displayed.
–60 Set: Press alpha once for alpha mode lock.
Clear:* Press alpha twice for alpha mode lock.
–61 Set: Press <~ once for user mode lock.
Clear:* Press <~ twice for user mode lock.
–62 Set: User mode on.
Clear:* User mode off.
–63 Set: User-defined \ is activated.
Clear:* \ evaluates the command line.
–64 Set: The last GETI or PUTI wrapped index (to 1).
Clear:* The last GETI or PUTI does not wrap the index.
–65 Set: Displays only the first level over multiple lines.
Clear:* Displays all levels over multiple lines.
–66 Set: Displays long strings in single lines.
Clear:* Displays long strings in multiple lines.
Flag Description of modes (* = default)
15
–67 Set: When the clock shows (see flag –40), it is an analog display.
Clear:* When the clock shows (see flag –40), it is a digital display.
–68 Set: Command line automatically indents.
Clear:* Command line does not automatically indent.
–69 Set: Full-screen editing allowed.
Clear:* The cursor cannot move out of the text line.
–70 Set: →GROB can accept multi-line strings.
Clear:* →GROB can accept only single-line strings.
–71 Set: No addresses in ASM.
Clear:* Add addresses in ASM.
–72 Set: The stack display uses mini-font.
Clear:* The stack display uses the current font.
–73 Set: Command line editing uses mini-font.
Clear:* Command line editing uses the current font.
–74 Set: The stack is left-justified.
Clear:* The stack is right-justified.
–76 Set: File Manager purges need no confirmation.
Clear:* File Manager purges need confirmation.
–79 Set: Algebraic objects display on the stack in standard form.
Clear:* Algebraic objects appear on the stack in textbook form.
–80 Set: Textbook stack display uses minifont.
Clear:* Textbook stack display uses the current font.
–81 Set: Editing a textbook grob uses minifont.
Clear:* Editing a textbook grob uses current font.
–82 Set: Minifont used to edit algebraic in textbook mode.
Clear:* Current font used to edit algebraic in textbook mode.
–83 Set: Grob description displayed on the stack.
Clear:* Grob contents displayed on the stack.
–85 Set: SYSRPL stack display.
Clear:* Standard stack display.
–86 Set: Program prefix off.
Clear:* Program prefix on.
–90 Set:* Choose lists displayed in mini-font.
Clear: Choose lists displayed in the current font.
–91 Set: Matrix Writer operates as a list of lists.
Clear:* Matrix Writer accepts arrays only.
–92 Set: MASD SYSRPL.
Clear:* MASD assembler.
–94 Set: In RPN mode, results are not stored in LASTCMD.
Clear:* In RPN mode, results are stored in LASTCMD.
–95 Set: Algebraic mode.
Clear:* RPN mode.
–97 Set: Lists are displayed vertically.
Clear:* Lists are displayed horizontally only.
Flag Description of modes (* = default)
16
–98 Set: Vectors are displayed vertically.
Clear:* Vectors are displayed horizontally only.
–99 Set: CAS verbose mode.
Clear:* CAS concise mode.
–100 Set: Final result mode.
Clear:* Step-by-step mode.
–103 Set: Complex mode.
Clear:* Real mode.
–105 Set: Approximate mode.
Clear:* Exact mode.
–106 Set: TSIMP calls are not allowed in SERIES.
Clear:* TSIMP calls are allowed in SERIES.
–109 Set: Numeric factorization is allowed.
Clear:* Numeric factorization is not allowed.
–110 Set: Large matrices.
Clear:* Normal matrices.
–111 Set: No recursive simplification in EXPAND and TSIMP.
Clear:* Recursive simplification in EXPAND and TSIMP.
–113 Set: Do not apply linearity simplification when using integration CAS commands.
Clear:* Apply linearity simplification when using integration CAS commands.
–114 Set: Polynomials expressed in increasing power order.
Clear:* Polynomials expressed in decreasing power order.
–116 Set: Simplification to sine terms.
Clear:* Simplification to cosine terms
–117 Set:* Menus displayed as choose lists.
Clear: Menus displayed as function keys.
–119 Set: Non-rigorous mode.
Clear:* Rigorous mode.
–120 Set: Calculator changes modes when necessary without prompting.
Clear:* Calculator prompts when it needs to change modes.
Flag Description of modes (* = default)
17
Object TypesThe HP 49G makes use of 30 types of objects (listed in the table below). Commands relevant to object types are:
• TYPE(obj) Returns the object’s type.
• VTYPE('name') Returns the named object’s type.
• TVARS(type) Lists all objects of the specified type in the current directory.
• VARS Lists all objects in the current directory.
# Type Example
0 Real Number –6.02E231 Complex Number (.5,–1.57)2 String "Hi there!"3 Real Array [[ 1 2 ][ 3 4 ]]4 Complex Array [[ (1,0) (5,–5) ][ (5,5) (0,1) ]]5 List π 3.14 "PI" 6 Global Name X7 Local Name j8 Program « T 11 / »9 Algebraic Object 4*π*r^2'
10 Binary Integer # EFAC11h11 Graphics Object Graphic 131 × 6412 Tagged Object :Answer: 4213 Unit Object 6_ft/min14 XLIB Name XLIB 543 815 Directory DIR … END16 Library Library 440: …17 Backup Object Backup MYDIR18 Built-in Function SIN19 Built-in Command CLEAR20 Internal Binary Integer <123d>21 Extended Real No. Long Real22 Extended Complex No. Long Complex23 Linked Array Linked Array24 Character Object Character25 Code Object Code26 Library Data Library Data 27 Minifont Font28 Integer 529 Symbolic Vector/Matrix [x x2 x3 x4 ]30 Font Font
18
Character KeysThe following table lists all the characters available on the HP 49G. For each character, the table gives the character’s internal number and the key or combination of keys that display the character. (An ampersand denotes that you hold down the first key while you press the second key). You can also display a character using the Characters tool (> chars).
Char. No. Key(s) Char. No. Key(s)
« 31 >ô 8 85 `u
VS 32 9 86 `v
33 `>2 : 87 `w
³ 34 `> ; 88 O 35 <3 < 89 `y
36 `<4 = 90 `z
37 `<1 > 91 <H 38 `<\ ? 92 `>5 39 >o @ 93 <H 40 <H A 94 q
41 < B 95 >
42 ` µ 96 >&o
43 `= D 97 `<a
44 >F E 98 `<b
45 ` F 99 `<c
46 . G 100 `<d
47 `>z H 101 `<e
48 0 I 102 `<f
49 1 J 103 `<g
50 2 K 104 `<h
51 3 , 105 `<i
52 4 M 106 `<j
53 5 N 107 `<k
54 6 O 108 `<l
55 7 P 109 `<m
56 8 Q 110 `<N 57 9 R 111 `<o
58 `<. S 112 `<p
59 `<2 T 113 `<q
60 >O U 114 `<r
61 >w V 115 `<s
! 62 >y W 116 `<t
" 63 `>3 X 117 `<u
# 64 `>\ Y 118 `<v
$ 65 `a Z 119 `<w
% 66 `b [ 120 EEEE`<O& 67 `c \ 121 `<y
' 68 `d ] 122 `<z
( 69 `e ^ 123 <=H) 70 `f _ 124 >i
* 71 `g ` 125 <=H+ 72 `h a 126 `>1, 73 `i 127 >ô
- 74 `j 128 `>6. 75 `k [ 129 >ô
/ 76 `l Y 130 >ô
0 77 `m √ 131 r
1 78 `N ∫ 132 >u
2 79 `o Σ 133 >s
3 80 `p ( 134 k
4 81 `q π 135 <
5 82 `r G 136 >t
6 83 `s 137 <O7 84 `t > 138 <y
19
≠ 139 <w Æ 198 `e`>9α 140 `>a Ç 199 `c`>9→ 141 >0 È 200 `e`<7← 142 >ô É 201 `e`>7↓ 143 >ô Ê 202 `e`<8↑ 144 >ô Ë 203 `e`<9γ 145 >ô Ì 204 `i`<7δ 146 `>d Í 205 `i`>7 147 `>e Î 206 `i`<8η 148 >ô Ï 207 `i`<9θ 149 `>t Ð 208 `d`>9λ 150 `>N Ñ 209 `N`>8ρ 151 >ô Ò 210 `o`<7σ 152 `>s Ó 211 `o`>7τ 153 `>u Ô 212 `o`<8ω 154 `>v Õ 213 `o`>8$ 155 `>c Ö 214 `o`<9Π 156 `>p × 215 >ô
Ω 157 `>o Ø 216 `o`>9L 158 >ô Ù 217 `u`<7
∞ 159 <0 Ú 218 `u`>7 160 `>4 Û 219 `u`<8M 161 `>&2 Ü 220 `u`<9¢ 162 >ô Ý 221 `y`>7£ 163 `<5 Þ 222 `p`>9¤ 164 >ô ß 223 `>b
¥ 165 >ô à 224 `<a`<7¦ 166 >ô á 225 `<a`>7§ 167 `<6 â 226 `<a`<8¨ 168 >ô ã 227 `<a`>8ê 169 >ô ä 228 `<a`<9H 170 >ô å 229 `<a`>9« 171 <=H æ 230 `<e`>9¬ 172 >ô ç 231 `<c`>9- 173 >ô è 232 `<e`<7 174 >ô é 233 `<e`>7¯ 175 >ô ê 234 `<e`<8° 176 `>&6 ë 235 `<e`<9± 177 >ô ì 236 `<i`<7² 178 >ô í 237 `<i`>7³ 179 >ô î 238 `<i`<8´ 180 >ô ï 239 `<i`<9µ 181 `>m ð 240 `<d`>9¶ 182 >ô ñ 241 `<N`>8• 183 >ô ò 242 `<o`<7Ü 184 >ô ó 243 `<o`>7ï 185 >ô ô 244 `<o`<82 186 >ô õ 245 `<o`>8» 187 <=H ö 246 `<o`<9¼ 188 >ô ÷ 247 >ô
½ 189 >ô ø 248 `<o`>9¾ 190 >ô ù 249 `<u`<7¿ 191 `>&3 ú 250 `<u`>7À 192 `a`<7 û 251 `<u`<8Á 193 `a`>7 ü 252 `<u`<9Â 194 `a`<8 ý 253 `<y`>7Ã 195 `a`>8 þ 254 `<p`>9Ä 196 `a`<9 ÿ 255 `<y`<9Å 197 `a`>9
Char. No. Key(s) Char. No. Key(s)
20
Command ReferenceAll the HP 49G commands are listed in the table commencing on page 21. A brief description of each command is provided, together with the key or keys that provide access to the command. Where appropriate, at least one argument (input) and the corresponding result (output) is provided. In many cases, a command can take many more types of argument. To se a full listing of the arguments applicable to each command, see the Advanced User’s Guide.
The commands are listed alphabetically. Commands referred to solely by a non-alphabetic character—for example,%—are listed after those referred to by alphabetic characters. Where a non-alphabetic character is the first character—for example, →DIAG—the command is sorted as if the character did not exist. In other cases where a command name includes a non-alphabetic character—for example, I→R and DIAG→—the non-alphabetic character is treated as ‘Z’ in sorting the commands.
The commands that are functions are indicated by an asterisk at the end of the command description. (You can include functions in an algebraic expression.)
The codes and abbreviations used to represent the inputs and outputs are set out in the following table.
In algebraic mode, the order that the inputs are listed is the same as the order in which you must specify the arguments. Similarly, the outputs are listed in the order in which they are returned.
In RPN mode, the last input is what should be on level 1 prior to executing the command, the second last input is what should be on level 2, the third last on level 3, and so on. Similarly, the last output appears on level 1, the second last appears on level 2, and so on.
Code Meaning
x, y, a, b, etc Real number
z Real or complex number
x_units Unit object
(x, y) Complex number
n or m Integer
#n or #m Binary integer
[ vector ] Real or complex vector
[[ matrix ]] Real, symbolic, or complex matrix
[[ array ]] Real or complex array
''string '' String of characters
'symb ' Expression
'name ' Variable name
T/F True (non-zero value) or false (0)
grob Graphics object
obj Any object
obj x z List of objects
AD
DTO
RE
AL
* = function
Access Inputs Outputs
+bv =ce.
<! POLYNOMIAL
‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ z → ‘symb3’ ‘symb4’
<Z x → |x|
> ç TOOLS ALRM
> ç TOOLS ALRM
osine. <T z → acos z
ms.* >û ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
gument.* >ûHYPERBOLIC
z → acosh z
ds a N list1 list2 → listresult
rrent < ! MODULO‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ → ‘symb3’
variable N ‘global’ →
21
Name Description
ABCUV Returns a solution in polynomials u and v of auwhere a and b are polynomials, and c is a valu
ABS Returns the absolute value of its argument.*
ACK Acknowledges the oldest past-due alarm.
ACKALL Acknowledges all past-due alarms.
ACOS Returns the value of the angle with the given c
ACOS2S Replaces cos() terms with equivalent asin() ter
ACOSH Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of the ar
ADD Adds corresponding elements of two lists or adnumber to each of the elements of a list.
ADDTMOD Adds two expressions or values, modulo the cumodulus.*
ADDTOREAL Adds the specified global name to the reservedREALASSUME.
ALOG
22
* =
func
tion
ALO
GR
etur
ns th
e co
mm
on a
ntilo
garit
hm; t
hat i
s, 1
0 ra
ised
to
the
give
n po
wer
.*<
Vz
→10
z
AM
OR
TA
mor
tizes
a lo
an o
r in
vest
men
t bas
ed u
pon
the
curr
ent
amor
tizat
ion
setti
ngs.
<(
n→
prin
cipa
l in
tere
st b
alan
ce
AN
DR
etur
ns th
e lo
gica
l AN
D o
f tw
o ar
gum
ents
.*>
ì L
OG
IC#n
1 #
n 2→
#n3
AN
IMA
TE
Dis
play
s gr
aphi
c ob
ject
s in
seq
uenc
e.<
N G
RO
Bgr
obn.
..gro
b 1 n
grob
s→
sam
e st
ack
AN
SR
ecal
ls th
e nt
h an
swer
from
his
tory
.<
|n
→ob
j nA
PP
LYC
reat
es a
n ex
pres
sion
from
the
spec
ified
func
tion
nam
e an
d ar
gum
ents
.*N
sym
b 1 ..
. sym
b n
‘na
me’
→‘n
ame
(sy
mb 1
… s
ymb n
)’
AR
CD
raw
s an
arc
in P
ICT
cou
nter
cloc
kwis
e.<
N P
ICT
(x, y
) x
radi
us x
q1 x
q2→
AR
CH
IVE
Cre
ates
a b
acku
p co
py o
f the
HO
ME
dire
ctor
y.<
N M
EM
OR
Y:n
port: n
ame
→A
RG
Ret
urns
the
(rea
l) po
lar
angl
e of
a c
ompl
ex n
umbe
r.*>
é(x
, y)
→θ
AR
ITD
ispl
ays
a m
enu
of a
rithm
etic
com
man
ds.
N
→A
RR
YR
etur
ns a
vec
tor
of n
rea
l or c
ompl
ex e
lem
ents
or a
mat
rix
of n
× m
rea
l or
com
plex
ele
men
ts.
N z
1 …
zn
nel
emen
t→
[ vec
tor
]
AR
RY
→Ta
kes
an a
rray
and
ret
urns
its
elem
ents
as
sepa
rate
rea
l or
com
plex
num
bers
.N
[ vec
tor
]→
z 1 …
zn
n
elem
ent
AS
INR
etur
ns th
e va
lue
of th
e an
gle
with
the
give
n si
ne.*
<S
z→
asin
z
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
AXES
23
* =
func
tion
AS
IN2C
Rep
lace
s as
in()
term
s w
ith e
quiv
alen
t aco
s()
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
AS
IN2T
Rep
lace
s as
in()
term
s w
ith e
quiv
alen
t ata
n()
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘ sym
b 2’
AS
INH
Ret
urns
the
inve
rse
hype
rbol
ic s
ine
of th
e ar
gum
ent.*
>û
HY
PE
RB
OLI
Cz
→as
inh
z
AS
ND
efin
es a
key
on
the
user
key
boar
d by
ass
igni
ng th
e gi
ven
obje
ct to
the
key
x key
, spe
cifie
d as
row
col
umn.
posi
tion.N
obj
x key
→
AS
RS
hifts
a b
inar
y in
tege
r on
e bi
t to
the
right
, exc
ept f
or th
e m
ost s
igni
fican
t bit,
whi
ch is
mai
ntai
ned.
>ì
BIT
#n1
→#n
2
ATA
NR
etur
ns th
e va
lue
of th
e an
gle
havi
ng th
e gi
ven
tang
ent.*
<U
z→
atan
z
ATA
N2S
Rep
lace
s at
an(x
) te
rms
with
asi
n(x)
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
ATA
NH
Ret
urns
the
inve
rse
hype
rbol
ic ta
ngen
t of t
he a
rgum
ent.*
>û
HY
PE
RB
OLI
Cz
→at
anh
z
AT
ICK
Set
s th
e ax
es ti
ck-m
ark
anno
tatio
n in
the
rese
rved
va
riabl
e P
PA
R.
Nx
→
AT
TAC
HA
ttach
es th
e lib
rary
with
the
spec
ified
num
ber
to th
e cu
rren
t dire
ctor
y.N
nlib
rary
→
AU
TO
Cal
cula
tes
a y-
axis
dis
play
ran
ge, o
r an
x-
and
y-ax
is
disp
lay
rang
e.N
AX
ES
Spe
cifie
s th
e in
ters
ectio
n co
ordi
nate
s of
, and
labe
ls fo
r, th
e x-
and
y-a
xes,
and
the
tick-
mar
k an
nota
tion.
N(x
, y)
→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
AXL
24
* =
func
tion
AX
LC
onve
rts
a lis
t to
an a
rray
, or
an a
rray
to a
list
.<
^li
st/
[[ ar
ray
]]→
[[ ar
ray
]]/li
st
AX
MC
onve
rts
a nu
mer
ic a
rray
into
a s
ymbo
lic m
atrix
.<
%
OP
ER
AT
ION
S[[
arra
y ]]
→[[
mat
rix ]]
AX
QC
onve
rts
a sq
uare
mat
rix in
to th
e as
soci
ated
qua
drat
ic
form
.<
^[[
mat
rix ]]
→‘s
ymb’
[ ve
ctor
]
BA
RS
ets
the
plot
type
to B
AR
.N
BA
RP
LOT
Plo
ts a
bar
cha
rt o
f the
spe
cifie
d co
lum
n of
the
curr
ent
stat
istic
s m
atrix
(re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
ΣDA
T).
N
BA
SE
Dis
play
s a
men
u of
bas
ic a
lgeb
ra c
omm
ands
.N
BA
UD
Spe
cifie
s bi
t-tr
ansf
er r
ate.
Nn
baud
rate
→B
EE
PS
ound
s a
tone
at n
her
tz fo
r x
seco
nds.
<N
OU
Tn
freq
uenc
y x
dura
tion
→B
ES
TF
ITE
xecu
tes
LR w
ith th
e fo
ur c
urve
fitti
ng m
odel
s, a
nd s
elec
ts
the
mod
el y
ield
ing
the
larg
est c
orre
latio
n co
effic
ient
.N
BIN
Sel
ects
bin
ary
base
for
bina
ry in
tege
r op
erat
ions
.N
BIN
SS
orts
the
elem
ents
of t
he in
depe
nden
t col
umn
of th
e cu
rren
t sta
tistic
s m
atrix
into
(n b
ins
+ 2
) bi
ns.
Nx m
in x
wid
th n
bins
→[[
nbi
n 1
… n
bin
n ]]
[ n
bin
L n
bin
R ]
BLA
NK
Cre
ates
a b
lank
gro
b of
the
spec
ified
wid
th a
nd h
eigh
t.<
N G
RO
B#n
wid
th #
mhe
ight
→gr
obbl
ank
BO
XD
raw
s in
PIC
T a
box
who
se o
ppos
ite c
orne
rs a
re d
efin
ed
by th
e sp
ecifi
ed p
ixel
or
user
-uni
t coo
rdin
ates
.<
N P
ICT
#n
1 #m
1
#
n 2 #
m2
→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
CH
OO
SE
* = function
input rror
N → nchars 0/1
for the <N MEMORY obj → #nchecksum xsize
uivalent. >ì #n → n
N
<N BRCH
ual to the < P REAL x → n
in) and N (x, y) →
<N TEST nflagnumber →rcentage of < P REAL x y → 100(y – x)/x
ngruences <!
POLYNOMIAL
[ vector1 ] [ vector2 ] → [ vector3 ]
<N IN “prompt” c1 ... cn npos → obj or result “1”
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
25
BUFLEN Returns the number of characters in the serial buffer and a single digit indicating whether an eoccurred.
BYTES Returns the number of bytes and the checksumgiven object.
B→R Converts a binary integer to its floating-point eq
CASCFG Restores the default CAS mode settings.
CASE Starts CASE … END conditional structure.
CEIL Returns the smallest integer greater than or eqargument.*
CENTR Adjusts first two parameters in PPAR, (xmin, ym(xmax, ymax), so that point (x, y) is plot center.
CF Clears the specified user or system flag.
%CH Returns the percent change from x to y as a pex.*
CHINREM Solves a system of simultaneous polynomial coin the ring Z[x].
CHOOSE Creates a user-defined choose box.
CHR
26
* =
func
tion
CH
RR
etur
ns a
str
ing
repr
esen
ting
the
char
acte
r cor
resp
ondi
ng
to th
e ch
arac
ter
code
n.
<N
TY
PE
n→
“str
ing”
CK
SM
Spe
cifie
s th
e er
ror-
dete
ctio
n sc
hem
e.N
nch
ecks
um→
CLE
AR
Rem
oves
all
obje
cts
from
the
stac
k or
his
tory
.>
ob
j n ...
obj 1
→C
LKA
DJ
Adj
usts
the
syst
em ti
me
by x
clo
ck ti
cks,
whe
re 8
192
cloc
k tic
ks e
qual
1 s
econ
d.>
ç T
OO
LSx
→
CLL
CD
Cle
ars
(bla
nks)
the
stac
k di
spla
y.<
N O
UT
CLO
SE
IOC
lose
s th
e se
rial p
ort,
and
clea
rs th
e in
put b
uffe
r an
d an
y er
ror
mes
sage
s fo
r K
ER
RM
.N
CLΣ
Pur
ges
the
curr
ent s
tatis
tics
mat
rix.
N
CLV
AR
Pur
ges
all v
aria
bles
and
em
pty
subd
irect
orie
s in
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory.
N
CM
PLX
Dis
play
s a
men
u of
com
man
ds p
erta
inin
g to
com
plex
nu
mbe
rs.
N
CN
RM
Ret
urns
the
colu
mn
norm
(on
e-no
rm)
of th
e ar
ray
argu
men
t.<
%
OP
ER
AT
ION
S[ a
rray
]→
x col
umn
norm
CO
L–D
elet
es c
olum
n n
of a
mat
rix, a
nd r
etur
ns th
e m
odifi
ed
mat
rix (
or v
ecto
r) a
nd th
e de
lete
d co
lum
n (o
r el
emen
t).
< P
MA
TR
IX
CO
L [[
mat
rix ]]
1 n
colu
mn
→[[
mat
rix ]]
2 [
vect
or ]
colu
mn
CO
L+In
sert
s an
arr
ay in
to a
mat
rix a
t the
pos
ition
indi
cate
d by
n i
ndex
, and
ret
urns
the
mod
ified
arr
ay.
< P
MA
TR
IX
CO
L [ v
ecto
r ] 1
nel
emen
t n
inde
x→
[ vec
tor
] 2
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
CONT
27
* =
func
tion
→C
OL
Tran
sfor
ms
a m
atrix
into
a s
erie
s of
col
umn
vect
ors
and
retu
rns
the
vect
ors
and
a co
lum
n co
unt.
< P
MA
TR
IX
CO
L [[
mat
rix ]]
→[ v
ecto
r ] c
ol1
[ v
ecto
r ] c
oln
nco
lcou
nt
CO
L→Tr
ansf
orm
s a
serie
s of
col
umn
vect
ors
and
a co
lum
n co
unt i
nto
a m
atrix
con
tain
ing
thos
e co
lum
ns.
< P
MA
TR
IX
CO
L[ v
ecto
r ] c
ol1 [
vec
tor
] col
n n
colc
ount
→[[
mat
rix ]]
CO
LCT
Fac
toriz
es a
pol
ynom
ial o
r in
tege
r. Id
entic
al to
FA
CT
OR
.N
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
CO
LΣS
peci
fies
the
inde
pend
ent-
varia
ble
and
depe
nden
t-va
riabl
e co
lum
ns o
f the
cur
rent
sta
tistic
s m
atrix
.N
x col y
col
→
CO
MB
Ret
urns
the
num
ber
of p
ossi
ble
com
bina
tions
of
n ite
ms
take
n m
at a
tim
e.*
< P
P
RO
BA
BIL
ITY
n m
→C
n,m
CO
NR
etur
ns a
con
stan
t arr
ay, d
efin
ed a
s an
arr
ay w
hose
el
emen
ts a
ll ha
ve th
e sa
me
valu
e.<
P M
AT
RIX
M
AK
E
nco
lum
ns
zco
nsta
nt→
[ vec
tor c
onst
ant ]
CO
ND
Ret
urns
the
1-no
rm (
colu
mn
norm
) co
nditi
on n
umbe
r of
a
squa
re m
atrix
.<
P M
AT
RIX
N
OR
MA
LIZ
E[[
mat
rix ]]
m×
n→
x con
ditio
nnu
mbe
r
CO
NIC
Set
s th
e pl
ot ty
pe to
CO
NIC
.N
CO
NJ
Con
juga
tes
a co
mpl
ex n
umbe
r or
a c
ompl
ex a
rray
.*>
óx
→x
CO
NLI
BO
pens
the
Con
stan
ts L
ibra
ry c
atal
og.
g C
ON
STA
NT
S
LIB
CO
NS
TR
etur
ns th
e va
lue
of a
con
stan
t.*N
‘nam
e’→
x
CO
NT
Res
umes
exe
cutio
n of
a h
alte
d pr
ogra
m.
<:
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
CONVERT
28
* =
func
tion
CO
NV
ER
TC
onve
rts
a so
urce
uni
t obj
ect t
o th
e di
men
sion
s of
a ta
rget
un
it.<
^ U
NIT
S
TO
OLS
x1
_uni
tsso
urce
x2_
units
targ
et→
x 3_u
nits
targ
et
CO
RR
Ret
urns
the
corr
elat
ion
coef
ficie
nt o
f the
inde
pend
ent a
nd
depe
nden
t dat
a co
lum
ns in
the
curr
ent s
tatis
tics
mat
rix.
i→
x cor
rela
tion
CO
SR
etur
ns th
e co
sine
of t
he a
rgum
ent.*
tz
→co
s z
CO
SH
Ret
urns
the
hype
rbol
ic c
osin
e of
the
argu
men
t.*>
û
HY
PE
RB
OLI
Cz
→co
sh z
CO
VR
etur
ns th
e sa
mpl
e co
varia
nce
of th
e in
depe
nden
t and
de
pend
ent d
ata
colu
mns
in th
e cu
rren
t sta
tistic
s m
atrix
.N
→x c
ovar
ianc
e
CR
Prin
ts th
e co
nten
ts, i
f any
, of t
he p
rinte
r bu
ffer.
N
CR
DIR
Cre
ates
an
empt
y su
bdire
ctor
y w
ith th
e sp
ecifi
ed n
ame
in
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory.
<N
ME
MO
RY
DIR
EC
TO
RY
‘glo
bal’
→
CR
OS
SR
etur
ns th
e cr
oss
prod
uct C
= A
× B
of v
ecto
rs A
and
B.
< P
VE
CT
OR
[ vec
tor
] A [
vec
tor
] B→
[ vec
tor
] A ×
B
CS
WP
Sw
aps
colu
mns
i an
d j o
f the
arg
umen
t mat
rix a
nd r
etur
ns
the
mod
ified
mat
rix.
< %
C
RE
AT
E C
OLU
MN
[[ m
atrix
]]1
nco
lum
ni
nco
lum
nj
→[[
mat
rix ]]
2
CU
RL
Ret
urns
the
curl
of a
thre
e-di
men
sion
al v
ecto
r fu
nctio
n.<
$ D
ER
IV
AN
D IN
TE
G[ v
ecto
r 1 ]
[[ a
rray
1 ]]
→‘s
ymb 1
’
CY
LIN
Set
s C
ylin
dric
al c
oord
inat
e m
ode.
N
C→
PX
Con
vert
s th
e sp
ecifi
ed u
ser-
unit
coor
dina
tes
to p
ixel
co
ordi
nate
s.<
N P
ICT
(x, y
)→
#n
, #m
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
DELALARM
29
* =
func
tion
C→
RS
epar
ates
the
real
and
imag
inar
y pa
rts
of a
com
plex
nu
mbe
r or
com
plex
arr
ay.
<N
TY
PE
(x, y
)→
x y
DA
RC
YC
alcu
late
s th
e D
arcy
fric
tion
fact
or o
f cer
tain
flui
d flo
ws.
*N
xe/D
yR
e→
x Dar
cy
→D
AT
ES
ets
the
syst
em d
ate
to d
ate.
>ç
TO
OLS
date
→D
AT
ER
etur
ns th
e sy
stem
dat
e.>
ç T
OO
LS→
date
DA
TE
+R
etur
ns a
pas
t or
futu
re d
ate,
giv
en a
dat
e in
arg
umen
t 1/
leve
l 2 a
nd a
num
ber
of d
ays
in a
rgum
ent 2
/leve
l 1.
>ç
TO
OLS
da
te1
xda
ys→
date
new
DB
UG
Sta
rts
prog
ram
exe
cutio
n, th
en s
uspe
nds
it as
if H
ALT
w
ere
the
first
pro
gram
com
man
d.N
« pr
ogra
m »
or
‘pro
gram
nam
e’→
DD
AY
SR
etur
ns th
e nu
mbe
r of
day
s be
twee
n tw
o da
tes.
>ç
TO
OLS
date
1 d
ate 2
→x d
ays
DE
CS
elec
ts d
ecim
al b
ase
for
bina
ry in
tege
r op
erat
ions
. (T
he
defa
ult b
ase
is d
ecim
al).
N
DE
CR
Take
s a
varia
ble,
sub
trac
ts 1
, sto
res
the
new
val
ue b
ack
into
the
orig
inal
var
iabl
e, a
nd r
etur
ns th
e ne
w v
alue
.<
N M
EM
OR
Y
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
‘nam
e’→
x new
DE
FIN
ES
tore
s th
e ex
pres
sion
on
the
right
sid
e of
the
= in
the
varia
ble
spec
ified
on
the
left
side
, or
crea
tes
a us
er-
defin
ed fu
nctio
n.
<#
‘nam
e=ex
p’→
DE
GS
ets
the
angl
e m
ode
to d
egre
es.
N
DE
LALA
RM
Del
etes
the
spec
ified
ala
rm.
>ç
TO
OLS
A
LRM
nin
dex
→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
DELAY
30
* =
func
tion
DE
LAY
Spe
cifie
s ho
w m
any
seco
nds
the
HP
49 w
aits
bet
wee
n se
ndin
g lin
es o
f inf
orm
atio
n to
the
prin
ter.
Nx d
elay
→
DE
LKE
YS
Cle
ars
user
-def
ined
key
ass
ignm
ents
.N
x key
→D
EP
ND
Spe
cifie
s th
e de
pend
ent v
aria
ble
(and
its
plot
ting
rang
e fo
r T
RU
TH
plo
ts).
N‘g
loba
l’→
DE
PT
HR
etur
ns a
rea
l num
ber
repr
esen
ting
the
num
ber
of
obje
cts
pres
ent o
n th
e st
ack
(bef
ore
DE
PT
H w
as
exec
uted
).
<N
ST
AC
K
→n
DE
RIV
Ret
urns
the
part
ial d
eriv
ativ
es o
f a fu
nctio
n, w
ith r
espe
ct
to th
e sp
ecifi
ed v
aria
bles
.*<
$ D
ER
IV
AN
D IN
TE
G‘s
ymb 1
’ z
→‘s
ymb 2
’
DE
RV
XR
etur
ns th
e de
rivat
ive
of a
func
tion
with
res
pect
to th
e cu
rren
t var
iabl
e.*
<$
DE
RIV
A
ND
INT
EG
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
DE
SO
LVE
Sol
ves
cert
ain
first
-ord
er o
rdin
ary
diffe
rent
ial e
quat
ions
w
ith r
espe
ct to
the
curr
ent v
aria
ble.
<&
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
→‘s
ymb 3
’
DE
TR
etur
ns th
e de
term
inan
t of a
squ
are
mat
rix.
< %
O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
[[ m
atrix
]]→
x det
erm
inan
t
DE
TAC
HD
etac
hes
the
libra
ry w
ith th
e sp
ecifi
ed n
umbe
r fr
om th
e cu
rren
t dire
ctor
y.N
n lib
rary
→
→D
IAG
Ret
urns
a v
ecto
r th
at c
onta
ins
the
maj
or d
iago
nal
elem
ents
of a
mat
rix.
<%
C
RE
AT
E[[
mat
rix ]]
→[ v
ecto
r ] d
iago
nals
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
DO
ER
R
* = function
matrix ray.
< % CREATE
[ array ]diagonals dim → [[ matrix ]]
N
N
<N OUT obj n →<$ DERIV AND INTEG
[[ array1 ]] [[ array2 ]] → ‘symb1’
s. Step-by- <!POLYNOMIAL
‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ → ‘symb3’
s modulo <! MODULO ‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ → ‘symb3’
an integer. <! ‘symb1’ → list1
odulus.*<! MODULO
‘symb1’ z → ‘symb2’
two <$ LIMITS & SERIES
‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ z → ‘symb3’
cture. <N BRANCH
ogram to <N ERROR nerror →
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
31
DIAG→ Takes an array and a dimension and returns a whose major diagonal is the elements of the ar
DIFF Displays a menu of calculus commands.
DIFFEQ Sets the plot type to DIFFEQ.
DISP Displays obj in the nth display line.
DIV Returns the divergence of a vector function.
DIV2 Performs euclidean division on two expressionstep mode is available with this command.
DIV2MOD Performs euclidean division on two expressionthe current modulus.
DIVIS Returns a list of the divisors of a polynomial or
DIVMOD Divides two expressions modulo the current m
DIVPC Returns a Taylor polynomial for the quotient ofexpressions.
DO Starts DO … UNTIL … END indefinite loop stru
DOERR Executes a “user-specified” error, causing a prbehave exactly as if a normal error occurred.
DOLIST
32
* =
func
tion
DO
LIS
TA
pplie
s co
mm
ands
, pro
gram
s, o
r us
er-d
efin
ed fu
nctio
ns
to li
sts.
<N
LIS
T
PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
lis
t 1
...
list
n
n «
pro
gram
»→
re
sults
DO
SU
BS
App
lies
a pr
ogra
m o
r co
mm
and
to g
roup
s of
ele
men
ts in
a
list.
<N
LIS
T
PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
lis
t 1
n «
pro
gram
»→
lis
t 2
DO
TR
etur
ns th
e do
t pro
duct
A·B
of t
wo
arra
ys A
and
B.
< %
V
EC
TO
R[ a
rray
A ]
[ ar
ray B
]→
x
DR
AW
Plo
ts th
e m
athe
mat
ical
dat
a in
the
rese
rved
var
iabl
e E
Q.N
DR
AW
3DM
AT
RIX
Dra
ws
a 3D
plo
t fro
m th
e va
lues
in a
spe
cifie
d m
atrix
.N
[[ m
atrix
]] v
min
vm
ax→
DR
AX
Dra
ws
axes
in P
ICT.
N
DR
OP
Rem
oves
the
leve
l 1 o
bjec
t fro
m th
e st
ack.
<N
ST
AC
Kob
j→
DR
OP
2R
emov
es th
e fir
st tw
o ob
ject
s fr
om th
e st
ack.
<N
ST
AC
Kob
j 1 o
bj2
→D
RO
PN
Rem
oves
the
first
n +
1 o
bjec
ts fr
om th
e st
ack
(the
firs
t n
obje
cts
excl
udin
g th
e in
tege
r n
itsel
f).
<N
ST
AC
Kob
j 1 ..
. obj
n n
→
DTA
GR
emov
es a
ll ta
gs (
labe
ls)
from
an
obje
ct.
<N
TY
PE
tag:
obj
→ob
j
DU
PR
etur
ns a
cop
y of
the
argu
men
t (or
the
obje
ct o
n le
vel 1
).<
N S
TA
CK
obj
→ob
j ob
j
DU
P2
Ret
urns
cop
ies
of th
e tw
o ar
gum
ents
(or
the
obje
cts
on
leve
ls 1
and
2 o
f the
sta
ck).
<N
ST
AC
Kob
j 2 o
bj1
→ob
j 2 o
bj1
obj
2 o
bj1
DU
PD
UP
Dup
licat
es a
n ob
ject
twic
e.N
obj
→ob
j ob
j ob
j
Nam
eD
escr
iptio
nA
cces
sIn
puts
Out
puts
EN
DS
UB
* = function
eturns + 1.
<N STACK obj1 … objn n → obj1 … objn obj1 … objn
in degrees < P REAL x → (π/180)x
al ` < E → ‘e’
here it can N obj →
vironment. N obj →d c where: <!
POLYNOMIAL‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ → ‘symb3’ ‘symb4’ ‘symb5’
ors for a < % EIGENVECTOR
[[matrix ]]A → [[matrix ]]EVec [vector ]EVal
< % EIGENVECTOR
[[ matrix ]]A → [ vector ]EVal
ing <N BRANCH
loop <N BRANCH
ub-lists <N LIST PROCEDURES
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
33
DUPN Takes integer n from level 1 of the stack, and rcopies of objects on stack levels 2 through to n
D→R Converts a real number representing an angleto its equivalent in radians.*
e Returns the symbolic constant e or its numericrepresentation, 2.71828182846.*
EDIT Moves specified object to the command line wbe edited.
EDITB Opens an object in the most suitable editing en
EGCD Given two polynomials, u and v, returns a, b, anau + bv = c.
EGV Computes the eigenvalues and right eigenvectsquare matrix.
EGVL Computes the eigenvalues of a square matrix.
ELSE Starts false clause in conditional or error-trappstructure.
END Ends conditional, error-trapping, and indefinitestructures.
ENDSUB Provides a way to access the total number of scontained in the list used by DOSUBS.
ENG
34
* =
func
tion
EN
GS
ets
the
num
ber
disp
lay
form
at to
eng
inee
ring
mod
e.N
n→
EP
SX
0R
epla
ces
with
zer
o th
ose
coef
ficie
nts
in a
pol
ynom
ial t
hat
have
an
abso
lute
val
ue le
ss th
an th
e va
riabl
e E
PS
.N
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
EQ
WO
pens
Equ
atio
n W
riter
, whe
re y
ou c
an e
dit a
n ex
pres
sion
.N
exp 1
→ex
p 2E
Q→
Sep
arat
es a
n eq
uatio
n in
to it
s le
ft an
d rig
ht s
ides
.<
N T
YP
E‘s
ymb 1
=sym
b 2’
→‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘s
ymb 2
’
ER
AS
EE
rase
s P
ICT,
leav
ing
a bl
ank
PIC
T o
f the
sam
e di
men
sion
s.N
ER
R0
Cle
ars
the
last
err
or n
umbe
r (a
nd m
essa
ge)
so th
at a
su
bseq
uent
exe
cutio
n of
ER
RN
ret
urns
# 0
h.<
N E
RR
OR
ER
RM
Ret
urns
a s
trin
g co
ntai
ning
the
erro
r m
essa
ge o
f the
mos
t re
cent
cal
cula
tor
erro
r.<
N E
RR
OR
→“e
rror
mes
sage
”
ER
RN
Ret
urns
the
erro
r nu
mbe
r of
the
mos
t rec
ent c
alcu
lato
r er
ror.
<N
ER
RO
R→
#ner
ror
EU
LER
Ret
urns
the
num
ber
of in
tege
rs le
ss th
an a
spe
cifie
d in
tege
r th
at a
re c
o-pr
ime
with
the
inte
ger.*
<!
INT
EG
ER
z 1→
z 2
EV
AL
Eva
luat
es th
e ob
ject
.>
ùob
j→
EX
LRR
etur
ns th
e le
ft- a
nd r
ight
-han
d si
des
of a
n eq
uatio
n as
di
scre
te e
xpre
ssio
ns.
N‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
‘sym
b 3’
EX
PR
etur
ns th
e ex
pone
ntia
l, or
nat
ural
ant
iloga
rithm
, of t
he
argu
men
t; th
at is
, e r
aise
d to
the
give
n po
wer
.*<
Qz
→ez
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
FAC
TO
RM
OD
* = function
n. N ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
n. >ú ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
the current <! MODULO ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
utions of N
ssion to <^ ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
< P HYPERBOLIC
x → ex – 1
erspective N xpoint ypoint zpoint →
e power at mbda.*
N F0λ y lambda xT → xpower
< P PROBABILITY
n → n!
>ú ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
dulus. The umber.* <! MODULO
‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
35
EXPAN Expands and simplifies an algebraic expressio
EXPAND Expands and simplifies an algebraic expressio
EXPANDMOD Expands and simplifies an expression, modulomodulus.*
EXPFIT Stores EXPFIT in ΣPAR, thus subsequent execLR will use the exponential curve fitting model.
EXPLN Transforms the trigonometric terms in an expreexponential and logarithmic terms.
EXPM Returns ex – 1.*
EYEPT Specifies the coordinates of the eye point in a pplot.
F0λ Returns the fraction of total black-body emissivtemperature xT between wavelengths 0 and yla
FACT FACT is the same as !. See !.
FACTOR Factorizes a polynomial or an integer.
FACTORMOD Factorizes a polynomial modulo the current momodulus must be less than 100, and a prime n
FACTORS
36
* =
func
tion
FAC
TO
RS
For
a v
alue
or
expr
essi
on, r
etur
ns a
list
of p
rime
fact
ors
and
thei
r m
ultip
liciti
es.
<!
z→
lis
t
FAN
NIN
GC
alcu
late
s th
e F
anni
ng fr
ictio
n fa
ctor
of c
erta
in fl
uid
flow
s.*
Nx x
/D y
Re
→x f
anni
ng
FAS
T3D
Set
s th
e pl
ot ty
pe to
FA
ST
3D
.N
FC
OE
FF
rom
an
arra
y of
roo
ts a
nd m
ultip
liciti
es/p
oles
, ret
urns
a
ratio
nal p
olyn
omia
l with
a le
adin
g co
effic
ient
of
1.<
!
PO
LYN
OM
IAL
[[ ar
ray 1
]]→
‘sym
b 1’
FC
?Te
sts
whe
ther
the
spec
ified
sys
tem
or
user
flag
is c
lear
, an
d re
turn
s a
corr
espo
ndin
g te
st r
esul
t.<
N T
ES
T
nfla
gnu
mbe
r→
0/1
FC
?CTe
sts
whe
ther
the
spec
ified
sys
tem
or
user
flag
is c
lear
, re
turn
s a
corr
espo
ndin
g te
st r
esul
t, an
d th
en c
lear
s th
e fla
g.
<N
TE
ST
nfla
gnu
mbe
r→
0/1
FF
TC
ompu
tes
the
one-
or
two-
dim
ensi
onal
dis
cret
e F
ourie
r tr
ansf
orm
of a
n ar
ray.
< P
FF
T[ a
rray
] 1→
[ arr
ay ] 2
FIL
ER
Ope
ns F
ile M
anag
er.
< G
FIN
DA
LAR
MR
etur
ns th
e al
arm
inde
x n i
ndex
of t
he fi
rst a
larm
due
afte
r th
e sp
ecifi
ed ti
me.
>ç
TO
OLS
A
LRM
date
→n
inde
x
FIN
ISH
Term
inat
es K
erm
it S
erve
r m
ode
in a
con
nect
ed d
evic
e.N
FIX
Set
s th
e nu
mbe
r di
spla
y fo
rmat
to fi
x m
ode,
whi
ch r
ound
s th
e di
spla
y to
n d
ecim
al p
lace
s.N
n→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
FR
OO
TS
* = function
N #n function →r equal to < P REAL x → n
N → obj
N → obj
N → obj
N → obj
N obj →e loop <N BRANCH FOR xstart x finish →
r series <$ DERIV. & INTEG
‘symb1’ z1 → z2
< P REAL x → y
t it is not <N OUT ndisplayarea →
s roots and <! POLYNOMIAL
‘symb1’ → [[ array1 ]]
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
37
FLASHEVAL Evaluates unnamed flash functions.
FLOOR Returns the greatest integer that is less than othe argument.*
→FONT Returns the current system font.
FONT6 Returns the system FONT 6 object.
FONT7 Returns the system FONT 7 object.
FONT8 Returns the system FONT 8 object.
FONT→ Sets the system font.*
FOR Starts FOR … NEXT and FOR … STEP definitstructures.
FOURIER Returns the nth coefficient of a complex Fourieexpansion.*
FP Returns the fractional part of the argument.*
FREEZE Freezes the specified part of the display so thaupdated until a key is pressed.
FROOTS For a rational polynomial, returns an array of itpoles, with their corresponding multiplicities.
38
FS
?
* = function
is set, and <N TEST nflagnumber → 0/1
is set, the flag.
<N TEST nflagnumber → 0/1
N
inator. N ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’ ‘symb3’
atic form. <% QUADRATIC FORM
‘symb1’ [ vector1 ] → [[ array1 ]] [[ array2 ]] ‘symb2’ list
jects. <! POLYNOMIAL
‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ → z
omials <! MODULO
‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ → ‘symb3’
list, or an <N LIST ELEMENTS
[[ matrix ]] nposition → zget
list, or an <N LIST ELEMENTS
[[ matrix ]] nposition1 → [[ matrix ]] nposition2 zget
<N GROB grobtarget #n #m grob1 → grobresult
h
N
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
FS? Tests whether the specified system or user flagreturns a corresponding test result.
FS?C Tests whether the specified system or user flagreturns a corresponding test result, then clears
FUNCTION Sets the plot type to FUNCTION.
FXND Splits an object into a numerator and a denom
GAUSS Returns the diagonal representation of a quadr
GCD Returns the greatest common divisor of two ob
GCDMOD Finds the greatest common divisor of two polynmodulo the current modulus.*
GET Retrieves the specified object from a matrix, a array.
GETI Retrieves the specified object from a matrix, a array, and the index of the next object.
GOR Superimposes grob1 onto grobtarget.
GRAD Sets Grads angle mode.
GRIDMAP Sets the plot type to GRIDMAP.
HE
X
* = function
ct, where object.
N obj ncharsize → grob
N grob1 grob2 → grob3
<N GROB grobtarget #n #m grob1 → grobresult
of two <%
OPERATIONS
[[ matrix1 ]] [[ matrix2 ]] → [[ matrix3 ]]
n(x/2) >û ‘symb1’ → ‘symb2’
<N RUN & DEBUG
<NCHARS obj1 ... objn → obj1
r. N → z
N z →
<! POLYNOMIAL
z → ‘symb1’
f an les.
<$ DERIV & INTEG
‘symb1’ [ vector1 ] → [[ matrix ]] z [ vector2 ]
ations. N
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
39
→GROB Creates a graphics object from a specified objethe argument nchar size specifies the size of the
GROBADD Combines two graphic objects.
GXOR Superimposes grob1 onto grobtarget.
HADAMARD Performs an element by element multiplicationmatrices (Hadamard product).
HALFTAN Replaces sin(x), cos(x) and tan(x) terms with taterms.
HALT Halts program execution.
HEAD Returns the first element of a list or string.
HEADER→ Returns the size, in lines, of the display heade
→HEADER Sets the size, in lines, of the display header.
HERMITE Returns the nth Hermite polynomial.*
HESS Returns the Hessian matrix and the gradient oexpression with respect to the specified variab
HEX Sets hexadecimal base for binary integer oper
40
HIL
BE
RT
* = function
order. <%
CREATE
z → [[ matrix ]]
N
N
degrees ds format.
> ç TOOLS x → HMS
ere the rs-minutes-
>ç TOOLS HMS1 HMS2 → HMS1 – HMS2
e rs-minutes-
>ç TOOLS HMS1 HMS2 → HMS1 + HMS2
nds format >ç TOOLS HMS → x
y. N
<!
POLYNOMIAL
‘symb1’ z1 → ‘symb2’ z2 z3
l <M → ‘i’
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
HILBERT Returns a square Hilbert matrix of the specified
HISTOGRAM Sets the plot type to HISTOGRAM.
HISTPLOT Plots a frequency histogram.
→HMS Converts a real number representing hours or with a decimal fraction to hours-minutes-secon
HMS– Returns the difference of two real numbers, wharguments and the result are interpreted in houseconds format.
HMS+ Returns the sum of two real numbers, where tharguments and the result are interpreted in houseconds format.
HMS→ Converts a real number in hours-minutes-secoto its decimal form.
HOME Makes the HOME directory the current director
HORNER Executes a Horner scheme on a polynomial.
i Returns the symbolic constant i or its numericarepresentation, (0, 1).*
IFT
* = function
v = c, <! INTEGER
n1 n2 n3 → z1 z2
teger.* N n1 → z1
<$DERIV & INTEG
‘symb1’ ‘symb2’ → ‘symb3’ ‘symb4’
s using the <! INTEGER [ vector1 ] [ vector2 ] → [ vector3 ]
art of a/b, <! INTEGER n1 n2 → n3 n4
< % CREATE
n → [[ R-matrixidentity ]]
ers, a, b, <! INTEGER n1 n2 → n3 n4 n5
ELSE … <N BRANCH
THEN … <N ERROR IFERR
discrete < P FFT [ array ]1 → [ array ]2
/F is zero. <N BRANCH T/F obj →
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
41
IABCUV Returns a solution in integers u and v of au + bwhere a, b, and c are integers.
IBERNOULLI Returns the nth Bernoulli number for a given in
IBP Performs integration by parts on a function.
ICHINREM Solves a system of two congruences in integerChinese Remainder theorem.
IDIV2 For two integers, a and b, returns the integer pand the remainder, r.
IDN Returns an identity matrix.
IEGCD Given two integers x and y, returns three integand c, such that: ax + by = c.
IF Starts IF … THEN … END and IF … THEN … END conditional structures.
IFERR Starts IFERR … THEN … END and IFERR … ELSE … END error trapping structures.
IFFT Computes the one- or two-dimensional inverseFourier transform of an array.
IFT Executes obj if T/F is nonzero; discards obj if T
IFTE
42
* =
func
tion
IFT
EE
xecu
tes
the
obj i
n ar
gum
ent 2
or l
evel
2 if
T/F
is n
onze
ro.
Exe
cute
s th
e ob
j in
argu
men
t 3 o
r le
vel 1
if T
/F is
zer
o.*
<N
BR
AN
CH
T/F
obj
true
obj
fals
e→
ILA
PR
etur
ns th
e in
vers
e La
plac
e tr
ansf
orm
of a
n ex
pres
sion
. T
he e
xpre
ssio
n m
ust e
valu
ate
to a
rat
iona
l fra
ctio
n.*
<$
DIF
FE
RE
NT
IAL
EQ
NS
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
IMR
etur
ns th
e im
agin
ary
part
of i
ts c
ompl
ex a
rgum
ent.*
> ó
x→
0
INC
RTa
kes
a va
riabl
e, a
dds
1, s
tore
s th
e ne
w v
alue
bac
k in
to
the
orig
inal
var
iabl
e, a
nd r
etur
ns th
e ne
w v
alue
.<
N M
EM
OR
Y
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
‘nam
e’→
x inc
rem
ent
IND
EP
Spe
cifie
s th
e in
depe
nden
t var
iabl
e an
d its
plo
tting
ran
ge.N
‘glo
bal’
→IN
FO
RM
Cre
ates
a u
ser-
defin
ed in
put f
orm
(di
alog
box
).<
N IN
“titl
e”
s 1, s
2, ..
. sn
fo
rmat
re
sets
init
→
va
ls
1
INP
UT
Pro
mpt
s fo
r da
ta in
put t
o th
e co
mm
and
line
and
halts
st
ack
or c
omm
and
line
oper
atio
ns.
<N
IN“s
tack
pro
mpt
” “
com
man
d-lin
epr
ompt
”→
“res
ult”
INT
Cal
cula
tes
the
antid
eriv
ativ
e of
a fu
nctio
n fo
r a
give
n va
riabl
e, a
t a g
iven
poi
nt.*
N‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘s
ymb 2
’ ‘s
ymb 3
’→
‘sym
b 4’
INT
VX
Fin
ds th
e an
tider
ivat
ive
of a
func
tion
sym
bolic
ally
, with
re
spec
t to
the
curr
ent d
efau
lt va
riabl
e.*
<$
DE
RIV
. &
INT
EG
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
INV
Ret
urns
the
reci
proc
al o
r th
e m
atrix
inve
rse.
*y
z→
1/z
INV
MO
DP
erfo
rms
mod
ular
inve
rsio
n on
an
obje
ct m
odul
o th
e cu
rren
t mod
ulus
.*<
! M
OD
ULO
obj 1
→ob
j 1
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
KGET
43
* =
func
tion
IPR
etur
ns th
e in
tege
r pa
rt o
f the
arg
umen
t.*<
P R
EA
Lx
→n
IQU
OT
Ret
urns
the
inte
ger
quot
ient
of t
wo
inte
gers
.*<
! IN
TE
GE
Rn 1
n2
→ n
3
IRE
MA
IND
ER
Ret
urns
the
rem
aind
er o
f an
inte
ger
divi
sion
.*N
n 1 n
2→
n3
ISO
LR
etur
ns a
n al
gebr
aic
sym
b 2 th
at r
earr
ange
s sy
mb 1
to
isol
ate
the
first
occ
urre
nce
of v
aria
ble
glob
al.
< &
‘ sym
b 1’
‘glo
bal’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
ISP
RIM
E?
Test
s if
a nu
mbe
r is
prim
e.*
<!
INT
EG
ER
obj 1
→T
/F
I→R
Con
vert
s an
inte
ger
into
a r
eal n
umbe
r.*
Nn
→z
JOR
DA
NC
ompu
tes
the
eige
nval
ues,
eig
enve
ctor
s, m
inim
um
poly
nom
ial,
and
char
acte
ristic
pol
ynom
ial o
f a m
atrix
.<
%
EIG
EN
VE
CT
OR
S[[
mat
rix1
]]→
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
lis
t 1
[[ a
rray
1 ]]
KE
RR
MR
etur
ns th
e te
xt o
f the
mos
t rec
ent K
erm
it er
ror
pack
et.N
→“e
rror
mes
sage
”
KE
YS
uspe
nds
prog
ram
exe
cutio
n un
til a
key
is p
ress
ed, t
hen
retu
rns
the
row
-col
umn
loca
tion
x nm
of t
hat k
ey.
<N
IN→
x n m
1
KE
YE
VA
LA
ctio
ns th
e sp
ecifi
ed k
ey p
ress
.N
rc.p
1→
→K
EY
TIM
ES
ets
a ne
w k
eytim
e va
lue,
or
the
time
in ti
cks
afte
r a
keyp
ress
unt
il an
othe
r ke
y is
act
ione
d.N
time
→
KE
YT
IME
→D
ispl
ays
the
curr
ent k
eytim
e va
lue.
N→
time
KG
ET
Use
d by
a lo
cal K
erm
it to
get
a K
erm
it se
rver
to tr
ansm
it th
e na
med
obj
ect(
s).
N‘n
ame’
→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
KILL
44
* =
func
tion
KIL
LC
ance
ls a
ll cu
rren
tly h
alte
d pr
ogra
ms.
If K
ILL
is e
xecu
ted
with
in a
pro
gram
, tha
t pro
gram
is a
lso
canc
eled
.<
N R
UN
&
DE
BU
G
LAB
EL
Labe
ls a
xes
in P
ICT
with
var
iabl
e na
mes
and
with
the
min
imum
and
max
imum
val
ues
of th
e di
spla
y ra
nges
.N
LAG
RA
NG
ER
etur
ns th
e in
terp
olat
ing
poly
nom
ial o
f min
imum
deg
ree
for
a pa
ir of
val
ues.
<!
P
OLY
NO
MIA
L[[
mat
rix1
]]→
‘sym
b 1’
LAN
GU
AG
E→
Ret
urns
a v
alue
indi
catin
g th
e m
essa
ge la
ngua
ge.
N→
z
→LA
NG
UA
GE
Set
s th
e la
ngua
ge u
sed
in m
essa
ges.
Nz
→LA
PP
erfo
rms
a La
plac
e tr
ansf
orm
on
an e
xpre
ssio
n w
ith
resp
ect t
o th
e cu
rren
t def
ault
varia
ble.
*<
$
DIF
FE
RE
NT
IAL
EQ
NS
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
LAP
LR
etur
ns th
e La
plac
ian
of a
func
tion
with
res
pect
to a
ve
ctor
of v
aria
bles
.<
$ D
ER
IV &
IN
TE
G‘s
ymb 1
’ [
vect
or1
]→
‘sym
b 2’
LAS
TAR
GR
etur
ns c
opie
s of
the
argu
men
ts o
f the
mos
t rec
ently
ex
ecut
ed c
omm
and.
*<
N E
RR
OR
→
obj n
… o
bj1
→LC
DD
ispl
ays
the
spec
ified
gra
phic
s ob
ject
with
its
uppe
r le
ft pi
xel i
n th
e up
per
left
corn
er o
f the
dis
play
.N
grob
→
LCD
→R
etur
ns th
e cu
rren
t sta
ck a
nd m
enu
disp
lay
as a
131
× 6
4 gr
aphi
cs o
bjec
t.<
N G
RO
B→
grob
LCM
Ret
urns
the
leas
t com
mon
mul
tiple
of t
wo
obje
cts.
*<
!P
OLY
NO
MIA
L‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘s
ymb 2
’→
‘sym
b 3’
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
LINFIT
45
* =
func
tion
LCX
MF
rom
a p
rogr
am w
ith tw
o ar
gum
ents
, bui
lds
a m
atrix
with
th
e sp
ecifi
ed n
umbe
r of
row
s an
d co
lum
ns, w
ith a
ij =
f(i,j
).N
n 1 n
2
«pro
gram
»→
[[ m
atrix
1 ]]
LDE
CS
olve
s a
linea
r di
ffere
ntia
l equ
atio
n w
ith c
onst
ant
coef
ficie
nts.
<&
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
→‘s
ymb 3
’
LEG
EN
DR
ER
etur
ns th
e nt
h de
gree
Leg
endr
e po
lyno
mia
l.*<
!
PO
LYN
OM
IAL
n 1→
‘sym
b 1’
LGC
DR
etur
ns th
e gr
eate
st c
omm
on d
ivis
or o
f a li
st o
f ex
pres
sion
s or
val
ues.
*<
!li
st1
→li
st1
z1
LIB
EV
AL
Eva
luat
es u
nnam
ed li
brar
y fu
nctio
ns.
N#n
func
tion
→LI
BS
List
s th
e tit
le, n
umbe
r, an
d po
rt o
f eac
h lib
rary
atta
ched
to
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory.
N
→“
title
” n
lib n
port …
“titl
e” n
lib n
port
LIM
ITR
etur
ns th
e lim
it of
a fu
nctio
n as
it a
ppro
ache
s a
spec
ified
va
lue.
*<
$ L
IMIT
S &
S
ER
IES
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
→‘s
ymb 3
’
LIN
Line
ariz
es e
xpre
ssio
ns in
volv
ing
expo
nent
ial t
erm
s.<
*‘ s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
LIN
ED
raw
s a
line
in P
ICT
bet
wee
n th
e in
put c
oord
inat
es.
<N
PIC
T(x
1, y
1) (
x 2, y
2)→
ΣLIN
ER
etur
ns a
n ex
pres
sion
rep
rese
ntin
g th
e be
st fi
t lin
e ac
cord
ing
to th
e cu
rren
t sta
tistic
al m
odel
.N
→‘s
ymb
form
ula’
LIN
FIT
Sto
res
LIN
FIT
in th
e re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
ΣPA
R. S
ubse
quen
t ex
ecut
ions
of L
R w
ill u
se th
e lin
ear
curv
e fit
ting
mod
el.N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
LININ
46
* =
func
tion
LIN
INTe
sts
whe
ther
an
alge
brai
c is
str
uctu
rally
line
ar fo
r a g
iven
va
riabl
e.*
<N
TE
ST
‘sym
b’ ‘
nam
e’→
0/1
LIN
SO
LVE
Sol
ves
a sy
stem
of l
inea
r eq
uatio
ns.
<&
[[ ar
ray 1
]] [
vec
tor 1
]→
‘sym
b 1’
lis
t 1
‘sy
mb 2
’
ΣLIS
TR
etur
ns th
e su
m o
f the
ele
men
ts in
a li
st.
<P
LIS
T
list
→z
∆LIS
TR
etur
ns th
e fir
st d
iffer
ence
s of
the
elem
ents
in a
list
.<
P L
IST
lis
t →
di
ffere
nces
ΠLI
ST
Ret
urns
the
prod
uct o
f the
ele
men
ts in
a li
st.
< P
LIS
T
list
→z
→LI
ST
Take
s n
spec
ified
obj
ects
and
ret
urns
a li
st o
f tho
se
obje
cts.
Nob
j 1 …
obj
n n
→
obj 1
… o
bjn
LIS
T→
Take
s a
list o
f n o
bjec
ts a
nd r
etur
ns e
ach
obje
ct
sepa
rate
ly, a
nd r
etur
ns th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
obj
ects
to it
em.N
ob
j 1 ..
.obj
n
→ob
j 1 …
obj
n n
LNR
etur
ns th
e na
tura
l (ba
se e
) lo
garit
hm o
f the
arg
umen
t.*>
ïz
→ln
z
LNA
ME
Ret
urns
the
varia
ble
nam
es in
a s
ymbo
lic e
xpre
ssio
n.N
‘sym
b 1’
→[ v
ecto
r 1 ]
LNC
OLL
EC
TS
impl
ifies
an
expr
essi
on b
y co
llect
ing
loga
rithm
ic te
rms.
>ú
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
LNP
1R
etur
ns ln
(x
+ 1
).*
< P
H
YP
ER
BO
LIC
x→
ln (
x +
1)
LOG
Ret
urns
the
com
mon
loga
rithm
(ba
se 1
0) o
f the
ar
gum
ent.*
>ý
z→
log
z
LOG
FIT
Sto
res
LOG
FIT
in Σ
PA
R. S
ubse
quen
t exe
cutio
ns o
f LR
w
ill u
se th
e lo
g cu
rve-
fittin
g m
odel
.N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
MAX
47
* =
func
tion
LQR
etur
ns th
e LQ
fact
oriz
atio
n of
an
m ×
n m
atrix
. <
%
FA
CT
OR
IZA
TIO
N
[[ m
atrix
]]A
→[[
mat
rix ]]
L [[
mat
rix ]]
Q [
[ mat
rix ]]
P
LRU
ses
curr
ently
sel
ecte
d st
atis
tical
mod
el to
cal
cula
te th
e lin
ear
regr
essi
on c
oeffi
cien
ts (
inte
rcep
t and
slo
pe).
N→
Inte
rcep
t: x
1 S
lope
: x2
LSQ
Ret
urns
the
min
imum
nor
m le
ast s
quar
es s
olut
ion
to a
ny
syst
em o
f lin
ear
equa
tions
whe
re A
× X
= B
.<
%
OP
ER
AT
ION
S[ a
rray
] B [
[ mat
rix ]]
A→
[ arr
ay ] x
LUR
etur
ns th
e LU
dec
ompo
sitio
n of
a s
quar
e m
atrix
.<
%
FA
CT
OR
IZA
TIO
N
[[ m
atrix
]]A
→[[
mat
rix ]]
L [[
mat
rix ]]
U [
[ mat
rix ]]
P
LVA
RR
etur
ns a
list
of v
aria
bles
in a
n al
gebr
aic
obje
ct.
Nob
j 1→
obj 2
[ v
ecto
r 1 ]
MA
DR
etur
ns d
etai
ls o
f a s
quar
e m
atrix
.<
%O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
[[ ar
ray 1
]]→
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
[[ m
atrix
1 ]]
‘s
ymb 3
’
MA
IN D
ispl
ays
a m
enu
of C
AS
cat
egor
ies.
N
MA
NT
Ret
urns
the
man
tissa
of t
he a
rgum
ent.*
< P
RE
AL
x→
y man
t
MA
PA
pplie
s a
spec
ified
pro
gram
to a
list
of o
bjec
ts o
r va
lues
.N
lis
t 1
«pr
ogra
m»
→
list 2
↑MA
TC
HR
ewrit
es a
n ex
pres
sion
that
mat
ches
a s
peci
fied
patte
rn.N
‘sym
b 1’
‘s
ymb
pat’,
‘sym
bre
pl’
→‘s
ymb 2
’ 0/
1
↓MA
TC
HLi
ke ↑
MA
TC
H, b
ut w
orks
top-
dow
n no
t bot
tom
-up.
N‘s
ymb 1
’
‘sym
bpa
t’, ‘s
ymb
repl’
→‘s
ymb 2
’ 0/
1
MA
TR
Dis
play
s a
men
u of
mat
rix c
omm
ands
.N
MA
XR
etur
ns th
e gr
eate
r of
two
inpu
ts.*
< P
RE
AL
x y
→m
ax(x
,y)
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
MAXR
48
* =
func
tion
MA
XR
Ret
urns
the
sym
bolic
con
stan
t MA
XR
or
its n
umer
ical
re
pres
enta
tion
9.99
9999
9999
9E49
9.*
< P
C
ON
ST
AN
TS
→‘M
AX
R’
MA
XΣ
Fin
ds th
e m
axim
um c
oord
inat
e va
lue
in e
ach
of th
e m
co
lum
ns o
f the
cur
rent
sta
tistic
al m
atrix
.N
→x m
ax
MC
ALC
Des
igna
tes
a va
riabl
e as
a c
alcu
late
d va
riabl
e fo
r th
e m
ultip
le-e
quat
ion
solv
er.
N‘n
ame’
→
ME
AN
Ret
urns
the
mea
n of
eac
h of
the
m c
olum
ns o
f coo
rdin
ate
valu
es in
the
curr
ent s
tatis
tics
mat
rix.
N→
x mea
n
ME
MR
etur
ns th
e nu
mbe
r of
byt
es o
f ava
ilabl
e R
AM
.<
N M
EM
OR
Y
→x
ME
NU
Dis
play
s a
built
-in m
enu
or a
libr
ary
men
u, o
r de
fines
and
di
spla
ys a
cus
tom
men
u.N
x men
u→
ME
NU
XY
Dis
play
s a
func
tion
key
men
u of
the
com
pute
r al
gebr
a co
mm
ands
in th
e sp
ecifi
ed r
ange
.N
n 1 n
2→
“str
ing 1
”
MIN
Ret
urns
the
less
er o
f tw
o in
puts
.*<
P R
EA
Lx
y→
min
(x,y
)
MIN
IFO
NT
→R
etur
ns th
e fo
nt u
sed
as th
e m
inifo
nt.
N→
obj
→M
INIF
ON
TS
ets
the
font
use
d as
the
min
ifont
.N
obj
→M
INIT
Cre
ates
the
rese
rved
var
iabl
e M
PAR
, whi
ch in
clud
es th
e eq
uatio
ns in
EQ
and
the
varia
bles
in th
ese
equa
tions
. (U
sed
by th
e m
ultip
le-e
quat
ion
solv
er.)
N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
NDIST
49
* =
func
tion
MIN
RR
etur
ns th
e sy
mbo
lic c
onst
ant M
INR
or
its n
umer
ical
re
pres
enta
tion,
1.0
0000
0000
00E
–499
.*<
P
CO
NS
TA
NT
S→
‘MIN
R’
MIN
ΣF
inds
the
min
imum
coo
rdin
ate
valu
e in
eac
h of
the
m
colu
mns
of t
he c
urre
nt s
tatis
tics
mat
rix.
N→
x min
MIT
MC
hang
es m
ultip
le e
quat
ion
men
u tit
les
and
orde
r.N
"titl
e"
list
→
MO
DR
etur
ns a
rem
aind
er w
here
x m
od y
= x
– y
floo
r (x
/y).
*<
P R
EA
L x
y→
x m
od y
MO
DS
TO
Cha
nges
the
mod
ulo
setti
ng to
the
spec
ified
num
ber.
<!
MO
DU
LOz 1
→z 2
MR
OO
TU
ses
the
mul
tiple
-equ
atio
n so
lver
to s
olve
for o
ne o
r m
ore
varia
bles
usi
ng th
e eq
uatio
ns in
EQ
.N
’nam
e’→
x
MS
GB
OX
Cre
ates
a u
ser-
defin
ed m
essa
ge b
ox.
<N
OU
T“m
essa
ge”
→M
SO
LVR
Dis
play
s th
e m
ultip
le-e
quat
ion
solv
er v
aria
ble
men
u fo
r th
e se
t of e
quat
ions
sto
red
in E
Q.
N
MU
LTM
OD
Per
form
s m
odul
ar m
ultip
licat
ion
of tw
o ob
ject
s, m
odul
o th
e cu
rren
t mod
ulus
.*<
! M
OD
ULO
obj 1
obj
2→
obj 3
MU
SE
RD
esig
nate
s a
varia
ble
as u
ser-
defin
ed fo
r th
e m
ultip
le-
equa
tion
solv
er.
N‘n
ame’
→
→N
DIS
PS
ets
the
num
ber o
f lin
es o
ver
whi
ch a
n ob
ject
is d
ispl
ayed
.N
n→
ND
IST
Ret
urns
the
norm
al p
roba
bilit
y di
strib
utio
n at
x b
ased
on
the
mea
n m
and
var
ianc
e v
of th
e no
rmal
dis
trib
utio
n.<
P
PR
OB
AB
ILIT
Ym
v x
→nd
ist(
m, v
, x)
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
NDUPN
50
* =
func
tion
ND
UP
ND
uplic
ates
an
obje
ct n
tim
es, a
nd r
etur
ns n
.N
obj
n→
obj …
obj
n
NE
GC
hang
es th
e si
gn o
r ne
gate
s an
obj
ect.*
> ó
z→
–z
NE
WO
BC
reat
es a
new
cop
y of
the
spec
ified
obj
ect.
<N
ME
MO
RY
obj 1
→ob
j 1N
EX
TE
nds
defin
ite lo
op s
truc
ture
s.<
N B
RA
NC
H
NE
XT
PR
IME
Ret
urns
the
next
prim
e nu
mbe
r gr
eate
r th
an a
spe
cifie
d in
tege
r.*<
! IN
TE
GE
Rn 1
→n 2
NIP
Dro
ps th
e ite
m o
n le
vel 2
of t
he s
tack
.<
N S
TA
CK
obj 1
obj
2→
obj 2
NO
TR
etur
ns th
e on
e’s
com
plem
ent o
r lo
gica
l inv
erse
of t
he
argu
men
t.*<
N T
ES
T#n
1→
#n2
NO
VA
LP
lace
hol
der
for
rese
t and
initi
al v
alue
s in
use
r-de
fined
di
alog
box
es. N
OV
AL
is r
etur
ned
whe
n a
field
is e
mpt
y.<
N IN
→N
OV
AL
NΣ
Ret
urns
the
num
ber
of r
ows
in th
e cu
rren
t sta
tistic
al
mat
rix.
N→
nro
ws
NS
UB
Pro
vide
s ac
cess
to th
e cu
rren
t sub
-list
pos
ition
dur
ing
an
itera
tion
of a
pro
gram
or
com
man
d ap
plie
d us
ing
DO
SU
BS
.
<N
LIS
T
PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
→n
posi
tion
NU
MR
etur
ns th
e co
de o
f the
firs
t cha
ract
er in
a s
trin
g.<
N T
YP
E“s
trin
g”→
n
→N
UM
Con
vert
s an
exa
ct v
alue
to it
s ap
prox
imat
e eq
uiva
lent
.>
n
1→
n2
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
PARSURFACE
51
* =
func
tion
NU
MX
Set
s th
e nu
mbe
r of
x-s
teps
for
each
y-s
tep
in 3
D
pers
pect
ive
plot
s.N
nx
→
NU
MY
Set
s th
e nu
mbe
r of
y-s
teps
acr
oss
the
view
vol
ume
in 3
D
pers
pect
ive
plot
s.N
ny
→
OB
J→S
epar
ates
an
obje
ct in
to it
s co
mpo
nent
s.<
N T
YP
E(x
, y)
→x
y
OC
TS
elec
ts o
ctal
bas
e fo
r bi
nary
inte
ger
oper
atio
ns.
N
OF
FTu
rns
off t
he c
alcu
lato
r.>
OP
EN
IOO
pens
a s
eria
l por
t usi
ng th
e I/O
par
amet
ers
in th
e re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
IOPA
R.
N
OR
Ret
urns
the
logi
cal O
R o
f tw
o ar
gum
ents
.*>
ì B
AS
E
LOG
IC#n
1 #
n2
→#n
3
OR
DE
RR
eord
ers
the
varia
bles
in th
e cu
rren
t dire
ctor
y (s
how
n in
th
e V
AR
men
u) to
the
orde
r sp
ecifi
ed.
<N
ME
MO
RY
DIR
EC
TO
RY
gl
obal
1 ...
glo
bal n
→
OV
ER
Ret
urns
a c
opy
to le
vel 1
of t
he o
bjec
t on
leve
l 2.
<N
ST
AC
K
obj 1
obj
2→
obj 1
obj
2 o
bj1
PA
2B2
Take
s a
prim
e nu
mbe
r an
d re
turn
s a
Gau
ssia
n in
tege
r.<
! IN
TE
GE
Rz 1
→z 2
PA
RA
ME
TR
ICS
ets
the
plot
type
to P
AR
AM
ET
RIC
.N
PA
RIT
YS
ets
the
parit
y va
lue
in th
e re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
IOP
AR
.N
n par
ity→
PA
RS
UR
FAC
ES
ets
plot
type
to P
AR
SU
RFA
CE
.N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
PARTFRAC
52
* =
func
tion
PA
RT
FR
AC
Per
form
s pa
rtia
l fra
ctio
n de
com
posi
tion
on a
par
tial
frac
tion.
<!
PO
LYN
OM
IAL
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
PA
TH
Ret
urns
a li
st s
peci
fyin
g th
e pa
th to
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory.
<N
ME
MO
RY
DIR
EC
TO
RY
→
HO
ME
dire
ctor
y-na
me n
…
dire
ctor
y-na
me n
PC
AR
Ret
urns
the
char
acte
ristic
pol
ynom
ial o
f an
n ×
n m
atrix
.<
%
EIG
EN
VE
CT
OR
S[[
mat
rix1
]]→
‘sym
b 1’
PC
OE
FR
etur
ns th
e co
effic
ient
s of
a m
onic
pol
ynom
ial h
avin
g sp
ecifi
c ro
ots.
< !
P
OLY
NO
MIA
L [ a
rray
]ro
ots
→[ a
rray
]co
effic
ient
s
PC
ON
TO
UR
Set
s th
e pl
ot ty
pe to
PC
ON
TO
UR
.N
PC
OV
Ret
urns
the
popu
latio
n co
varia
nce
of th
e in
depe
nden
t an
d de
pend
ent d
ata
colu
mns
in th
e cu
rren
t sta
tistic
s m
atrix
.
N
→x p
cova
rianc
e
PD
IMR
epla
ces
PIC
T w
ith a
bla
nk P
ICT
of t
he s
peci
fied
dim
ensi
ons.
<N
PIC
T
( xm
in, y
min)
(x
max
, y m
ax)
→
PE
RM
Ret
urns
the
num
ber
of p
ossi
ble
perm
utat
ions
of n
item
s ta
ken
m a
t a ti
me.
*<
P
PR
OB
AB
ILIT
Y
n m
→P
n,m
PE
VA
LE
valu
ates
an
n-de
gree
pol
ynom
ial a
t x.
N[ a
rray
]co
effic
ient
s x
→p(
x)
PG
DIR
Pur
ges
the
nam
ed d
irect
ory.
<N
ME
MO
RY
DIR
EC
TO
RY
‘glo
bal’
→
PIC
KC
opie
s th
e co
nten
ts o
f a s
peci
fied
leve
l to
leve
l 1.
<N
ST
AC
K
obj n
... o
bj1
n→
obj n
… o
bj1
obj
n
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
POS
53
* =
func
tion
PIC
K3
Dup
licat
es th
e ob
ject
on
leve
l 3 o
f the
sta
ck.
Nob
j 1 o
bj2
obj
3→
obj 1
obj
2 o
bj3
obj
1
PIC
TP
uts
the
nam
e P
ICT
on
the
stac
k.<
N P
ICT
→P
ICT
PIC
TU
RE
Sel
ects
the
Pic
ture
env
ironm
ent.
N
PIN
ITIn
itial
izes
all
curr
ently
act
ive
port
s.N
PIX
OF
FTu
rns
off t
he p
ixel
at t
he s
peci
fied
coor
dina
te in
PIC
T.<
N P
ICT
(x,y
)→
PIX
ON
Turn
s on
the
pixe
l at t
he s
peci
fied
coor
dina
te in
PIC
T.<
N P
ICT
(x,y
)→
PIX
?Te
sts
whe
ther
the
spec
ified
pix
el in
PIC
T is
on.
<N
PIC
T(x
,y)
→0/
1
PK
TU
sed
to s
end
com
man
d “p
acke
ts”
(and
rec
eive
req
uest
ed
data
) to
a K
erm
it se
rver
.N
“dat
a” “
type
”→
“res
pons
e”
PLO
TAD
DA
dds
a fu
nctio
n to
the
plot
func
tion
list.
N‘s
ymb 1
’→
PM
AX
Spe
cifie
s (x
, y)
as th
e co
ordi
nate
s of
the
uppe
r rig
ht
corn
er o
f the
dis
play
.N
(x,y
)→
PM
INS
peci
fies
(x, y
) as
the
coor
dina
tes
of th
e lo
wer
left
corn
er
of th
e di
spla
y.N
(x,y
)→
PO
LAR
Set
s th
e pl
ot ty
pe to
PO
LAR
.N
PO
SR
etur
ns th
e po
sitio
n of
a s
ubst
ring
with
in a
str
ing
or th
e po
sitio
n of
an
obje
ct w
ithin
a li
st.
<N
CH
AR
S
“str
ing”
“su
bstr
ing”
→n
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
POWMOD
54
* =
func
tion
PO
WM
OD
Rai
ses
an o
bjec
t (nu
mbe
r or
exp
ress
ion)
to th
e sp
ecifi
ed
pow
er, a
nd e
xpre
sses
the
resu
lt m
odul
o th
e cu
rren
t m
odul
us.*
<!
MO
DU
LOob
j 1 z
1→
obj 2
PR
1P
rints
an
obje
ct in
mul
tilin
e pr
inte
r fo
rmat
.N
PR
ED
VR
etur
ns th
e pr
edic
ted
depe
nden
t-va
riabl
e va
lue
y dep
ende
nt, b
ased
on
x ind
epen
dent
, the
sel
ecte
d st
atis
tical
m
odel
, and
the
curr
ent r
egre
ssio
n co
effic
ient
s in
ΣP
AR
.
Nx
inde
pend
ent
→y d
epen
dent
PR
ED
XR
etur
ns th
e pr
edic
ted
inde
pend
ent-
varia
ble
valu
e x i
ndep
ende
nt b
ased
on:
yde
pend
ent,
the
sele
cted
sta
tistic
al
mod
el, a
nd th
e cu
rren
t reg
ress
ion
coef
ficie
nts
in Σ
PA
R.
Ny d
epen
dent
→x i
ndep
ende
nt
PR
ED
YR
etur
ns th
e pr
edic
ted
depe
nden
t-va
riabl
e va
lue
base
d on
x i
ndep
ende
nt, t
he s
elec
ted
stat
istic
al m
odel
, and
the
curr
ent
regr
essi
on c
oeffi
cien
ts in
ΣPA
R. S
ame
as P
RE
DV
.
Nx
inde
pend
ent
→y d
epen
dent
PR
EV
AL
Rel
ativ
e to
the
curr
ent d
efau
lt va
riabl
e, r
etur
ns th
e di
ffere
nce
betw
een
the
valu
es o
f a fu
nctio
n at
two
spec
ified
val
ues.
*
<$
DE
RIV
. &
INT
EG
‘sym
b 1’
z 1 z
2→
‘sym
b 2’
PR
EV
PR
IME
Giv
en a
n in
tege
r, fin
ds th
e cl
oses
t prim
e nu
mbe
r les
s th
an
the
inte
ger.*
<!
INT
EG
ER
n 1→
n 2
PR
LCD
Prin
ts a
pix
el-b
y-pi
xel i
mag
e of
the
curr
ent d
ispl
ay
(exc
ludi
ng th
e an
nunc
iato
rs).
N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
PTAYL
55
* =
func
tion
PR
OM
PT
Dis
play
s th
e co
nten
ts o
f “pr
ompt
” in
the
stat
us a
rea,
and
ha
lts p
rogr
am e
xecu
tion.
<N
IN“p
rom
pt”
→
PR
OM
PT
ST
OC
reat
es a
var
iabl
e w
ith th
e sp
ecifi
ed n
ame,
pro
mpt
s fo
r a
valu
e, a
nd s
tore
s th
e va
lue
you
ente
r in
the
varia
ble.
N“g
loba
l”→
PR
OO
TR
etur
ns a
ll ro
ots
of a
n n-
degr
ee p
olyn
omia
l hav
ing
real
or
com
plex
coe
ffici
ents
.<
!
PO
LYN
OM
IAL
[ arr
ay ]
coef
ficie
nts
→[ a
rray
]ro
ots
PR
OP
FR
AC
Spl
its a
n im
prop
er fr
actio
n in
to a
n in
tege
r an
d a
frac
tion.
<!
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
PR
ST
Prin
ts a
ll ob
ject
s on
the
stac
k, s
tart
ing
with
the
obje
ct o
n th
e hi
ghes
t lev
el.
N
PR
ST
CP
rints
in c
ompa
ct fo
rm a
ll ob
ject
s on
the
stac
k, s
tart
ing
with
the
obje
ct o
n th
e hi
ghes
t lev
el.
N
PR
VA
RS
earc
hes
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory
path
or
port
for
the
spec
ified
var
iabl
es a
nd p
rints
the
nam
e an
d co
nten
ts o
f ea
ch v
aria
ble.
N‘n
ame’
→
PS
DE
VC
alcu
late
s th
e po
pula
tion
stan
dard
dev
iatio
n of
eac
h of
th
e m
col
umns
of c
oord
inat
e va
lues
in Σ
DA
T.N
→x p
sdev
Psi
Cal
cula
tes
the
diga
mm
a fu
nctio
n in
one
poi
nt.*
N‘s
ymb 1
’ n
→‘s
ymb 2
’
PS
IC
alcu
late
s th
e po
lyga
mm
a fu
nctio
n in
one
poi
nt.*
N‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
PTA
YL
Ret
urns
the
Tayl
or p
olyn
omia
l for
a s
peci
fied
poly
nom
ial.*
<!
PO
LYN
OM
IAL
‘sym
b 1’
z 1→
‘sym
b 2’
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
PURGE
56
* =
func
tion
PU
RG
EP
urge
s th
e na
med
var
iabl
es o
r em
pty
subd
irect
orie
s fr
om
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory.
<N
ME
MO
RY
‘glo
bal’
→
PU
TR
epla
ces
the
obje
ct a
t a s
peci
fied
posi
tion
in a
n ar
ray.
<N
LIS
T
ELE
ME
NT
S[[
mat
rix ]]
1 n
posi
tion
zpu
t→
[[ m
atrix
]]2
PU
TI
As
for
PU
T (
see
abov
e) b
ut a
lso
incr
emen
ts th
e po
sitio
n.<
N L
IST
ELE
ME
NT
S[[
mat
rix ]]
1 n
posi
tion1
zpu
t→
[[ m
atrix
]]2
npo
sitio
n2
PV
AR
Cal
cula
tes
the
popu
latio
n va
rianc
e of
the
coor
dina
te
valu
es in
eac
h of
the
m c
olum
ns in
ΣD
AT.
N→
x pva
rianc
e
PV
AR
SR
etur
ns a
list
of t
he b
acku
p ob
ject
s an
d lib
rary
obj
ects
in a
sp
ecifi
ed p
ort,
and
the
avai
labl
e m
emor
y.N
n por
t→
:n
port: n
ame
back
up …
m
emor
y
PV
IEW
Dis
play
s P
ICT
with
the
spec
ified
coo
rdin
ates
at t
he u
pper
le
ft co
rner
of t
he g
raph
ics
disp
lay.
<N
PIC
T(x
,y)
→
PW
RF
ITS
tore
s P
WR
FIT
in Σ
PA
R, s
o th
at s
ubse
quen
t exe
cutio
ns
of L
R u
se th
e po
wer
cur
ve fi
tting
mod
el.
N
PX
→C
Con
vert
s th
e sp
ecifi
ed p
ixel
coo
rdin
ates
to u
ser-
unit
coor
dina
tes.
<N
PIC
T
# n, #
s
→(x
,y)
→Q
Ret
urns
a r
atio
nal f
orm
of t
he a
rgum
ent.
Nx
→‘a
/b’
QR
Ret
urns
the
QR
fact
oriz
atio
n of
an
m ×
n m
atrix
.<
%
FA
CT
OR
IZA
TIO
N
[[ m
atrix
]]A
→[[
mat
rix ]]
Q [
[ mat
rix ]]
R [
[ mat
rix ]]
P
QU
AD
Fin
ds z
eros
of a
n ex
pres
sion
equ
ated
to 0
, or
solv
es a
n eq
uatio
n. S
ame
as S
OLV
E.
N
‘sym
b 1’
‘glo
bal’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
RCI
57
* =
func
tion
QU
OT
Ret
urns
the
quot
ient
par
t of t
he E
uclid
ean
divi
sion
of t
wo
poly
nom
ials
.<
!P
OLY
NO
MIA
L‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘s
ymb 2
’→
‘sym
b 3’
QU
OT
ER
etur
ns u
neva
luat
ed a
rgum
ents
.*N
obj 1
→ob
j 2Q
XA
Exp
ress
es a
qua
drat
ic fo
rm in
mat
rix fo
rm.
N‘s
ymb 1
’ [ v
ecto
r 1 ]
→‘ s
ymb 2
’ [ v
ecto
r 2 ]
→Q
πR
etur
ns a
rat
iona
l for
m o
f the
arg
umen
t, or
a r
atio
nal f
orm
of
the
argu
men
t with
π fa
ctor
ed o
ut.
N
x→
‘a/b
*π’
RA
DS
ets
Rad
ians
ang
le m
ode.
N
RA
ND
Ret
urns
a p
seud
o-ra
ndom
num
ber
gene
rate
d us
ing
a se
ed v
alue
, and
upd
ates
the
seed
val
ue.
< P
P
RO
BA
BIL
ITY
→x r
ando
m
RA
NK
Ret
urns
the
rank
of a
rec
tang
ular
mat
rix.
< %
O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
[[ m
atrix
]]→
nra
nk
RA
NM
Ret
urns
a m
atrix
of s
peci
fied
dim
ensi
ons
that
con
tain
s ra
ndom
inte
gers
in th
e ra
nge
–9 to
9.
< %
C
RE
AT
E m
, n
→[[
rand
om m
atrix
]]m
×n
RA
TIO
Pre
fix fo
rm o
f / (
divi
de).
*N
z 1
z2
→z 1
/z2
RC
EQ
Ret
urns
the
unev
alua
ted
cont
ents
of t
he r
eser
ved
varia
ble
EQ
from
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory.
N→
obj E
Q
RC
IM
ultip
lies
row
n o
f a m
atrix
(or
ele
men
t n
of a
vec
tor)
by
a co
nsta
nt x
fact
or, a
nd r
etur
ns th
e m
odifi
ed m
atrix
.<
%
CR
EA
TE R
OW
[[ m
atrix
]]1
xfa
ctor
nv r
ow n
umbe
r→
[[ m
atrix
]]3
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
RCIJ
58
* =
func
tion
RC
IJM
ultip
lies
row
i of
a m
atrix
by
a co
nsta
nt x
fact
or, a
dds
this
pr
oduc
t to
row
j of
the
mat
rix, a
nd r
etur
ns th
e m
odifi
ed
mat
rix.*
< %
C
RE
AT
E R
OW
[[ m
atrix
]]1
xfa
ctor
nro
w i
nro
w j
→[[
mat
rix ]]
2
RC
LR
etur
ns th
e un
eval
uate
d co
nten
ts o
f a s
peci
fied
varia
ble.
<K
‘nam
e’→
obj
RC
LALA
RM
Rec
alls
a s
peci
fied
alar
m.
>ç
TO
OLS
A
LRM
n ind
ex→
da
te ti
me
obj a
ctio
n x r
epea
t
RC
LFR
etur
ns a
list
of i
nteg
ers
repr
esen
ting
the
stat
es o
f the
sy
stem
and
use
r fla
gs r
espe
ctiv
ely.
N→
#n
syst
em #
nus
er #
nsy
stem
2 #n
user
2
RC
LKE
YS
Ret
urns
the
curr
ent u
ser
key
assi
gnm
ents
.N
→
obj 1,
xke
y1, …
ob
j n, x
keyn
RC
LME
NU
Ret
urns
the
num
ber
of th
e cu
rren
tly d
ispl
ayed
men
u.N
→x m
enu
RC
LΣR
etur
ns th
e st
atis
tical
mat
rix fr
om th
e cu
rren
t dire
ctor
y.N
→[[
mat
rix ]]
RC
WS
Ret
urns
the
curr
ent w
ords
ize
in b
its (
1 th
roug
h 64
).>
ì→
n
RD
MR
earr
ange
s th
e el
emen
ts o
f the
arg
umen
t acc
ordi
ng to
sp
ecifi
ed d
imen
sion
s.<
%
CR
EA
TE
[ vec
tor
] 1
nel
emen
ts
→[ v
ecto
r ] 2
RD
ZS
peci
fies
the
seed
for
the
RA
ND
com
man
d.<
P
PR
OB
AB
ILIT
Y
x see
d→
RE
Ret
urns
the
real
par
t of t
he a
rgum
ent.*
> ó
(x, y
)→
x
RE
CN
Pre
pare
s th
e H
P 4
9 to
rec
eive
a fi
le fr
om a
noth
er K
erm
it se
rver
dev
ice,
and
to s
tore
the
file
in a
spe
cifie
d va
riabl
e.N
‘ nam
e’→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
RESULTANT
59
* =
func
tion
RE
CT
Set
s th
e co
ordi
nate
mod
e to
rec
tang
ular
.N
RE
CV
Inst
ruct
s th
e H
P 4
9 to
look
for
a na
med
file
on
anot
her
Ker
mit
serv
er d
evic
e.N
RE
FR
educ
es a
mat
rix to
ech
elon
form
.<
% L
INE
AR
S
YS
TE
MS
[[ m
atrix
1 ]]
→[[
mat
rix2
]]
RE
MA
IND
ER
Ret
urns
the
rem
aind
er o
f the
Euc
lidea
n di
visi
on o
f tw
o po
lyno
mia
ls.*
<!
PO
LYN
OM
IAL
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
→‘s
ymb 3
’
RE
NA
ME
Ren
ames
a v
aria
ble
as s
peci
fied.
N‘n
ame
new‘
‘nam
eol
d‘→
RE
OR
DE
RG
iven
a p
olyn
omia
l and
var
iabl
e, r
eord
ers
the
varia
bles
in
the
orde
r of
pow
ers
set i
n th
e C
AS
mod
es.*
N‘ s
ymb 1
’ z
1→
‘sym
b 2’
RE
PE
AT
Sta
rts
a lo
op c
laus
e in
aW
HIL
E …
RE
PE
AT
… E
ND
in
defin
ite lo
op s
truc
ture
.<
N B
RA
NC
H
RE
PL
Rep
lace
s a
port
ion
of th
e ta
rget
obj
ect w
ith a
spe
cifie
d ob
ject
, beg
inni
ng a
t a s
peci
fied
posi
tion.
<N
LIS
T[[
mat
rix ]]
1 n
posi
tion
[[ m
atrix
]]2
→[[
mat
rix ]]
3
RE
SS
peci
fies
the
reso
lutio
n of
mat
hem
atic
al a
nd s
tatis
tical
pl
ots.
Nn
inte
rval
→
RE
ST
OR
ER
epla
ces
the
curr
ent H
OM
E d
irect
ory
with
the
spec
ified
ba
ckup
cop
y pr
evio
usly
cre
ated
by
AR
CH
IVE
.N
:npo
rt: n
ame
back
up→
RE
SU
LTA
NT
Ret
urns
res
ulta
nt o
f tw
o po
lyno
mia
ls o
f the
cur
rent
va
riabl
e.*
N‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘s
ymb 2
’→
z 1
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
REVLIST
60
* =
func
tion
RE
VLI
ST
Rev
erse
s th
e or
der
of th
e el
emen
ts in
a li
st.
<N
LIS
T
PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
ob
j n, ..
. obj
1
→
obj1, …
obj
n
RIS
CH
Per
form
s sy
mbo
lic in
tegr
atio
n on
a fu
nctio
n us
ing
the
Ris
ch a
lgor
ithm
.*<
$ D
ER
IV. &
IN
TE
G‘s
ymb 1
’ z
1→
‘sym
b 2’
RK
FC
ompu
tes
solu
tion
to a
n in
itial
val
ue p
robl
em fo
r a
diffe
rent
ial e
quat
ion
usin
g th
e R
unge
–Kut
ta–F
ehlb
erg
(4,5
) m
etho
d.
N
list
xto
l x T
fina
l→
lis
t x
tol
RK
FE
RR
Ret
urns
the
abso
lute
err
or e
stim
ate
for
a gi
ven
step
h
whe
n so
lvin
g an
initi
al v
alue
pro
blem
for
a di
ffere
ntia
l eq
uatio
n.
N
list
h→
lis
t h
y d
elta
err
or
RK
FS
TE
PC
ompu
tes
the
next
sol
utio
n st
ep (
h nex
t) to
an
initi
al v
alue
pr
oble
m fo
r a
diffe
rent
ial e
quat
ion.
N
list
xto
l h
→
list
xto
l h
next
RL
Rot
ates
a b
inar
y in
tege
r on
e bi
t to
the
left.
< P
BA
SE B
IT#n
1→
#n2
RLB
Rot
ates
a b
inar
y in
tege
r on
e by
te to
the
left.
< P
BA
SE
BY
TE
#n1
→#n
2
RN
DR
ound
s an
obj
ect t
o a
spec
ified
num
ber
of d
ecim
al p
lace
s or
sig
nific
ant d
igits
, or
to fi
t the
cur
rent
dis
play
form
at.*
< P
RE
AL
z 1 n
roun
d→
z 2
RN
RM
Ret
urns
the
row
nor
m (
infin
ity n
orm
) of
an
arra
y.<
%
OP
ER
AT
ION
S
[ arr
ay ]
→x r
ow n
orm
RO
LLM
oves
the
cont
ents
of a
spe
cifie
d le
vel t
o le
vel 1
, and
rolls
up
the
port
ion
of th
e st
ack
bene
ath
the
spec
ified
leve
l.<
N S
TA
CK
obj n
... o
bj1
n→
obj n
–1 …
obj
1 o
bjn
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
RRB
61
* =
func
tion
RO
LLD
Mov
es th
e co
nten
ts o
f lev
el 2
to a
spe
cifie
d le
vel,
n, a
nd
rolls
dow
nwar
d th
e po
rtio
n of
the
stac
k be
neat
h th
e sp
ecifi
ed le
vel.
<N
ST
AC
Kob
j n ...
obj
1 n
→ob
j 1 o
bjn
… o
bj2
RO
MU
PLO
AD
Tran
sfer
s th
e op
erat
ing
syst
em to
ano
ther
cal
cula
tor.
N
RO
OT
Ret
urns
the
valu
e of
the
spec
ified
var
iabl
e gl
obal
for w
hich
th
e sp
ecifi
ed p
rogr
am o
r al
gebr
aic
obje
ct m
ost n
early
ev
alua
tes
to z
ero
or a
loca
l ext
rem
um.
N«p
rogr
am»
‘glo
bal’
gue
ss→
x roo
t
RO
TR
otat
es th
e fir
st th
ree
obje
cts
on th
e st
ack,
mov
ing
the
obje
ct o
n le
vel 3
to le
vel 1
.<
N S
TA
CK
obj 3
obj
2 o
bj1
→ob
j 2 o
bj1
obj
3
→R
OW
Tra
nsfo
rms
a m
atrix
into
a s
erie
s of
row
vec
tors
and
re
turn
s th
e ve
ctor
s an
d a
row
cou
nt.
< %
C
RE
AT
E R
OW
[[ m
atrix
]]→
[ vec
tor
] row
1 …
[ ve
ctor
] row
n n
RO
W–
Del
etes
row
n o
f a m
atrix
(or
ele
men
t n o
f a v
ecto
r), a
nd
retu
rns
the
mod
ified
mat
rix (o
r vec
tor)
and
the
dele
ted
row
(o
r el
emen
t).
< %
C
RE
AT
E R
OW
[[ m
atrix
]]1
nro
w→
[[ m
atrix
]]2
[ ve
ctor
] row
RO
W+
Inse
rts
an a
rray
into
a m
atrix
at t
he p
ositi
on in
dica
ted
by
n ind
ex, a
nd r
etur
ns th
e m
odifi
ed m
atrix
.<
%
CR
EA
TE R
OW
[[ m
atrix
]]1
[[ m
atrix
]]2
nin
dex
→[[
mat
rix ]]
3
RO
W→
Tran
sfor
ms
a se
ries
of r
ow v
ecto
rs a
nd a
row
cou
nt in
to a
m
atrix
con
tain
ing
thos
e ro
ws.
< %
RO
W
[ vec
tor
] row
1…[ v
ecto
r ] ro
wn
n→
[[ m
atrix
]]
RR
Rot
ates
a b
inar
y in
tege
r on
e bi
t to
the
right
.>
ì B
IT#n
1→
#n2
RR
BR
otat
es a
bin
ary
inte
ger
one
byte
to th
e rig
ht.
> ì
BY
TE
#n1
→#n
2
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
rref
62
* =
func
tion
rref
Red
uces
a m
atrix
to r
ow-r
educ
ed e
chel
on fo
rm a
nd
retu
rns
pivo
t poi
nts.
*N
[[ m
atrix
1 ]]
→
list
[[ m
atrix
2 ]]
RR
EF
Red
uces
a m
atrix
to r
ow-r
educ
ed e
chel
on fo
rm.*
<%
LIN
EA
R
SY
ST
EM
S[[
mat
rix1
]]→
[[ m
atrix
2 ]]
RR
EF
MO
DP
erfo
rms
mod
ular
row
-red
uctio
n to
ech
elon
form
on
a m
atrix
, mod
ulo
the
curr
ent m
odul
us.
N[[
mat
rix1
]]→
[[ m
atrix
2 ]]
RR
KC
ompu
tes
the
solu
tion
to a
n in
itial
val
ue p
robl
em fo
r a
diffe
rent
ial e
quat
ion
with
kno
wn
part
ial d
eriv
ativ
es.
N l
ist
xto
l x T
fina
l→
lis
t x
tol
RR
KS
TE
PC
ompu
tes
the
next
sol
utio
n st
ep to
an
initi
al v
alue
pro
blem
fo
r a
diffe
rent
ial e
quat
ion,
and
dis
play
s m
etho
d us
ed.
N
list
xto
l h
last
→
list
xto
l h
next
cur
rent
RS
BE
RR
Ret
urns
an
erro
r es
timat
e fo
r a
give
n st
ep h
whe
n so
lvin
g an
initi
al v
alue
s pr
oble
m fo
r a
diffe
rent
ial e
quat
ion.
N
list
h→
lis
t h
yde
lta e
rror
RS
DC
ompu
tes
the
resi
dual
B –
AZ
of t
he a
rray
s B
, A, a
nd Z
.<
%
OP
ER
AT
ION
S[[
mat
rix ]]
B [
[ mat
rix ]]
A [
[ mat
rix ]]
Z→
[[ m
atrix
]]B
–AZ
RS
WP
Sw
aps
row
s i a
nd j
of a
mat
rix a
nd r
etur
ns th
e m
odifi
ed
mat
rix.
< %
C
RE
AT
E R
OW
[[ m
atrix
]]1
nro
w i
nro
w j
→[[
mat
rix ]]
2
R→
BC
onve
rts
a po
sitiv
e re
al to
its
bina
ry in
tege
r eq
uiva
lent
.>
ìn
→#n
R→
CC
ombi
nes
two
real
num
bers
or
real
arr
ays
into
a s
ingl
e co
mpl
ex n
umbe
r or
com
plex
arr
ay.
<N
TY
PE
x y
→(x
,y)
R→
DC
onve
rts
a re
al n
umbe
r ex
pres
sed
in r
adia
ns to
its
equi
vale
nt in
deg
rees
.*<
P R
EA
Lx
→(1
80/π
)x
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
SCLΣ
63
* =
func
tion
R→
IC
onve
rts
a re
al n
umbe
r to
an
inte
ger.*
Nz 1
→n 1
SA
ME
Com
pare
s tw
o ob
ject
s, a
nd r
etur
ns a
true
res
ult (
1) if
they
ar
e id
entic
al, a
nd a
fals
e re
sult
(0)
if th
ey a
re n
ot.
<N
TE
ST
obj 1
obj
2→
0/1
SB
RK
Inte
rrup
ts s
eria
l tra
nsm
issi
on o
r re
cept
ion
N
SC
ALE
Adj
usts
firs
t tw
o pa
ram
eter
s in
PPA
R, (
x min
, ym
in)
and
(xm
ax, y
max
), s
o th
at x
scal
e an
d y s
cale
are
the
new
plo
t ho
rizon
tal a
nd v
ertic
al s
cale
s.
Nx
scal
e y
scal
e→
SC
ALE
HM
ultip
lies
the
vert
ical
plo
t sca
le b
y x f
acto
r.N
x fac
tor
→
SC
ALE
WM
ultip
lies
the
horiz
onta
l plo
t sca
le b
y x f
acto
r.N
x fac
tor
→
SC
AT
RP
LOT
Dra
ws
a sc
atte
rplo
t of (
x, y
) da
ta p
oint
s fr
om th
e sp
ecifi
ed
colu
mns
of t
he c
urre
nt s
tatis
tics
mat
rix.
N
SC
AT
TE
RS
ets
the
plot
type
to S
CA
TT
ER
.N
SC
HU
RR
etur
ns th
e S
chur
dec
ompo
sitio
n of
a s
quar
e m
atrix
.<
%
FA
CT
OR
IZA
TIO
N[[
mat
rix ]]
A→
[[ m
atrix
]]Q [
[ mat
rix ]]
T
SC
IS
ets
the
num
ber
disp
lay
to s
cien
tific
mod
e: o
ne d
igit
left
of
the
frac
tion
mar
k an
d n
sign
ifica
nt d
igits
to th
e rig
ht.
Nn
→
SC
LΣA
djus
ts (
x min
, y m
in)
and
(xm
ax, y
max
) in
PP
AR
so
that
a
subs
eque
nt s
catte
r pl
ot e
xact
ly fi
lls P
ICT.
N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
SCONJ
64
* =
func
tion
SC
ON
JC
onju
gate
s th
e co
nten
ts o
f a n
amed
obj
ect.
<N
ME
MO
RY
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
‘nam
e’→
SC
RO
LLD
ispl
ays
the
cont
ents
of a
nam
ed o
bjec
t.N
‘nam
e’→
SD
EV
Cal
cula
tes
the
sam
ple
stan
dard
dev
iatio
n of
eac
h of
the
m
colu
mns
of c
oord
inat
e va
lues
in Σ
DA
T.N
→x s
dev
SE
ND
Sen
ds a
cop
y of
the
nam
ed o
bjec
ts to
a K
erm
it de
vice
.N
‘nam
e’→
SE
QR
etur
ns a
list
of r
esul
ts g
ener
ated
by
repe
ated
ly e
xecu
ting
obj e
xec
usin
g in
dex
betw
een
x sta
rt to
xen
d, in
ste
ps o
f xin
cr.
< N
LIS
T
PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
obj e
xec
inde
x x
star
t x e
nd x
incr
→
list
SE
RIE
SF
or a
giv
en fu
nctio
n, c
ompu
tes
Tayl
or s
erie
s, a
sym
ptot
ic
deve
lopm
ent a
nd li
mit
at fi
nite
and
infin
ite p
oint
s.<
$ L
IMIT
S &
SE
RIE
S‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘s
ymb 2
’ z 1
→
list 1
‘
sym
b 3’
SE
RV
ER
Sta
rts
Ker
mit
Ser
ver
mod
e.N
SE
VA
LE
valu
ates
the
varia
bles
in a
n ex
pres
sion
and
sub
stitu
tes
the
valu
es in
to th
e ex
pres
sion
.*N
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
SF
Set
s a
spec
ified
use
r or
sys
tem
flag
.<
N T
ES
Tn
flag
num
ber
→S
HO
WR
etur
ns s
ymb 2
, whi
ch is
equ
ival
ent t
o sy
mb 1
but
with
all
impl
icit
refe
renc
es to
the
varia
ble
nam
e m
ade
expl
icit.
N‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘n
ame’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
SID
EN
SC
alcu
late
s th
e in
trin
sic
dens
ity o
f sili
con
as a
func
tion
of
tem
pera
ture
, x T
.*N
x T→
x den
sity
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
SL
65
* =
func
tion
SIG
MA
Cal
cula
tes
the
disc
rete
ant
ider
ivat
ive
of a
func
tion
with
re
spec
t to
a sp
ecifi
ed v
aria
ble.
*N
‘sym
b 1’
z 1→
‘sym
b 2’
SIG
MA
VX
Cal
cula
tes
the
disc
rete
ant
ider
ivat
ive
of a
func
tion
with
re
spec
t to
the
curr
ent v
aria
ble.
*N
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
SIG
NR
etur
ns th
e si
gn o
f a r
eal n
umbe
r.*<
P R
EA
Lz 1
→z 2
SIG
NTA
BR
etur
ns th
e si
gn ta
ble
of a
rat
iona
l fun
ctio
n of
one
va
riabl
e.N
‘sym
b 1’
→
list 1
SIM
P2
Sim
plifi
es tw
o ob
ject
s by
div
idin
g th
em b
y th
eir
grea
test
co
mm
on d
ivis
or.
<!
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
→‘s
ymb 3
’ ‘
sym
b 4’
SIN
Ret
urns
the
sine
of t
he a
rgum
ent.*
sz
→si
n z
SIN
CO
SC
onve
rts
com
plex
loga
rithm
ic a
nd e
xpon
entia
l ex
pres
sion
s to
exp
ress
ions
with
trig
onom
etric
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
SIN
HR
etur
ns th
e hy
perb
olic
sin
e of
the
argu
men
t.*>
û
HY
PE
RB
OLI
Cz
→si
nh z
SIN
VR
epla
ces
the
cont
ents
of a
var
iabl
e w
ith it
s in
vers
e.*
<N
ME
MO
RY
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
‘nam
e’→
SIZ
ER
etur
ns th
e nu
mbe
r of
cha
ract
ers
in a
str
ing,
ele
men
ts in
a
list,
dim
ensi
ons
of a
n ar
ray,
obj
ects
in a
uni
t obj
ect o
r al
gebr
aic
obje
ct, o
r th
e di
men
sion
s of
a g
raph
ics
obje
ct.
<N
CH
AR
S“s
trin
g”→
n
SL
Shi
ft a
bina
ry in
tege
r on
e bi
t to
the
left.
*<
P B
AS
E B
IT#n
1→
#n2
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
SLB
66
* =
func
tion
SLB
Shi
fts a
bin
ary
inte
ger
one
byte
to th
e le
ft.<
P B
AS
E
BY
TE
#n1
→#n
2
SLO
PE
FIE
LDS
ets
the
plot
type
to S
LOP
EF
IELD
.N
SN
EG
Rep
lace
s th
e co
nten
ts o
f a v
aria
ble
with
its
nega
tive.
<N
ME
MO
RY
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
‘nam
e’→
SN
RM
Ret
urns
the
spec
tral
nor
m o
f an
arra
y.<
%
OP
ER
AT
ION
S[ a
rray
]→
x spe
ctra
lnor
m
SO
LVE
Fin
ds z
eros
of a
n ex
pres
sion
equ
ated
to 0
, or
solv
es a
n eq
uatio
n.<
&‘s
ymb 1
’ z 1
→
list 1
SO
LVE
RD
ispl
ays
a m
enu
of c
omm
ands
use
d in
sol
ving
eq
uatio
ns.
N
SO
LVE
VX
Fin
ds z
eros
of a
n ex
pres
sion
with
res
pect
to th
e cu
rren
t va
riabl
e.<
&‘s
ymb 1
’→
lis
t 1
SO
RT
Sor
ts th
e el
emen
ts in
a li
st in
asc
endi
ng o
rder
.<
P L
IST
lis
t 1
→
list
2
SP
HE
RE
Set
s th
e co
ordi
nate
mod
e to
sph
eric
al.
N
SQ
Ret
urns
the
squa
re o
f the
arg
umen
t.*<
Rz
→z2
SR
Shi
fts a
bin
ary
inte
ger
one
bit t
o th
e rig
ht.
< P
BA
SE B
IT#n
1→
#n2
SR
AD
Ret
urns
the
spec
tral
rad
ius
of a
squ
are
mat
rix.
< %
O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
[[ m
atrix
]]n×
n→
x spe
ctra
lrad
ius
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
STOKEYS
67
* =
func
tion
SR
BS
hifts
a b
inar
y in
tege
r on
e by
te to
the
right
.<
P B
AS
E
BY
TE
#n1
→#n
2
SR
EC
VR
etur
ns u
p to
n c
hara
cter
s fr
om th
e se
rial i
nput
buf
fer,
with
an
err
or d
igit
if an
err
or o
ccur
red.
Nn
→‘s
trin
g’ 0
/1
SR
EP
LF
inds
and
rep
lace
s a
strin
g in
a te
xt o
bjec
t.N
“str
ing 1
” “
strin
g 2”
“st
ring 3
”→
“str
ing 4
”
STA
RT
Beg
ins
STA
RT
… N
EX
T a
nd S
TAR
T …
ST
EP
def
inite
lo
op s
truc
ture
s.<
N B
RA
NC
HS
TAR
T x
star
t x f
inis
h→
ST
DS
ets
the
num
ber
disp
lay
form
at to
sta
ndar
d m
ode.
N
ST
EP
Def
ines
the
incr
emen
t (st
ep)
valu
e, a
nd e
nds
defin
ite lo
op
stru
ctur
e.<
N B
RA
NC
H
ST
EQ
Sto
res
an o
bjec
t int
o th
e re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
EQ
in th
e cu
rren
t dire
ctor
y.N
obj
→
ST
IME
Spe
cifie
s th
e pe
riod
that
SR
EC
V (
seria
l rec
eptio
n) a
nd
XM
IT (
seria
l tra
nsm
issi
on)
wai
t bef
ore
timin
g ou
t.*N
x sec
onds
→
ST
OS
tore
s an
obj
ect i
nto
a sp
ecifi
ed v
aria
ble
or o
bjec
t.k
obj
‘nam
e’→
ST
OA
LAR
MS
tore
s an
ala
rm in
the
syst
em a
larm
list
and
ret
urns
its
alar
m in
dex
num
ber.
>ç
TO
OLS
A
LRM
x tim
e→
nin
dex
ST
OF
Set
s th
e st
ates
of t
he s
yste
m fl
ags
or th
e sy
stem
and
use
r fla
gs.
N#n
syst
em→
ST
OK
EY
SA
ssig
ns o
bjec
ts to
spe
cifie
d ke
ys o
n th
e us
er k
eybo
ard.N
ob
j 1, x
key
1, ..
. obj
n, x
key
n
→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
STO–
68
* =
func
tion
ST
O–
Cal
cula
tes
the
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n an
obj
ect a
nd a
va
riabl
e an
d st
ores
the
obje
ct in
the
varia
ble.
<N
ME
MO
RY
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
obj
‘nam
e’→
ST
O*
Mul
tiplie
s th
e co
nten
ts o
f a s
peci
fied
varia
ble
by a
num
ber
or o
ther
obj
ect.
<N
ME
MO
RY
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
obj
‘nam
e’→
ST
O/
Cal
cula
tes
the
quot
ient
of a
num
ber
and
the
cont
ents
of a
sp
ecifi
ed v
aria
ble.
Sto
res
new
val
ue in
the
spec
ified
va
riabl
e.
<N
ME
MO
RY
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
ob
j ‘n
ame’
→
ST
O+
Add
s a
num
ber
or o
ther
obj
ect t
o a
varia
ble.
<N
ME
MO
RY
AR
ITH
ME
TIC
ob
j ‘n
ame’
→
ST
OΣ
Sto
res
obj i
n th
e re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
ΣDA
T.N
ob
j→
→S
TR
Con
vert
s an
y ob
ject
to s
trin
g fo
rm.
Nob
j→
“str
ing”
ST
R→
Eva
luat
es th
e te
xt o
f a s
trin
g as
if th
e te
xt w
ere
ente
red
from
the
com
man
d lin
e.N
ob
j 1→
obj 2
ST
RE
AM
Rep
eate
dly
exec
utes
obj
on
the
first
two
elem
ents
in a
list
un
til th
e lis
t is
exha
uste
d. R
etur
ns th
e fin
al r
esul
t.<
N L
IST
PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
lis
t o
bj→
resu
lt
ST
WS
Set
s th
e cu
rren
t bin
ary
inte
ger
wor
dsiz
e to
n b
its, w
here
n
is a
val
ue fr
om 1
thro
ugh
64 (
the
defa
ult i
s 64
).<
P B
AS
En
→
SU
BR
etur
ns th
e sp
ecifi
ed p
ortio
n of
an
obje
ct.
<N
LIS
T“s
trin
g 1”
nst
artp
ositi
on n
end
posi
tion
→“s
trin
g 2”
SU
BS
TS
ubst
itute
s a
valu
e or
exp
ress
ion
for
a va
riabl
e in
an
expr
essi
on.*
>ú
‘ sym
b 1’
z 1→
‘sym
b 2’
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
TAIL
69
* =
func
tion
SU
BT
MO
DP
erfo
rms
a su
btra
ctio
n, m
odul
o th
e cu
rren
t mod
ulus
.*<
! M
OD
ULO
obj 1
obj
2→
obj 3
SV
DR
etur
ns th
e si
ngul
ar v
alue
dec
ompo
sitio
n of
an
m ×
n
mat
rix.
< %
F
AC
TO
RIZ
AT
ION
[[ m
atrix
]]A
→[[
mat
rix ]]
U [
[ mat
rix ]]
V [
vec
tor
] S
SV
LR
etur
ns th
e si
ngul
ar v
alue
s of
an
m ×
n m
atrix
.<
%
FA
CT
OR
IZA
TIO
N[[
mat
rix ]]
→[ v
ecto
r ]
SW
AP
Sw
aps
the
posi
tion
of th
e tw
o ob
ject
s.<
N S
TA
CK
obj 1
obj
2→
obj 2
obj
1
SY
LVE
ST
ER
For
a s
ymm
etric
mat
rix A
, ret
urns
D a
nd P
whe
re D
is a
di
agon
al m
atrix
and
A =
PTD
P.N
[[ m
atrix
]] A
→[[
mat
rix ]]
D [
[ mat
rix ]]
P
SY
SE
VA
LE
valu
ates
unn
amed
ope
ratin
g sy
stem
obj
ects
spe
cifie
d by
th
eir
mem
ory
addr
esse
s.N
#nad
dres
s→
%T
Ret
urns
the
perc
ent o
f the
firs
t arg
umen
t tha
t is
repr
esen
ted
by th
e se
cond
arg
umen
t.*<
P R
EA
Lx
y→
100
y/x
TAB
VA
LF
or a
n ex
pres
sion
and
a li
st o
f val
ues,
ret
urns
the
resu
lts
of s
ubst
itutin
g th
e va
lues
for
the
defa
ult v
aria
ble
in th
e ex
pres
sion
.
N‘ s
ymb 1
’
list 1
→
‘sym
b 1’
lis
t 2
TAB
VA
RF
or a
rat
iona
l fun
ctio
n, c
ompu
tes
the
turn
ing
poin
ts a
nd
whe
re th
e fu
nctio
n in
crea
ses
or d
ecre
ases
.N
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 1
’
list 1
g
rob 1
→TA
GC
ombi
nes
obje
cts
to c
reat
e a
tagg
ed o
bjec
t.N
obj
“tag
”→
:tag:
obj
TAIL
Ret
urns
all
but t
he fi
rst e
lem
ent o
f a li
st o
r st
ring.
<N
CH
AR
S
obj 1
... o
bjn
→
ob
j2 …
obj
n
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
TAN
70
* =
func
tion
TAN
Ret
urns
the
tang
ent o
f the
arg
umen
t.*u
z→
tan
z
TAN
2SC
Rep
lace
s ta
n(x)
term
s w
ith s
in(x
) an
d co
s(x)
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
TAN
2SC
2R
epla
ces
tan(
x) te
rms
with
sin
(x)
and
cos(
x) te
rms.
>û
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
TAN
HR
etur
ns th
e hy
perb
olic
tang
ent o
f the
arg
umen
t.*>
û
HY
PE
RB
OLI
Cz
→ta
nh z
TAY
LOR
0P
erfo
rms
a fo
urth
-ord
er T
aylo
r exp
ansi
on o
f an
expr
essi
on
at x
= 0
.*<
$ L
IMIT
S &
S
ER
IES
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
TAY
LRC
alcu
late
s th
e nt
h or
der
Tayl
or p
olyn
omia
l of s
ymb
in th
e va
riabl
e gl
obal
.<
$ L
IMIT
S &
S
ER
IES
‘sym
b’ ‘
glob
al’
nor
der
→‘s
ymb T
aylo
r’
TC
HE
BY
CH
EF
FR
etur
ns th
e nt
h Tc
heby
chef
f pol
ynom
ial.*
Nn 1
→‘s
ymb 1
’
TC
OLL
EC
TLi
near
izes
pro
duct
s in
a tr
igon
omet
ric e
xpre
ssio
n by
co
llect
ing
and
com
bini
ng s
ine
and
cosi
ne te
rms.
>û
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
TD
ELT
AC
alcu
late
s a
tem
pera
ture
cha
nge.
*N
x y
→x d
elta
TE
VA
LF
or th
e sp
ecifi
ed o
pera
tion,
per
form
s th
e sa
me
func
tion
as
EV
AL,
and
ret
urns
the
time
take
n to
per
form
the
eval
uatio
n.
Nob
j 1→
obj 2
hm
s
TE
XP
AN
DE
xpan
ds tr
ansc
ende
ntal
func
tions
.<
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
TE
XT
Dis
play
s th
e st
ack.
<N
OU
T
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
TRANSIO
71
* =
func
tion
TH
EN
Sta
rts
the
true
-cla
use
in a
con
ditio
nal o
r er
ror-
trap
ping
st
ruct
ure.
<N
BR
AN
CH
TIC
KS
Ret
urns
the
syst
em ti
me
as a
bin
ary
inte
ger.
>ç
TO
OLS
T
ICK
S→
#ntim
e
TIM
ER
etur
ns th
e sy
stem
tim
e in
HH
.MM
SS
s fo
rmat
.>
ç T
OO
LS→
time
→T
IME
Set
s th
e sy
stem
tim
e.>
ç T
OO
LStim
e→
TIN
CC
alcu
late
s a
tem
pera
ture
incr
emen
t.*N
x ini
tial y d
elta
→x f
inal
TLI
NLi
near
izes
and
sim
plifi
es a
trig
onom
etric
exp
ress
ion.
>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
TLI
NE
For
eac
h pi
xel a
long
the
line
in P
ICT
def
ined
by
the
spec
ified
coo
rdin
ates
, TLI
NE
turn
s of
f/on
ever
y pi
xel t
hat
is o
n/of
f.
<N
PIC
T(x
1,y 1
) (
x 2,y
2)→
TM
EN
UD
ispl
ays
a bu
ilt-in
men
u, li
brar
y m
enu,
or
user
-def
ined
m
enu.
Nx m
enu
→
TO
TC
ompu
tes
the
sum
of e
ach
of th
e m
col
umns
of c
oord
inat
e va
lues
in Σ
DA
T.N
→x s
um
TR
AC
ER
etur
ns th
e tr
ace
of a
squ
are
mat
rix.
< %
O
PE
RA
TIO
NS
[[ m
atrix
]]n×
n→
x tra
ce
TR
AN
Ret
urns
the
tran
spos
e of
a m
atrix
.<
%
OP
ER
AT
ION
S[[
mat
rix ]]
→[[
mat
rix ]]
tran
spos
e
TR
AN
SIO
Spe
cifie
s a
char
acte
r tr
ansl
atio
n op
tion
in d
ata
tran
sfer
.N
nop
tion
→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
TRIG
72
* =
func
tion
TR
IGC
onve
rts
com
plex
loga
rithm
ic a
nd e
xpon
entia
l ter
ms
into
th
eir
equi
vale
nt tr
igon
omet
ric te
rms.
>û
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
TR
IGC
OS
Sim
plifi
es a
trig
onom
etric
exp
ress
ion
into
cos
ine
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
TR
IGO
Dis
play
s a
men
u of
trig
onom
etry
com
man
ds.
N
TR
IGS
INS
impl
ifies
a tr
igon
omet
ric e
xpre
ssio
n in
to s
ine
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
TR
IGTA
NR
epla
ces
sin(
) an
d co
s()
term
s w
ith ta
n()
term
s.>
û‘s
ymb 1
’→
‘sym
b 2’
TR
NR
etur
ns th
e co
njug
ate
tran
spos
e of
a m
atrix
.<
P M
AT
RIX
M
AK
E[[
mat
rix ]]
→[[
mat
rix ]]
tran
spos
e
TR
NC
Trun
cate
s an
obj
ect t
o a
set n
umbe
r of
dec
imal
pla
ces
or
sign
ifica
nt d
igits
, or
to fi
t the
cur
rent
dis
play
form
at.*
< P
RE
AL
z 1 n
trun
cate
→z 2
TR
UN
CTr
unca
tes
a se
ries
expa
nsio
n.N
‘sym
b 1’
‘sym
b 2’
→‘s
ymb 3
’
TR
UT
H S
ets
the
plot
type
to T
RU
TH
.N
TS
IMP
Sim
plifi
es e
xpon
entia
l and
loga
rithm
ic e
xpre
ssio
ns.
<*
‘sym
b 1’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
TS
TR
Ret
urns
a s
trin
g de
rived
from
the
date
and
tim
e.>
ç T
OO
LSda
te t
ime
→“D
OW
DA
TE
TIM
E“
TV
AR
SLi
sts
all g
loba
l var
iabl
es in
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory
that
co
ntai
n ob
ject
s of
a s
peci
fied
type
.<
N M
EM
OR
Y
DIR
EC
TO
RY
n typ
e→
gl
obal
…
TV
MD
ispl
ays
the
TV
M S
olve
r m
enu.
N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
UN
RO
T
* = function
as being iods.
N
as being N
lues from N ‘TVM variable’ → xTVM variable
<N TESTobj → ntype
< ^ UNITS TOOLS
x_unit → y_base-units
n of the < ^ UNITS TOOLS
x1_unit1 x2_unit2 → x3_unit2*unit3
t to a HP N obj fontset nID →
unit N x y_unit → x_unit
t at level 2 <N STACK objn+2 … obj4 obj3 obj2 n → obj2 … obj4 obj3
the stack.* <N STACK obj3 obj2 obj1 → obj1 obj3 obj2
Name Description Access Inputs Outputs
73
TVMBEG Specifies that TVM calculations treat paymentsmade at the beginning of the compounding per
TVMEND Specifies that TVM calculations treat paymentsmade at the end of the compounding periods.
TVMROOT Solves for the specified TVM variable using vathe remaining TVM variables.
TYPE Returns the type number of an object.
UBASE Converts a unit object to SI base units.*
UFACT Factors the level 1 unit from the unit expressiolevel 2 unit object.
UFL1→MINIF Converts a UFL1 (universal font library) fontse49G minifont.
→UNIT Creates a unit object from a real number and aexpression.
UNPICK Replaces the object at level n+2 with the objecand deletes the objects at levels 1 and 2.*
UNROT Changes the order of the first three objects on
UNTIL
74
* =
func
tion
UN
TIL
Sta
rts
the
test
cla
use
in a
DO
… U
NT
IL …
EN
D in
defin
ite
loop
str
uctu
re.
<N
BR
AN
CH
UP
DIR
Mak
es th
e pa
rent
of t
he c
urre
nt d
irect
ory
the
new
cur
rent
di
rect
ory.
<J
UT
PC
Ret
urns
the
prob
abili
ty th
at a
chi
-squ
are
rand
om v
aria
ble
is g
reat
er th
an x
giv
en n
deg
rees
of f
reed
om.
< P
P
RO
BA
BIL
ITY
n x
→ut
pc(n
,x)
UT
PF
Ret
urns
the
prob
abili
ty th
at a
Sne
deco
r’s
F r
ando
m
varia
ble
is g
reat
er th
an x
. n1
and
n 2 a
re th
e nu
mer
ator
and
de
nom
inat
or d
egre
es o
f fre
edom
of t
he F
dis
trib
utio
n.
< P
P
RO
BA
BIL
ITY
n 1 n
2 x
→ut
pf(n
1,n 2
,x)
UT
PN
Ret
urns
the
prob
abili
ty th
at a
nor
mal
ran
dom
var
iabl
e is
gr
eate
r th
an x
, whe
re m
and
v a
re th
e m
ean
and
varia
nce
of th
e no
rmal
dis
trib
utio
n.
< P
P
RO
BA
BIL
ITY
m v
x→
utpn
(m,v
,x)
UT
PT
Ret
urns
the
prob
abili
ty th
at a
Stu
dent
’s t
rand
om v
aria
ble
is g
reat
er th
an x
, whe
re n
is th
e de
gree
s of
free
dom
.<
P
PR
OB
AB
ILIT
Yn
x→
utpt
(n,x
)
UV
AL
Ret
urns
the
num
eric
al p
art o
f a u
nit o
bjec
t.*>
ø T
OO
LS
x_un
it→
x
→V
2C
onve
rts
two
num
bers
into
a v
ecto
r or
com
plex
num
ber.
< P
VE
CT
OR
x
y→
[ x y
]
→V
3C
onve
rts
thre
e nu
mbe
rs in
to a
vec
tor.
< P
VE
CT
OR
x 1
x 2
x 3→
[ x1
x2
x3
]
VA
ND
ER
MO
ND
EB
uild
s a
Van
derm
onde
mat
rix fr
om a
list
of o
bjec
ts.
<%
C
RE
AT
E
list
→[[
mat
rix ]]
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
WIREFRAME
75
* =
func
tion
VA
RC
alcu
late
s th
e sa
mpl
e va
rianc
e of
the
coor
dina
te v
alue
s in
ea
ch o
f the
m c
olum
ns in
ΣD
AT.
N→
x var
ianc
e
VA
RS
Ret
urns
a li
st o
f the
nam
es o
f all
varia
bles
in th
e V
AR
m
enu
for
the
curr
ent d
irect
ory.
<N
ME
MO
RY
DIR
EC
TO
RY
→
glob
al1
… g
loba
l n
VE
RR
etur
ns th
e C
ompu
ter
Alg
ebra
Sys
tem
ver
sion
num
ber,
and
date
of r
elea
se.
N→
“str
ing 1
”
VE
RS
ION
Dis
play
s th
e so
ftwar
e ve
rsio
n an
d co
pyrig
ht m
essa
ge.N
→“v
ersi
on n
umbe
r”
“co
pyrig
ht m
essa
ge”
VIS
ITP
lace
s th
e co
nten
ts o
f a v
aria
ble
on th
e co
mm
and
line.N
‘nam
e’→
VIS
ITB
Ope
ns th
e co
nten
ts o
f a v
aria
ble
in th
e m
ost s
uita
ble
editi
ng e
nviro
nmen
t for
the
part
icul
ar ty
pe o
f obj
ect.
N‘n
ame’
→
VT
YP
ER
etur
ns th
e ty
pe n
umbe
r of
the
obje
ct in
the
varia
ble.
<N
TY
PE
‘nam
e’→
nty
pe
V→
Sep
arat
es a
vec
tor
or c
ompl
ex n
umbe
r in
to it
s co
mpo
nent
el
emen
ts.
< P
VE
CT
OR
[ x
y ]
→x
y
WA
ITS
uspe
nds
prog
ram
exe
cutio
n fo
r a
spec
ified
tim
e, o
r un
til
a ke
y is
pre
ssed
.<
N IN
x
→
WH
ILE
Sta
rts
a W
HIL
E …
RE
PE
AT
… E
ND
inde
finite
loop
st
ruct
ure.
<N
BR
AN
CH
WIR
EF
RA
ME
Set
s th
e pl
ot ty
pe to
WIR
EF
RA
ME
.N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
WSLOG
76
* =
func
tion
WS
LOG
Ret
urns
four
str
ings
reco
rdin
g th
e da
te, t
ime,
and
cau
se o
f th
e fo
ur m
ost r
ecen
t war
mst
art e
vent
s.N
→
“log 4
” …
“lo
g 1”
ΣXS
ums
the
valu
es in
the
inde
pend
ent-
varia
ble
colu
mn
of
the
curr
ent s
tatis
tical
mat
rix (
rese
rved
var
iabl
e ΣD
AT).
N→
x sum
ΣX2
Sum
s th
e sq
uare
s of
the
valu
es in
the
inde
pend
ent-
varia
ble
colu
mn
of th
e cu
rren
t sta
tistic
al m
atrix
.N
→x s
um
XC
OL
Spe
cifie
s th
e in
depe
nden
t-va
riabl
e co
lum
n of
the
curr
ent
stat
istic
s m
atrix
(re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
ΣDA
T).
Nn
col
→
XG
ET
Ret
rieve
s a
file
by X
MO
DE
M fr
om a
noth
er c
alcu
lato
r.N
‘nam
e’→
XM
ITS
ends
a s
trin
g se
rially
with
out u
sing
Ker
mit
and
then
in
dica
tes
whe
ther
the
tran
smis
sion
was
suc
cess
ful.
N“s
trin
g”→
1
XN
UM
Con
vert
s an
obj
ect o
r a
list o
f obj
ects
to a
ppro
xim
ate
num
eric
form
at.
Nob
j 1→
obj 2
XO
RR
etur
ns th
e lo
gica
l exc
lusi
ve O
R o
f tw
o ar
gum
ents
.*>
ì L
OG
IC#n
1 #
n2
→#n
3
XP
ON
Ret
urns
the
expo
nent
of t
he a
rgum
ent.*
< P
RE
AL
x→
n exp
on
XP
UT
Sen
ds a
file
by
XM
OD
EM
to a
noth
er c
alcu
lato
r.N
‘nam
e’→
XQ
Con
vert
s a
num
ber,
or a
list
of n
umbe
rs in
dec
imal
form
at,
to r
atio
nal f
orm
at.
Nz 1
→z 2
XR
EC
VP
repa
res
the
HP
49
to r
ecei
ve a
n ob
ject
via
XM
odem
.*‘n
ame’
→
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
YSLICE
77
* =
func
tion
XR
NG
Spe
cifie
s th
e x-
axis
dis
play
ran
ge.
Nx m
in x
max
→X
RO
OT
Com
pute
s th
e xt
h ro
ot o
f a r
eal n
umbe
r.*>
ðy
x→
XS
EN
DS
ends
a c
opy
of th
e na
med
obj
ect v
ia X
Mod
em.
N‘n
ame’
→X
SE
RV
EP
uts
the
calc
ulat
or in
XM
OD
EM
ser
ver
mod
e.N
XV
OL
Set
s th
e w
idth
of t
he v
iew
vol
ume
in V
PA
R (
for
3-D
pl
ottin
g).
Nx l
eft
x rig
ht→
XX
RN
GS
peci
fies
the
x ra
nge
of a
n in
put p
lane
(do
mai
n) fo
r G
RID
MA
P a
nd P
AR
SU
RFA
CE
plo
ts.
Nx m
in x
max
→
ΣXY
Sum
s th
e pr
oduc
ts o
f eac
h of
the
corr
espo
ndin
g va
lues
inth
e in
depe
nden
t- a
nd d
epen
dent
-var
iabl
e co
lum
ns o
f the
cu
rren
t sta
tistic
al m
atrix
.
>÷
SU
MM
AR
Y
ST
ATS
→x s
um
ΣYS
ums
the
valu
es in
the
depe
nden
t var
iabl
e co
lum
n of
the
curr
ent s
tatis
tical
mat
rix (
rese
rved
var
iabl
e ΣD
AT
).>
÷S
UM
MA
RY
ST
ATS
→x s
um
ΣY2
Sum
s th
e sq
uare
s of
the
valu
es in
the
depe
nden
t-va
riabl
eco
lum
ns o
f the
cur
rent
sta
tistic
al m
atrix
.>
÷S
UM
MA
RY
ST
ATS
→x s
um
YC
OL
Spe
cifie
s th
e de
pend
ent v
aria
ble
colu
mn
of th
e cu
rren
t st
atis
tics
mat
rix (
rese
rved
var
iabl
e ΣD
AT
).N
nco
l→
YR
NG
Spe
cifie
s th
e y-
axis
dis
play
ran
ge.
Ny m
in y
max
→Y
SLI
CE
Set
s th
e pl
ot ty
pe to
YS
LIC
E.
N
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
yx
YVOL
78
* =
func
tion
YV
OL
Set
s th
e de
pth
of th
e vi
ew v
olum
e in
VP
AR
.N
y nea
r y f
ar→
YY
RN
GS
peci
fies
the
y ra
nge
of a
n in
put p
lane
(do
mai
n) fo
r G
RID
MA
P a
nd P
AR
SU
RFA
CE
plo
ts.
yne
ar y
far
→
ZE
RO
SR
etur
ns th
e ze
ros
of a
func
tion
of o
ne v
aria
ble,
with
out
mul
tiplic
ity.
<&
‘ sym
b 1’
z 1→
z 2
ZFA
CT
OR
Cal
cula
tes
the
gas
com
pres
sibi
lity
corr
ectio
n fa
ctor
for
non-
idea
l beh
avio
r of
a h
ydro
carb
on g
as.*
Nx T
r y
Pr
→x Z
fact
or
ZV
OL
Set
s th
e he
ight
of t
he v
iew
vol
ume
in V
PA
R.
Nx l
ow x
high
%R
etur
ns x
per
cent
of y
.*<
P R
EA
Lx
y→
xy/1
00
+R
etur
ns th
e su
m o
f the
arg
umen
ts.*
=z 1
z2
→z 1
+ z
2
–R
etur
ns th
e di
ffere
nce
of th
e ar
gum
ents
.*
z 1 z
2→
z 1 –
z2
!R
etur
ns th
e fa
ctor
ial n
! of a
pos
itive
inte
ger a
rgum
ent n
, or
the
gam
ma
func
tion
Γ(x+
1) o
f a n
on-in
tege
r ar
gum
ent x
.*<
P
PR
OB
AB
ILIT
Y
n→
n!
*R
etur
ns th
e pr
oduc
t of t
he a
rgum
ents
.*
z 1 z
2→
z 1 z
2
/R
etur
ns th
e qu
otie
nt o
f the
arg
umen
ts: t
he fi
rst a
rgum
ent
is d
ivid
ed b
y th
e se
cond
arg
umen
t.*z
z 1 z
2→
z 1 /
z 2
^R
etur
ns th
e va
lue
of th
e le
vel 2
obj
ect r
aise
d to
the
pow
er
of th
e le
vel 1
obj
ect.*
qw
z→
wz
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
Σ
79
* =
func
tion
| W
here
com
man
d: s
ubst
itute
s va
lues
for
nam
es in
an
expr
essi
on.*
ê‘s
ymb o
ld’
na
me 1
, ‘sy
mb 1
’, na
me2
,‘s
ymb 2
’ …
→‘s
ymb
new’
<Te
sts
whe
ther
one
obj
ect i
s le
ss th
an a
noth
er o
bjec
t.*>
x
y→
0/1
>Te
sts
whe
ther
one
obj
ect i
s gr
eate
r th
an a
noth
er o
bjec
t.*>
ëx
y→
0/1
≥Te
sts
whe
ther
one
obj
ect i
s gr
eate
r th
an o
r eq
ual t
o an
othe
r ob
ject
.*<
Yx
y→
0/1
≤Te
sts
whe
ther
one
obj
ect i
s le
ss th
an o
r eq
ual t
o an
othe
r ob
ject
.*<
Xx
y→
0/1
=R
etur
ns a
n eq
uatio
n fo
rmed
from
the
two
argu
men
ts.*
>æ
z 1 z
2→
z 1 =
z2
==
Test
s if
two
obje
cts
are
equa
l.*N
obj 1
obj
2→
0/1
≠Te
sts
if tw
o ob
ject
s ar
e no
t equ
al.*
<W
obj 1
obj
2→
0/1
√R
etur
ns th
e (p
ositi
ve)
squa
re r
oot o
f the
arg
umen
t.*r
z→
∂G
ives
the
deriv
ativ
e of
an
expr
essi
on, n
umbe
r, or
uni
t ob
ject
with
res
pect
to a
spe
cifie
d va
riabl
e of
di
ffere
ntia
tion.
*
>‘s
ymb 1
’ ‘n
ame’
→‘s
ymb 2
’
→C
reat
es lo
cal v
aria
bles
in a
pro
gram
.>L
obj 1
… o
bjn
→π
Ret
urns
the
sym
bolic
con
stan
t ‘π
’ or
its n
umer
ical
re
pres
enta
tion,
3.1
4159
2653
59.*
<
→‘π
’
ΣC
alcu
late
s th
e va
lue
of a
fini
te s
erie
s.*
>î
‘ indx
’ x i
nit
x fin
al s
mnd
→x s
um
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
z
Σ–
80
* =
func
tion
Σ–R
etur
ns a
vec
tor
of m
rea
l num
bers
(or
one
num
ber
x if
m=
1) c
orre
spon
ding
to th
e co
ordi
nate
val
ues
of th
e la
st
data
poi
nt e
nter
ed b
y Σ+
into
the
curr
ent s
tatis
tics
mat
rix.
N→
x
Σ+A
dds
one
or m
ore
data
poi
nts
to th
e cu
rren
t sta
tistic
s m
atrix
(re
serv
ed v
aria
ble
ΣDA
T).
Nx
→
∫In
tegr
ates
an
inte
gran
d fr
om lo
wer
lim
it to
upp
er li
mit
with
re
spec
t to
a sp
ecifi
ed v
aria
ble
of in
tegr
atio
n.*
>
low
er li
mit
upp
er li
mit
inte
gran
d‘n
ame’
→‘s
ymb
inte
gral’
Nam
eD
escr
ipti
on
Acc
ess
Inp
uts
Ou
tpu
ts
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