how to write an academic english research paper? topsciedit.com
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Dr. Gabriel LeeChief Research Advisor
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PRESS & AWARDS
Dr. Gabriel Lee (gabriel@topsciedit.com)
1998 - Singapore O & A level certificate
2004 - B.S, Biochemistry,
U of Wisconsin-Madison
2011 - Chief research advisor at TopSCIedit.com
2012 - PhD, Biomedical Science,
U of Massachusetts Medical School
ABOUT MYSELF
! " " !
Dr. David Lambright 推薦函 1
University of
Massachusetts
Medical School
David Lambright
Professor
Program in Molecular Medicine
University of Massachusetts Medical School
373 Plantation Street
Worcester, MA 01605
508.856.6876 (Office) 508.856.4289 (Fax)
August 24, 2013
RE: Mengtse Lee
To whom it may concern:
It is pleasure to write in enthusiastic support of Dr. Mengtse Lee's application for a teaching or
research position. Mengtse completed his graduate thesis research in my lab at the UMASS
Medical School.
Mengtse's thesis research concerned GEFs (GDP/GTP exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase
activating proteins) that control membrane trafficking by activating and deactivating GTPases of
the Arf and Rab families. His first project involved a collaboration with a postdoctoral fellow to
solve the crystal structure of the autoinhibited form of a Sec7 domain GEF that activates Arf
GTPases in response to stimulation of cell surface receptors (DiNitto, Delprato, Lee, et al., 2007,
Mol. Cell 28: 569-583). Mengtse subsequently became interested in Vps9 domain GEFs, which
activate Rab5 subfamily GTPases, and in particular, the possibility (suggested by structural
observations) that Vps9 and Sec7 domains GEFs evolved similar mechanisms to promote
nucleotide exchange even though their overall tertiary structures are unrelated. To explore this
hypothesis, he undertook a stopped flow kinetic comparison of both the intrinsic exchange
reaction for several Arf and Rab GTPases as well as the reactions catalyzed by Sec7 and Vps9
domains. These studies, which represent the first detailed kinetic analysis for either of these
important domain families, demonstrate a fundamental relationship between the catalytic
mechanisms, including very similar kinetic properties, linkage equilibria, and dependence on the
Mg2+ co-factor. A manuscript describing this work has been completed and will be submitted in
the near future. Here I should mention that Mengtse was the first person in my lab to use stop
flow and the first to do a detailed kinetic analysis. Although I provided critical feedback,
Mengtse was responsible for the design, execution, and analysis of these experiments.
In addition to the crystallographic and kinetic studies described above, Mengtse generated a
variety of reagents, including antibodies and fluorescent protein fusions, for cell based analyses
of Sec7 and Vps9 domains GEFs, TBC domain GAPs, and various Rab GTPases. He has
considerable experience with mammalian cell culture, western blotting, co-immune precipitation,
siRNA knockdowns, and fluorescence microscopy. Some of this work has been published
(DiNitto, Lee, et al., 2010, Biochemistry 49: 6083-6092) and we are also preparing a manuscript
on at set of TBC domain GAPs that will include subcellular localization analyses that Mengtse
performed with the help of Greg Pazour's lab in my department.
Mengtse's command of both spoken and written English is excellent. For example, he wrote a
complete draft of the paper comparing the catalytic mechanisms of Vps9 and Sec7 domains as
well as a review article on the structural mechanisms for regulation of trafficking by Rab GTPase
(Lee et al., 2009, Traffic 10:1377-1389). Like his thesis, the drafts were scholarly and generally
well written.
SCIENTIF IC PAPERS
What is a scientific paper?
1. Fixed number of words
2. Academic English
3. Fixed format
ACADEMIC ENGLISH
What is academic English?
Not spoken or conversational English
Serious, formal English
Usually written from the third person.
An example of conversational English:
Let me tell you that eukaroytic cells are
sorted into different network of
endomembranes.
C O N V E R S A T I O N A L E N G L I S H
Let me tell you that eukaroytic cells are sorted into a network of endomembranes.
First person, casual, wordy
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized into a network of endomembranes.
C O N V E R S A T I O N A L E N G L I S H (cont.)
I heard that journal editors like authors to
write in simple English. Journal editors
hate to see literary tricks(特殊寫作技巧)
and metaphors (暗喻).
Y O U R T U R N …
I heard that journal editors like authors to
write in simple English. Journal editors
hate to see literary tricks and metaphors.
Literary tricks and metaphors are not
seen in academic journals. Journal
editors are happy with plain English
vocabulary.
A N S W E R
J O U R N A L W R I T I N G F O R M A T
Abstract 摘要
Methods 研究方法
Results 結果
References 參考書目
Introduction
緒論
Discussion
討論
T H E I N T R O D U C T I O N
Why is the
introduction an
inverted ladder
shape?
Abstract 摘要
Methods 研究方法
Results 結果
References 參考書目
Introduction
緒論
Discussion
討論
T H E I N T R O D U C T I O N (CONT.)
Background (Big picture)
Literature review
Research rational
& hypothesis
Research value
Brief
summary of
results
Why is the
introduction an
inverted ladder
shape?
Bad Example!
There is not enough
background information
for the audience to
understand what is going
on.
G I V I N G C O N T E X T
This essay is now
readable.
Additional background
information provides
enough context for the
audience to understand
the content.
G I V I N G C O N T E X T (cont.)
1. In recent years, there has been a tremendous
wave of interest in the relationship between
and _______.
9 SENTENCES for the INTRODUCTION
Example: In recent years, there has been a
tremendous wave of interest in the relationship
between consumption of hydrogenated oil
(氫化油) and cancer.
2. One of the more intriguing issues prevailing
throughout recent years of research is the question
of how _______ causes _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
Example: One of the more intriguing issues prevailing
throughout recent years of cancer research is the
question of how consumption of hydrogenated oil
causes cancer.
2. One of the more intriguing issues prevailing
throughout recent years of research is the question
of how _______ causes _______.
A N S W E R
3. Recently, _______ is getting considerable
attention from _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
3. Recently, _______ is getting considerable
attention from _______.
Example: Recently, hydrogenated oil is getting
considerable attention from the cancer
research community.
A N S W E R
4. _______has increasingly been the object of
_______ research in recent years.
Y O U R T U R N …
4. _______has increasingly been the object of
_______ research in recent years.
Example: Hydrogenated oil has increasingly
been the object of cancer research in recent years.
A N S W E R
5. A number of issues have appeared on recent
research on the relationship between _______
and _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
Example: A number of issues have appeared on
recent research on the relationship between
hydrogenated oil and cancer.
5. A number of issues have appeared on recent
research on the relationship between _______
and _______.
A N S W E R
6. The literature is full of discussions surrounding the
relationship between _______ and _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
Example: The literature is full of discussions
surrounding the relationship between hydrogenated
oil and cancer..
6. The literature is full of discussions surrounding the
relationship between _______ and _______.
A N S W E R
7. For sometime there has been evidence that
_______caused _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
Example: For sometime there has been evidence
that hydrogenated oil caused cancer.
7. For sometime there has been evidence that
_______caused _______.
A N S W E R
8. A growing number of research studies are now
available to shed some light on how _______
caused _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
Example: A growing number of research studies
are now available to shed some light on how
hydrogenated oil caused cancer..
8. A growing number of research studies are now
available to shed some light on how _______
caused _______.
A N S W E R
8. With increasing usage of _______, it is crucial to
find out whether it is _______.
Y O U R T U R N …
Example: With increasing usage of hydrogenated
oil in snacks, it is crucial to find out whether it is
carcinogenic.
8. With increasing usage of _______, it is crucial to
find out whether it is _______.
A N S W E R
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